Experiment – 01

Subject- WIM (R4IT3007S)

Batch- D
Group No- 12
Group Members-
211081901- Sampada Deshpande
211080906- Amey Pashte
211081907- Kalyani Shirsath

Aim: To understand and Explaining web servers and Web technologies

Web Technology :
Web Technology refers to the various tools and techniques that are utilized in
the process of communication between different types of devices over the internet. A
web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be defined as programs
that display text, data, pictures, animation, and video on the Internet. Hyperlinked
resources on the World Wide Web can be accessed using software interfaces provided
by Web browsers.
Web Technology can be classified into the following sections:
World Wide Web (WWW): The World Wide Web is based on several
different technologies : Web browsers, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Web Browser: The web browser is an application software to explore www
(World Wide Web). It provides an interface between the server and the client
and requests to the server for web documents and services.
Web Server: Web server is a program which processes the network requests
of the users and serves them with files that create web pages. This exchange
takes place using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Web Pages: A webpage is a digital document that is linked to the World Wide
Web and viewable by anyone connected to the internet has a web browser.
Web Development: Web development refers to the building, creating, and
maintaining of websites. It includes aspects such as web design, web
publishing, web programming, and database management. It is the creation of

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 an application that works over the internet i.e. websites.

Web Development can be classified into two ways:

Frontend Development: The part of a website that the user interacts directly
is termed as front end. It is also referred to as the ‘client side’ of the
application.
Backend Development: Backend is the server side of a website. It is the part
of the website that users cannot see and interact. It is the portion of software
that does not come in direct contact with the users. It is used to store and
arrange data.
Data Format: Format of data is used by web applications to communicate
with each other. It is light weight text based data interchange format which
means, it is simpler to read and write. E.g.- XML, JSON.
API: API is an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface which is a
collection of communication protocols and subroutines used by various
programs to communicate between them.
Web Protocols: Web protocols are set of rules followed by everyone
communicating over the web.

Web Servers:
A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests made over the World Wide
Web. The main job of a web server is to display website content through storing,
processing and delivering webpages to users. Besides HTTP, web servers also
support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
used for email, file transfer and storage.
Web servers are used in web hosting, or the hosting of data for websites and web-
based applications -- or web applications.

How do web servers work?

Web server software is accessed through the domain names of websites and
ensures the delivery of the site's content to the requesting user. The software side is
also comprised of several components, with at least an HTTP server. The HTTP
server is able to understand HTTP and URLs. As hardware, a web server is a
computer that stores web server software and other files related to a website, such
as HTML documents, images and JavaScript files.
When a web browser, like Google Chrome or Firefox, needs a file that's hosted on a
web server, the browser will request the file by HTTP. When the request is received
by the web server, the HTTP server will accept the request, find the content and send
it back to the browser through HTTP.

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 Examples of web server uses:
 sending and receiving emails;
 downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files; and
 building and publishing webpages.
Common and top web server software on the market:
Apache HTTP Server
 Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
 Nginx
 Lighttpd
 Sun Java System Web Server
 Leading web servers include Apache, Microsoft's Internet Information
Services (IIS) and Nginx -- pronounced engine X. Other web servers include
Novell's NetWare server, Google Web Server (GWS) and IBM's family of
Domino servers.

Nginx installing and configuration:

 Nginx, pronounced like “engine-ex”, is an open-source web server that, since
its initial success as a web server, is now also used as a reverse proxy, HTTP
cache, and load balancer.
 Some high-profile companies using Nginx include Autodesk, Atlassian, Intuit,
T-Mobile, GitLab, DuckDuckGo, Microsoft, IBM, Google, Adobe, Salesforce,
VMWare, Xerox, LinkedIn, Cisco, Facebook, Target, Citrix Systems, Twitter,
Apple, Intel, and many more
 Nginx is built to offer low memory usage and high concurrency. Rather than
creating new processes for each web request, Nginx uses an asynchronous,
event-driven approach where requests are handled in a single thread.
 With Nginx, one master process can control multiple worker processes. The
master maintains the worker processes, while the workers do the actual
processing. Because Nginx is asynchronous, each request can be executed by
the worker concurrently without blocking other requests.
Some common features seen in Nginx include:
 Reverse proxy with caching
 IPv6
 Load balancing
 FastCGI support with caching
 WebSockets
 Handling of static files, index files, and auto-indexing

Installation of Nginx

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Step 1: Download the Nginx archive from this link and save the archive file on your
desktop.

Nginx Download page

Or, we can download the Nginx web server archive file by running the following
command in the terminal.
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.21.1.tar.gz

Downloading the Nginx server

wget will fetch the archive file and save it to the location where you have opened the
terminal.
Step 2: After downloading the archive, we need to navigate the folder where we have
downloaded that archive and have to extract the archive using any archive utility. You
can run the following command to extract the Nginx archive file.

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tar -xf nginx-1.21.1.tar.gz
After this, the folder structure should look like this.

Nginx folder
Step 3: Now, to begin the installation of Nginx, navigate to the extracted folder and
open the terminal here, then run the following command.
Navigate to the directory by running the following command:
cd ~/Desktop/nginx-1.21.1
Start the configuration installer of the Nginx.
./configure
Build the Nginx package from the source using the make command.
make
Run the make install command to install the built package.
sudo make install
This command will install Nginx in the /usr/local/nginx directory.
Step 4: Confirm the installation and check the installed version of Nginx by running
the following command:
Navigate to /usr/local/nginx using the cd command (change directory):
cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin
To check what is the current installed version of the Nginx.
./nginx -v

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 Successfully installed Nginx

Starting the Ngnix server

Navigate to the default location where Nginx is installed by running the following
command in the terminal.
cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin
Now, we can start the Nginx server by running the following command:
sudo ./nginx
To see if it’s working, go to the local host or your URL.

Nginx start (Welcome page)

Apache Tomcat installation and configuration:

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 Apache Tomcat is an open-source web server and servlet container for Java
code. Tomcat executes programs written in the Java programming language, and it
implements many Java EE specifications, including Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta Server
Pages, and others.
Step 1: Download Tomcat for Windows
Prerequisites:
Java JRE installed and configured
Administrator privileges
To download the Tomcat installation file, follow the steps below:
1. Browse to the official Apache Tomcat website. Locate the Download section and
click the latest Tomcat version available. At the time of writing this article, the latest
Tomcat version was version 10.

2. On the Download page, scroll down and locate the Binary Distributions area.
In the Core list, depending on the installation type you prefer, click the download link
for the Windows Service Installer or the 32bit/64bit Windows zip file.

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Step 2: Install Tomcat
Install Tomcat via the Windows Service Installer for an automated and wizard-guided
experience. The service installer installs the Tomcat service and runs it automatically
when the system boots.
For a portable experience, install Tomcat using the zip file and avoid installing the
service. Easily uninstall Tomcat when it is no longer needed by deleting the Tomcat
directory, or move it around when necessary.
Note: Take a look at our list of 13 best Java IDEs, which help write, debug, and test
Java code.
Method 1: Install Tomcat Using the Windows Service Installer
Follow the steps below to install Tomcat using the Windows Service Installer.
1. Open the downloaded Windows Service Installer file to start the installation
process.
2. In the Tomcat Setup welcome screen, click Next to proceed.

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3. Read the License Agreement and if you agree to the terms, click I Agree to proceed
to the next step.

4. In the Tomcat component selection screen, choose Full in the dropdown menu to
ensure the wizard installs the Tomcat Host Manager and Servlet and JSP examples
web applications. Alternatively, keep the default Normal installation type and
click Next.

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5. The next step configures the Tomcat server. For instance, enter the Administrator
login credentials or choose a different connection port. When finished, click Next to
proceed to the next step.

6. The next step requires you to enter the full path to the JRE directory on your
system. The wizard auto-completes this if you have previously set up the Java
environment variables. Click Next to proceed to the next step.

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7. Choose the Tomcat server install location or keep the default one and click Install.

8. Check the Run Apache Tomcat box to start the service after the installation
finishes. Optionally, check the Show Readme box to see the Readme file. To
complete the installation, click Finish.

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9. A popup window appears that starts the Tomcat service. After the process
completes, the window closes automatically. The Apache Tomcat web server is now
successfully installed .

Step 3: Check if Apache Tomcat Service Is Running

Installing Tomcat using the Windows Service Installer installs Tomcat as a Windows
service that automatically runs on boot. Follow the steps below to ensure that Tomcat
is started as a Windows service.
1. Open the Start menu and search for Services.
2. Select the Services result.

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3. In the Services window, locate the Apache Tomcat service. The Status column
indicates whether the service is running or not. Start or Stop the service using the
buttons in the toolbar or by pressing Stop or Restart on the left side of the service list.

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Configure the service startup by right-clicking the Tomcat service and
selecting Properties.
4. In the Properties window, under the Startup type dropdown menu, select how to run
the Tomcat service:
Automatic (Delayed Start). Starts the service shortly after boot. A delayed start
improves server boot performance and has security benefits.
Automatic. Automatically starts the service on boot.
Manual. The service starts only when Windows or another service needs it or if
invoked.
Disabled. Disables the service startup, even if you try to start it.

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 Click OK to confirm the changes.

Conclusion: This assignment made us familiar with various web technologies, web servers
as well as their types. Also, we have installed and configured Nginx and Apache Tomcat and
learnt about their terminologies and working.

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