SPSS for Research Methods A Basic Guide - 2nd Edition

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W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wilson-Doenges, Georjeanna, author.

Title: SPSS for research methods : a basic guide / Georjeanna Wilson-

Doenges, University of Wisconsin–Green Bay.
Description: Second edition. | New York, NY : W.W. Norton & Company,
[2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021029507 | ISBN 9780393543063 (spiral bound) |

ISBN 9780393884791 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: SPSS for Windows. | Social sciences–Research–

Methodology. | Social sciences–Statistical methods–Computer programs.

Classification: LCC HA32 .W55 2022 | DDC 005.5/5–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021029507

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For my father, my inspiration
About the Author
Georjeanna Wilson-Doenges is Chair and Professor of Psychology at the
University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. She received her Ph.D. from the
University of California–Irvine. Her research interests involve individuals’
interpretation of sense of community, student engagement in college,
experiential learning, and assessment of undergraduate psychology learning
outcomes. She has taught research methods and statistics courses with an
SPSS lab component for over 25 years. Year after year, she has refined her
teaching to help students who are often fearful of data analysis by making
her courses engaging and promoting success in even the most math-
insecure students. Throughout her career, Dr. Wilson-Doenges has
emphasized teaching and writing about data analysis in clear and accessible
ways.
Brief Contents
Preface ix
An Introduction to SPSS xvii
CHAPTER 1 SPSS Data Entry Basics 3
CHAPTER 2 Getting a Feel for Your Data: Descriptive Statistics 27
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH: TESTING ASSOCIATION
CLAIMS
CHAPTER 3 Looking for Relationships: Correlation,
Reliability, and Chi-Square 51
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: MAKING CAUSAL CLAIMS
CHAPTER 4 Simple Experiments: Testing Simple Differences
in Means 75
CHAPTER 5 Taking It Up a Notch: Multivariate Experiments
with Analysis of Variance 97
CHAPTER 6 Predicting Outcomes Using Multiple Regression
123
CHAPTER 7 Analyzing Data with Nonparametric Statistics
159
Photo Credits 182
Index 183
Preface
Data analysis plays a crucial role in the science of psychology. The most
innovative research can be flawed by improper handling of data, while the
skillful reading of results can shed new light in surprising places. To
succeed in statistics and research methods courses—and to prepare
themselves for whatever research they take on—students must develop
strong data analytic skills. As SPSS is one of the most commonly used
software packages for data analysis in the social sciences, I wrote this guide
to help students with little or no experience to quickly and independently
familiarize themselves with the program basics.
Instructors often say that they prefer to focus their lectures on the
content of statistics and research methods without getting bogged down in
the computer skills required for data analysis. Over 25 years of teaching
these courses, I have seen that covering the essentials of SPSS takes up
valuable class time that would often be better spent illustrating key concepts
with real-world, research-based examples. In addition, students most
effectively learn the operation of SPSS by using it, hands-on, but it is
difficult to teach one-on-one when there are usually at least 25 students per
class.
This guide fosters SPSS skill development outside the classroom. It is
easy to read and enables students to build their knowledge of the software at
their own pace. The examples in each chapter walk students through all the
aspects of data analysis by including the research question, a brief
description of the method, the data entered, the SPSS commands relevant to
the research question, the SPSS output, an interpretation of the output, and
the corresponding results section written in APA style. Each step is clearly
indicated by a banner in the margins, and screen shots ensure that the
instructions in the text are as clear as possible. I believe that instructors will
have the freedom to spend more of their class time presenting engaging
content, knowing that their students have this guide to help them along the
way.
 Another major challenge to teaching data analysis is that students are
often anxious about learning statistics and using SPSS. This guide aims to
dispel those fears. Jargon-heavy, dense paragraphs, and abstract
presentations of concepts can leave students feeling more than a little
confused, so I consistently stayed with succinct, step-by-step explanations.
The examples, which stem from topics my own students have been excited
to test—like relationships between having a tattoo and perceived
intelligence, or motivation and GPA—should feel familiar and compelling.
The screen shots are overlaid with arrows that point to the functions
necessary for each step of data analysis. Thanks to these features, students
will learn to efficiently complete rigorous statistical analyses.
Should students decide to hold on to this guide beyond their statistics
and research methods courses, they will also see that it is an ideal reference
text. Whether they have recently used SPSS or if they just need to remind
themselves of how a function works, the book’s streamlined structure, clear
writing style, and numerous screen shots make for a great quick refresher.
By the time they have finished reading this guide, I hope that students
will feel confident about using SPSS—and that their instructors will have
seen the results. If our students can develop strong data analytic skills, they
will be well equipped to make significant contributions to psychology and
other research-oriented fields.

What’s New In the Second Edition?

New updated screenshots that match the latest version of SPSS:
All screenshots in the guide reflect the newest version of SPSS (SPSS
v27) so that students can easily follow along as they navigate the
program.
New explanations showing students how to interpret effect sizes
and confidence intervals and report findings in APA 7.0 style:
Psychological research and reporting have undergone significant
change in recent years. The second edition honors both the traditional
significance testing using p-values, as well as the more recent
emphasis on confidence intervals and effect sizes. Now that SPSS v27
has upgraded to include effect size calculation, the formulas and
 calculations in the First Edition of the guide for hand calculations have
been replaced with SPSS output. In addition, the guide shows the
SPSS commands needed to generate confidence intervals and
illustrates how to properly report findings in the latest APA 7.0 style at
the end of each section.
A new example in Chapter 3 that acknowledges the importance of
replication to model good research habits for students: In Chapter
3, the first example is a replication of a prior study using the same
measure to see if we could replicate the original researcher’s findings
with our participants and circumstances. The original 1991 study
examined the relationship between students’ effort regulation using a
scale called the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire
(MSLQ) and grade point average (Pintrich et al, 1991). This finding
has been replicated many times, including a meta-analysis of effort
regulation and achievement by Crede and Phillips in 2011. This type of
repeated replication, using a well-studied and validated predictor like
the MSLQ, models the kind of replication we want psychological
researchers to conduct.
New Video Tutorials included in the ebook: For students who learn
best watching instructional videos, more than 15 brief and engaging
new Video Tutorials (available exclusively in the ebook) walk students
through the most essential tasks in SPSS. Students can even open the
accompanying data sets and perform data analyses right along with the
videos to build confidence working independently in SPSS.

Resources for Instructors and Students

Developed by author Georjeanna Wilson-Doenges, the teaching resources

for SPSS for Research Methods: A Basic Guide provide everything students
need to build confidence navigating SPSS.

New Ebook The SPSS for Research Methods: A Basic Guide ebook offers
an enhanced reading experience at a fraction of the cost of the print
textbook. Students can watch videos, take notes, bookmark, search,
highlight, and read offline. Instructors can even add notes that students can
see as they read the text. The ebook can be viewed on—and synced among
—all computers and mobile devices. New Video Tutorials are available
exclusively in the ebook, walking students through key tasks in SPSS.

New Video Tutorials Available in the Ebook More than 15 new Video
Tutorials, embedded in the ebook, strengthen students’ understanding of
major SPSS concepts and skills. Author and expert teacher Georjeanna
Wilson-Doenges demonstrates essential tasks in SPSS, covering each step
in a clear and concise manner that aligns with text instructions. Students can
engage in active learning by using the accompanying Data Sets to perform
data analyses right alongside the videos, building confidence working
independently in SPSS.

SPSS Data Sets The same SPSS data sets used as examples throughout
SPSS for Research Methods: A Basic Guide are available for student
practice. Students can use the data sets to follow along with the data
analyses modeled in the guide and Video Tutorials, or they can work
independently with the data sets for further skill-building.

Apply It Now in SPSS Activities Apply It Now in SPSS activities provide

students with exercises to build literacy in SPSS. In these activities,
students are tasked with gathering, organizing, analyzing, and presenting
data to deepen their understanding of key concepts from Beth Morling’s
Research Methods in Psychology. Students practice navigating SPSS while
simultaneously applying their knowledge of research methods, gaining
hands-on experience conducting psychological research.

Acknowledgments
Writing an SPSS guide was never something I even considered until my
esteemed colleague and friend, Regan Gurung, suggested it. I am forever
grateful for his encouragement and prodding, without which I would never
have begun this process. As a first-time author, I could not have asked for a
more wonderful editorial team than Sheri Snavely and Scott Sugarman for
the First Edition and the delightful Chloe Weiss for the Second Edition.
They provided the most reassuring and encouraging writing environment.
Their constant positivity and support made working on this guide a
pleasure. The inspiration for this guide came from Beth Morling’s superb
Research Methods in Psychology text. Her approach of critically examining
research makes so much sense to my students, and her wonderful examples
make psychological research come alive for them. I am also so thankful for
the fabulous reviewers who made the First Edition so much better through
their careful and detailed revisions:

Jennifer Asmuth, Susquehanna University

Rachel Dinero, Cazenovia College

Regan Gurung, University of Wisconsin–Green Bay

Beth Morling, University of Delaware

These wonderful reviewers also offered insightful feedback on the first

edition to strengthen my revision for the Second Edition:

Julie E. Boland, University of Michigan

Dr. Laura Edelman, Muhlenberg College

Kathleen Fuegen, Northern Kentucky University

Melissa Gregg, University of Wisconsin, Parkside

Jessica Harnett, Gannon University

Kerry S. Kleyman, Metropolitan State University

Marina A. Klimenko, University of Florida

Dr. Scott D. Martin, Brigham Young University, Idaho

Gerald McDonnell, Indiana State University

Todd L. McKerchar, Jacksonville State University

Azucena Rangel Mayberry, Texas State University

Janet M. Peters, Washington State University Tri-Cities

Anna Schwartz, Boston College

Chrysalis L. Wright, University of Central Florida

Justin Yates, Northern Kentucky University

I am blessed every day to be surrounded by the best colleagues in the world

at the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay and within the Society for the
Teaching of Psychology. They inspire me and have been amazing examples
of what it truly means to be teachers and scholars. Last, but certainly not
least, I could not have accomplished this project without the love and
support of my family. My father, who passed away in the midst of writing
the First Edition, was always my biggest fan, and I am grateful for his
lifelong support of my dreams and accomplishments. My kids, Jordan and
Julia, and my husband, Vern, are my amazing cheerleaders. I love how they
support me both personally and professionally. My family also made sure
that I didn’t work too much—because life is too short to miss out on the
small and great moments you should never take for granted.
Contents
Preface ix
An Introduction to SPSS xvii
CHAPTER 1SPSS Data Entry Basics 3
In this chapter we introduce the SPSS environment and walk
students through the basics of creating or importing a data set in
SPSS. We then cover the basics of data set-up.
Before We Get Started: Navigating in SPSS 3
1.1 Windows in SPSS 3
1.1a The Data Window 4
1.1b The Output Window 5
1.1c Syntax Window 6
1.2 Navigating and Commands in SPSS 7
1.3 Importing Data from Other Sources 7
1.3a Importing Data from Excel 8
1.3b Importing Data from Online Survey Software: Example
—Qualtrics 10
1.4 Data Setup and Manual Entry 11
1.4a Setting Up for Data Entry through Variable View 12
1.4b Manual Data Entry in Data View 15
1.5 Data Transformation 16
1.5a Recoding Values 18
1.5b Collapsing or Combining Values 21
1.5c Computing Summative Scales 23
CHAPTER 2 Getting a Feel for Your Data: Descriptive Statistics 27
The first step in any research project is getting a good sense of the
main qualities of the data. In this chapter we show students how
to calculate basic descriptive statistics focusing on the most
common statistics and ways to illustrate the data.
Using Descriptive Statistics 28
Before We Get Started: Identify Your Variable Type 28
Frequency Tables and Basic Graphs 28
2.1 Categorical Data: Describing Our Data with Frequency Tables
and Graphs 29