CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

INDORE (M.P.)

Name of Mini Project

NAND GATE USING TRANSISTOR
Mini Project Report
Session 2024-25

BEEE (BT-104)

Guided By:
Mr. PankajPatidar sir Submitted By:
AASHI AGRAWAL ( CS241006)
AASHISH CHOUDHARY
(CS241007)
AAYUSH BHAWSAR
(CS241008)
AAYUSH
CHINCHKHEDE( CS241009)
 AAYUSH CHOUHAN
( CS241010)

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

INDORE (M.P.)

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRONICS & COMM. ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. …………...………………….…………………………………………… with

RGTU Enrollment No...………………………………….………..….……………..has satisfactorily completed

the Mini Project on “Title of Mini Project” in “BEEE”, for B. Tech, I Semester of the Department Name

during year 2024 – 25.

Signature Faculty In-charge

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
Introduction of the Project 1
Description of the Project 2-3
Circuit Diagram 4
Component Details 5-6
Working 7-8
Working Project Picture 9
References 10
 Introduction of the Project

Logic gates form the foundation of digital electronics, enabling the processing and manipulation
of binary data. Among these gates, the NAND gate holds particular significance due to its
functional completeness, which allows it to implement any logical operation. The NAND gate
outputs a logic low (0) only when all its inputs are at a logic high (1), making it a crucial
building block in digital circuit design.

This project explores the design and implementation of a NAND gate using transistors. By
leveraging the principles of transistor operation, we can create a circuit that performs the
desired logical operation. Transistors, being fundamental semiconductor devices, operate as
switches in digital circuits, enabling the control of current flow based on input voltages.

The report delves into the theoretical background of transistors, their configuration for
constructing a NAND gate, and the practical aspects of circuit assembly and testing. The project
aims to provide a clear understanding of how a basic digital component like the NAND gate can
be constructed at the transistor level, showcasing the interplay between analog and digital
domains in modern electronics.

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 Project Description

The primary objective of this project is to design, construct, and analyze the operation of a
NAND gate using bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) or metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
transistors (MOSFETs). The NAND gate, a fundamental digital logic gate, is crucial in digital
electronics because of its functional completeness, allowing it to form the basis of more
complex logic circuits.

Key Components and Circuit Design

1. Transistor Basics:
o Transistors are semiconductor devices that act as electronic switches or amplifiers.
o In this project, either BJTs or MOSFETs are used as the primary building blocks
for the NAND gate.
o Their behavior depends on input voltages applied to their base or gate terminals,
which control the flow of current through the device.

2. NAND Gate Operation:

o A NAND gate produces a logic low output (0) only when all its inputs are logic
high (1). For all other input combinations, the output remains logic high (1).
o This behavior is achieved by configuring transistors in a specific arrangement that
ensures the output meets the NAND gate's truth table.

3. Circuit Construction:
o The NAND gate is implemented using a combination of transistors, resistors, and a
power supply.
o For a two-input NAND gate:
 The transistors are configured in series and parallel arrangements to control
the current path based on the input signals.
 Resistors are used for biasing and to ensure proper operation of the
transistors.
 The output is taken from the collector or drain terminal, depending on the
transistor type used.

4. Input and Output Behavior:

o The inputs to the gate are represented by voltage levels, typically 0V (logic low)
and 5V (logic high).
 o The output is measured at a specified node and compared to the expected results
from the NAND gate truth table
o 2.

Practical Implementation

The project involves:

 Assembling the circuit on a breadboard or PCB.

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 Testing the circuit using a DC power supply and input signals provided by switches or
signal generators.
 Observing and analyzing the output using an LED indicator or an oscilloscope.

Applications

This project highlights the underlying principles of digital circuit design and showcases how
fundamental gates like NAND can be constructed using basic electronic components. The
NAND gate’s construction is not only an educational tool but also a step toward understanding
the hardware-level implementation of integrated circuits (ICs).
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Circuit Diagram
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Component Details

1. Transistors (2x NPN or PNP)

o Type: NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) or n-channel Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET).
o Example Models:
 NPN BJT: BC547, 2N2222.
 n-channel MOSFET: IRF540N, BS170.
o Purpose: Acts as a switch to control the flow of current based on input voltage
levels.

2. Resistors (4-6 depending on configuration)

o Values:
 Input resistors (Base/Gate biasing): 1kΩ to 10kΩ (commonly 4.7kΩ).
 Pull-up resistor (Output): 10kΩ to 1kΩ.
o Purpose:
 Provides proper biasing to the transistors.
 Ensures stable logic levels at the output.

3. Power Supply
o Voltage: Typically +5V DC for digital logic circuits.
o Purpose: Powers the circuit and provides the required voltage levels for input and
output.

4. Input Terminals (2x)

o Type: Push-button switches or signal generator.
o Purpose: Provides the logic high (1) or low (0) levels to the transistor bases.

5. Output Terminal
o Type: LED with a current-limiting resistor or oscilloscope probe.
o Resistor Value: 220Ω to 470Ω for LED.
o Purpose: Displays the output state (logic high or low).

6. Connecting Wires
o Type: Jumper wires for breadboard or soldered wires for PCB.
 o Purpose: Connects components within the circuit.

7. Breadboard or PCB
o Type: Standard breadboard for temporary connections or printed circuit board
(PCB) for permanent setup.
o Purpose: Provides the platform for circuit assembly.

Example Component List

Component Specification Quantity
NPN Transistor BC547 2
4.7kΩ (2x), 10kΩ (1x), 220Ω (1x for
Resistors 4
LED)
Power Supply +5V DC 1
Input Switches Push-buttons 2
Output 1
LED
Indicator 5
Breadboard Standard size 1
Jumper Wires Assorted As needed

Would you like guidance on assembling the circuit, testing it, or calculating resistor values?
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Working

The NAND gate outputs a logic LOW (0) only when all its inputs are at logic HIGH (1).
Otherwise, the output remains logic HIGH (1). Here’s a step-by-step explanation of its
operation when implemented using transistors:

Circuit Overview

 Configuration:
o Two transistors (NPN BJTs or n-channel MOSFETs) are used.
o The transistors are arranged such that their bases (or gates for MOSFETs) act as
the input terminals.
o The emitters are connected to ground.
o The collectors of the transistors are connected to a pull-up resistor and then to the
output.

Step-by-Step Working

1. Input States (LOW, LOW):

o Both input signals are at logic LOW (0V).
o Neither transistor receives base current, so both transistors remain OFF.
o The current flows through the pull-up resistor to the output.
o Output: HIGH (logic 1).

2. Input States (LOW, HIGH):

o Input A is LOW (0V), and Input B is HIGH (+5V).
o The first transistor remains OFF (Input A doesn’t activate it).
o The second transistor turns ON (Input B activates it), but there is no complete
current path to ground because the first transistor is OFF.
o Current flows through the pull-up resistor to the output.
o Output: HIGH (logic 1).
 3. Input States (HIGH, LOW):
o Input A is HIGH (+5V), and Input B is LOW (0V).
o The first transistor turns ON (Input A activates it).
o The second transistor remains OFF (Input B doesn’t activate it).
o No complete path to ground exists.
o Current flows through the pull-up resistor to the output.
o Output: HIGH (logic 1).

4. Input States (HIGH, HIGH):

o Both inputs are HIGH (+5V).
o Both transistors turn ON because their bases receive enough voltage.
o A complete current path to ground is established through the transistors.
o The output voltage drops to ground potential (0V).
o Output: LOW (logic 0).

Truth Table
Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Key Points:

1. The pull-up resistor ensures that the output remains HIGH when no current path exists to
ground.
2. The transistors act as switches:
o When OFF, they block the current flow.
o When ON, they create a path to ground, pulling the output LOW.

This configuration demonstrates the logic of a NAND gate, where the output is LOW only
when both inputs are HIGH. Let me know if you’d like further assistance with simulation,
testing, or analysis.
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Working Project Picture

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References

Books:
 o Boylestad, R. L., & Nashelsky, L. (2013). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
(11th ed.). Pearson Education.
o
 Provides detailed insights into transistor operation and digital logic gates.

2. Websites:
3.
o Electronics Tutorials. (n.d.). Transistor as a Switch. Retrieved from
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws
 Discusses how transistors are used in digital circuits, including logic gates.
o All About Circuits. (n.d.). NAND Gate Circuit and Logic. Retrieved from
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com
 Explains the working principles of the NAND gate in detail.

4. Datasheets:
o BC547 Transistor Datasheet. Retrieved from https://www.onsemi.com
 Details specifications and operating conditions for NPN transistors.

5. Simulation Tools:
o LTspice (Analog Devices): Free circuit simulation software used for designing and
analyzing transistor-based logic gates.
Download: https://www.analog.com/en/design-center/design-tools-and-
calculators/ltspice-simulator.html

6. Laboratory Manuals:
o Virtual Electronics Lab Manual, Department of Electronics Engineering, XYZ
University.
 A guide used for practical implementation of digital circuits in academic
labs

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