CS-07: Vedic Mathematics

SEM-1
Q-1 (A)Write note on Arya Bhatta.
Who is Aryabhata?
An Indian Mathematician whose name can’t be erased from the mathematics book for ever.
Aryabhata was not only a great astronomer but also a great Indian mathematician. He was also a physics as
he had sound knowledge of the concepts of the relativity of motion.

He is also known as the father of the Indian cyclic astronomy because of his planetary theory that
tells the right positions and distances of the planets. English Mathematicians, too learnt many things from
the learnings of Aryabhata.

Life of Aryabhata:
Birth: Born in 476 CE in Kusumapura (modern-day Patna, India) or possibly in Kerala.
Education: Studied at the University of Nalanda, a major center of learning in ancient India.
Career: Renowned mathematician and astronomer; he made significant contributions during the
Gupta dynasty's golden age.
Death: Exact date unknown, but he likely lived until around 550 CE.

Works of Aryabhata

 Aryabhatiya:
o Completion: Written in 499 CE when Aryabhata was 23 years old.
o Content: Consists of 121 verses and covers a wide range of topics including mathematics and
astronomy.
o Sections: Divided into four sections - Gitikapada (on time and its units), Ganitapada
(mathematics), Kalakriyapada (calculation of time), and Golapada (spherical astronomy).
 Mathematical Contributions:
o Decimal System: Developed a place-value system, including the concept of zero.
o Approximation of Pi: Provided an approximation of pi (π) as 3.1416, remarkably close to the
true value.
o Trigonometry: Worked on the trigonometric functions sine and cosine and their tables.
 Astronomical Contributions:
o Heliocentric Theory: Suggested that the Earth rotates on its axis daily.
o Lunar and Solar Eclipses: Explained these phenomena in terms of the shadow of the Earth
and the Moon.
o Sidereal Periods: Calculated the sidereal rotation periods of the planets.
 Other Works:
o Arya-siddhanta: A later work, largely lost, but known through references by other scholars.

Books by Aryabhata:

Book-1. (Aryabhatiya)
- When It Was Written: Aryabhatiya was completed in 499 CE when Aryabhata was just 23 years old.
- What It Contains: This book has 121 verses and is divided into four parts:
1. Gitikapada: Talks about time and how to measure it.
2. Ganitapada: Focuses on mathematics, including numbers, arithmetic, and basic algebra.
3. Kalakriyapada: Deals with how to calculate time, the calendar, and different units of time.
4. Golapada: Discusses the shape and movement of the Earth and the planets, essentially early astronomy.

Highlights of Aryabhatiya:
 Place-Value System and Zero: Aryabhata introduced a way to write numbers using a place-value system,
which includes the concept of zero. This is the foundation of the number system we use today.
  Approximation of Pi: He calculated the value of pi (π) as 3.1416, which is very close to the true value.
 Trigonometry: Aryabhata worked on sine and cosine, important functions in trigonometry, and made tables
for these functions.
 Earth's Rotation: He suggested that the Earth rotates on its axis daily, which was a new idea at the time.
 Eclipses: Aryabhata explained lunar and solar eclipses by the shadows cast by the Earth and the Moon.

Book-2 (Arya-siddhanta)

 What We Know: Unfortunately, most of this book has been lost. We know about it through mentions by later
scholars.
 What It Likely Contained: Arya-siddhanta is believed to have included more detailed astronomical calculations
and further developments in mathematics and astronomy.

Contributions in Mathematics:
1. He introduced the alphabetical counting system.
2. He was the first to do calculations on the square and cubic roots.
3. He gave the solutions to equations by = a x + c and by = ax – c
4. He was the first to provide the approximate value of π.
5. He was the one who said that π is an irrational number.
6. He formulated the tables of sines.
7. He was the first to sum the first n integers.
8. He gave the formula for the areas of a triangle and of a circle.
9. He gave the formula for the volume of the sphere and volume of the pyramid.

Awards and Rewards

This is how people valued Aryabhata:
1. Aryabhata award or Aryabhatta award is awarded to individuals with notable lifetime contributions in
mathematics and astronomy.
2. A lunar impact crater named after Aryabhata.
3. India’s first satellite was named under Aryabhata.
4. Aryabhatta National Maths Competition, also known as Aryabhatta Exam, is conducted in many schools
and colleges for 5th to 11th class students to find the hidden mathematical talents in the students.
5. There is a college named Aryabhatta College which is located in Delhi.

Summary:
Aryabhata’s books, especially Aryabhatiya, made huge contributions to the fields of mathematics and astronomy. His
work laid the groundwork for many future discoveries and advancements. Even though much of Arya-siddhanta is lost,
Aryabhatiya alone is enough to secure his place as one of the greatest thinkers in history.

Q-1 (B) Write note on Brahma Gupta

Brahmagupta was one of the first and greatest mathematicians of his era. He was not only a master of
astronomy, but he was also an expert in mathematics, in topics like algorithmics, algebra, trigonometry, and geometry.

Life of Brahmagupta

Birth & early life

 Brahmagupta was born in Bhillamala, which is now Bhinmal in 598 CE. that is now part of modern-day
Rajasthan, India. He followed Hinduism.
 He spent most of his childhood days in Bhillamala. He was born when the Chavda dynasty was ruling the
dynasty.

Education
 He studied the works of great Mathematicians and astronomers like Aryabhata I, Varahamihira, Srisena,
Vijayanandin Latadeva, Pradyumna, Simha and Vishnuchandra.
  Later, to do more research on astronomy he moved to Ujjain. Ujjain is said to be one of the best places to
research astronomy.

Workplace
 He researched on astronomy and worked as an astronomer for Brahmapaksha school. It was one of the most
famous Indian astronomy schools in India during that era. He studied Indian astronomy traditional, which
is siddhanthas.
Career
 When he was 30 years old, in 628 BC, he wrote the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta which revised version
of siddhanthas of the which he studied in Brahmapaksha school. He has added a lot of new things to the
book.
 At the age of 67, he wrote Khanda-khādyaka for his students. This book of his served as a practical manual of
Indian Astronomy.
Death
 He spent the last days of his life in Ujjain and died in 665 CE.

Books
Few of the famous books written by Brahmagupta are:
1. Algebra, with Arithmetic and Mensuration
2. Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
3. Brahmaguptaganitam
4. Classics of Indian Mathematics
5. Khandakhadyaka

Book 1) Brahmasphutasiddhanta:
Content: This is one of Brahmagupta’s most important works, covering various topics in mathematics and
astronomy.
Significance: It contains the earliest known rules for dealing with zero and negative numbers.
Mathematical Contributions:
 Introduced rules for arithmetic operations involving zero and negative numbers.
 Provided formulas for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral.
 Discussed solutions of linear and quadratic equations.
Astronomical Contributions:
 Detailed methods for calculating the positions and movements of planets.
 Provides methods for predicting eclipses and calculating the positions of celestial bodies.
Book 2) Khandakhadyaka:
Content: A practical manual of Indian astronomy.
Significance: It provided methods for making accurate astronomical calculations and was used widely in the
Indian subcontinent.

Contributions in Mathematics
Few of the Contributions done by the Brahmaputra in field Mathematics are:
1. Brahmagupta-Fibonacci identity
2. Brahmagupta’s formula
3. Brahmagupta’s identity
4. Brahmagupta’s problem
5. Brahmagupta’s theorem
6. Modern number system
7. Brahmagupta’s interpolation formula

Few of his other contributions:

1. He gave the solution of the general linear equation. (bx + c = dx + e equivalent to x = e − c/b − d)
2. He gave the details operations on fractions.
 3. He gave the solution for the sum of the first n integers squares and cubes.
4. He gave the rules for arithmetic manipulations that apply to negative numbers and zero.
5. He said that 0/0 = 0.
6. He gave the formula for Pythagorean triples.
7. He figured out the answer to Diophantine equations.
8. He is recognized for cyclic quadrilaterals.
9. He solves indeterminate quadratic equations.
10. He found a unique case in Newton–Stirling interpolation formula.

Interesting facts
1. He was the head of astronomical observatory at Ujjain.
2. He has written more than 25 chapters with 1008 verses in it.
3. His work has inspired many Islamic Mathematicians.

Brahmagupta Award
A Fishermen Village in Kerala (India) known as Toothier gives Brahma Gupta Award to people who
does something exceptional in the field of mathematics from their village.

Summery:
Brahmagupta’s contributions to mathematics and astronomy were groundbreaking and had a lasting
impact on both Indian and global scientific traditions. His innovative ideas and methods are still studied and
respected today.

Q-2 (A) Write note on P.C.Mahalanobis.

Early Life and Childhood
1. Birth:
- Date: June 29, 1893
- Place: Calcutta (now Kolkata), India
2. Family Background:
- Parents: Mahalanobis was born into a prominent Bengali family. His father, P. C. Mahalanobis, was a civil
servant, and his mother was a homemaker.
- Early Education: Mahalanobis grew up in a culturally rich environment, which fostered his early interest in
mathematics and science.

Education
1. Early Education:
- Schooling: He attended the Presidency College in Calcutta, where he excelled in mathematics and science.
2. Higher Education:
- University of Cambridge:
. - Degree: Mahalanobis went to Cambridge University in 1912 to study mathematics.
- Supervision: Studied under the guidance of Sir Ronald A. Fisher, a prominent statistician.
-Ph.D.: He completed his doctoral studies at Cambridge in 1921, focusing on statistics and its applications
Life and Career
1. Return to India:
- Indian Statistical Institute (ISI): Upon returning to India, Mahalanobis founded the Indian Statistical Institute
in Kolkata in 1931. He played a pivotal role in establishing it as a leading institution for statistical research and
education.
2. Academic Contributions:
- Statistical Theories: Mahalanobis developed several key statistical methods and concepts, including the
Mahalanobis distance, which is used for multivariate analysis.
- Population Studies: Contributed significantly to the development of techniques for statistical sampling and
estimation, especially in the context of large-scale surveys.
Major Achievements and Contributions
1. Indian Statistical Institute:
- Founding and Development: Mahalanobis was instrumental in the establishment and growth of the Indian
Statistical Institute, which has become one of the premier institutions for statistical research and training in
India.
2. Statistical Methods:
- Mahalanobis Distance: Introduced the Mahalanobis distance, a measure used in multivariate statistics to
determine the distance between a point and a distribution.
- Sampling Theory: Developed innovative sampling methods and contributed to the design and analysis of
large-scale surveys in India.
3. Contributions to Planning:
- Economic Planning: Played a crucial role in the planning and implementation of statistical methods in the
economic planning processes of independent India.

Awards and Honors

1. Awards:
- Padma Bhushan: Awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1968 for his exceptional
contributions to the field of statistics.
- Honorary Degrees: Received honorary degrees from various universities in recognition of his significant
contributions to statistics and related fields.
2. Recognition:
- International Recognition: His work gained international acclaim, and he was recognized for his
contributions to the development of statistical theory and practice.

Death
- Date: June 28, 1972 - Place: Kolkata, India

Publications and Books

-"Statistical Methods and Applications": Mahalanobis published various papers and books on statistical methods,
including research on sampling techniques and multivariate analysis.
- “Selected Papers”: His collected papers on statistical theory and applications were published posthumously,
reflecting his extensive contributions to the field.

Summary
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was a pioneering statistician whose work has had a lasting impact on the field of
statistics. His establishment of the Indian Statistical Institute and his development of key statistical methods, such as
the Mahalanobis distance, are notable achievements. His contributions to statistical theory, economic planning, and
the development of statistical research in India have left a significant legacy in the field of statistics and beyond.

Q-2 (B) Write note on Shakuntala Devi.

Shakuntala Devi (4 November 1929 – 21 April 2013) was an Indian mental calculator and writer,
popularly known as the "Human Computer". Her talent earned her a place in the 1982 edition of The
Guinness Book of World Records. However, the certificate for the record was given posthumously on 30 July
2020, despite Devi achieving her world record on 18 June 1980 at Imperial College, London. Devi was a
precocious child and she demonstrated her arithmetic abilities at the University of Mysore without any
formal education.

Devi strove to simplify numerical calculations for students. She wrote a number of books in her later
years, including novels as well as texts about mathematics, puzzles, and astrology. She wrote the book The
World of Homosexuals, which is considered the first study of homosexuality in India. She saw homosexuality
in a positive light and is considered a pioneer in the field.
Early Life and Childhood
1. Birth: - Date: November 4, 1929 - Place: Bangalore (now Bengaluru), India
2. Family Background:
- parents: Shakuntala Devi was born into a family of modest means. Her father, a circus performer,
and her mother were supportive of her early interest in mathematics.
- Early Interests: Shakuntala displayed extraordinary mathematical abilities from a very young age,
performing complex calculations mentally.
3. Early Education:
- Unconventional Learning: She did not receive formal schooling beyond the primary level. Her
father recognized her talent and encouraged her to perform mathematical feats, showcasing her skills at
various events.

Life and Career

1. Early Career:
- Public Performances: Shakuntala Devi gained fame for her remarkable mental calculation abilities.
She performed at various events and exhibitions, astounding audiences with her speed and accuracy.
- International Recognition: Her unique talent led her to perform on the international stage,
including shows in Europe, America, and Asia.
2. Professional Work:
- Mathematician and Author: Apart from performing, she also worked as a mathematician and
wrote books on mathematics and related subjects.

Major Achievements and Contributions

1. Mathematical Feats:
- Fastest Calculation: Shakuntala Devi was known for her ability to perform complex arithmetic
operations in her head, often solving problems that would take a computer much longer to solve.
- Guinness World Record: In 1982, she was recognized by the Guinness World Records for her ability
to multiply two 13-digit numbers in 28 seconds.
2. Books and Publications:
- “Mathematics of Love”: Explores the relationship between mathematics and love.
- “The World of Homosexuals”: A pioneering book on the subject of homosexuality in India.
- “Figuring: The Joy of Numbers”: A popular book where she discusses her love for numbers and
shares her mathematical insights.
- “Super Memory: It Can Be Yours”: Focuses on techniques to enhance memory and mental
calculations.
- “Shakuntala Devi’s Puzzle Book”: Contains various puzzles and brain teasers.

Awards and Honors

1. Guinness World Record:
- Record: Recognized in 1982 for her exceptional speed in mental calculations.
- Significance: The Guinness World Record highlighted her as one of the greatest human calculators
of all time.
2. Other Recognitions:
- Cultural Icon: Shakuntala Devi was celebrated for her contributions to mathematics and her role
in bringing mathematical thinking to a wider audience.
Death -Date: April 21, 2013 - Place: Bangalore (Bengaluru), India
Summary
Shakuntala Devi was an extraordinary Indian mathematician known for her remarkable mental
calculation abilities. Despite having minimal formal education, her talent for rapid arithmetic and her
contributions to literature on mathematics and related subjects earned her international acclaim. Her
recognition by the Guinness World Records and her impact on both mathematics and public understanding
of mental capabilities solidify her place as one of the most remarkable mathematical prodigies of the 20th
century.

Q-3 What is Vedic Mathematics & How it is importance.

What is Vedic Mathematics?

1. Definition
- Vedic Mathematics is a system of mathematics based on ancient Indian scriptures called the Vedas.
- It comprises a set of techniques and formulas to solve mathematical problems quickly and efficiently.

2. Origin
- Developed by Indian mathematicians in ancient times, specifically compiled by Swami Bharati Krishna
Tirthaji in the early 20th century.
- The system consists of 16 main sutras (aphorisms) and 13 sub-sutras that form the foundation for
various mathematical operations.

3. Techniques
- Vedic Mathematics includes techniques for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, squares,
square roots, and more.
- It emphasizes mental calculations and shortcuts, allowing for faster problem-solving.

Importance of Vedic Mathematics

1. Enhances Calculation Speed

- Explanation: Vedic methods allow students to perform calculations much faster than traditional
methods.
- Impact: This speed is beneficial in competitive exams and real-life situations where quick decisions are
needed.

2. Improves Mental Agility

- Explanation: Regular practice of Vedic techniques enhances mental agility and improves concentration.
- Impact: This boosts overall cognitive abilities, helping with problem-solving and logical reasoning.

3. Reduces Mathematical Anxiety

- Explanation*: The simplified techniques make math less intimidating for students.
- Impact: Students gain confidence in their math skills, which can improve their overall performance in
academics.

4. Encourages Creative Thinking

- Explanation: Vedic Mathematics promotes unconventional approaches to problem-solving.
- Impact: Students learn to think outside the box, fostering creativity and innovation in various fields.

5. Facilitates Better Understanding of Concepts

- Explanation: The system emphasizes understanding over memorization, helping students grasp
fundamental concepts.
- Impact: This deep understanding aids in advanced studies and applications in science and engineering.
6. Versatile Applications
- Explanation: Vedic Mathematics can be applied across various disciplines, including physics, engineering,
and economics.
- Impact: It equips students with versatile skills that are valuable in different career paths.

7. Saves Time
- Explanation: Techniques allow for shortcuts in calculations, saving time in exams and daily tasks.
- Impact: More time can be devoted to other subjects or activities, enhancing overall productivity.

8. Strengthens Foundation in Mathematics

- Explanation: Mastering Vedic techniques lays a strong mathematical foundation.
- Impact: A solid base is crucial for higher-level mathematics and analytical subjects.

9. Promotes Lifelong Learning

- Explanation: Learning Vedic Mathematics fosters a positive attitude toward math and learning in
general.
- Impact: Students are more likely to pursue continuous education and self-improvement.

Conclusion : - Vedic Mathematics is a valuable tool for students, offering numerous benefits such as
enhanced speed, mental agility, and a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts. By integrating
these techniques into their studies, college students can improve their overall academic performance and
develop skills that will serve them well in their future careers.