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CSharp_Operators_Control_Constructors

The document outlines advanced features of C#, focusing on operators, expressions, control constructs, constructors, and destructors. It details various types of operators, including arithmetic, relational, logical, and more, as well as control flow mechanisms like if statements and switch statements. Additionally, it explains the purpose of constructors for object initialization and destructors for cleanup in C#.

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Sahil Khan
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7 views

CSharp_Operators_Control_Constructors

The document outlines advanced features of C#, focusing on operators, expressions, control constructs, constructors, and destructors. It details various types of operators, including arithmetic, relational, logical, and more, as well as control flow mechanisms like if statements and switch statements. Additionally, it explains the purpose of constructors for object initialization and destructors for cleanup in C#.

Uploaded by

Sahil Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Features of C# and Exception Handling

Operators and Expressions (16 Marks)

Operators are special symbols that perform operations on variables and values. Expressions are

combinations of variables, operators, and values that yield a result.

Types of Operators in C#:

1. Arithmetic Operators:

- Used for basic mathematical operations.

- +, -, *, /, %, ++, --

- Example: int sum = a + b;

2. Relational (Comparison) Operators:

- Used to compare values.

- ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

- Example: if (a > b) { ... }

3. Logical Operators:

- Combine multiple conditions.

- && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT)

- Example: if (a > 0 && b > 0) { ... }

4. Assignment Operators:

- Assign values to variables.

- =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

- Example: x += 5; // same as x = x + 5

5. Bitwise Operators:

- Perform operations on bits.

- &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>


Advanced Features of C# and Exception Handling

- Example: int result = a & b;

6. Conditional (Ternary) Operator:

- Short form of if-else.

- Syntax: condition ? expr1 : expr2

- Example: int result = (a > b) ? a : b;

7. Null-Coalescing Operator (??):

- Returns left operand if not null, else right operand.

- Example: string name = inputName ?? "Default";

8. Type Checking and Type Casting Operators:

- is, as, typeof, cast operators.

- Example: if (obj is string) { ... }

Expressions:

- An expression is a valid combination of literals, operators, variables, and method calls.

- Example: (a + b) * c is an arithmetic expression.

7(a) Control Constructs in C# - Decision Making (8 Marks)

Control constructs guide the flow of execution in a program.

1. if Statement:

- Executes a block if the condition is true.

- Example:

if (age >= 18) { Console.WriteLine("Adult"); }

2. if-else Statement:

- Provides alternative path.


Advanced Features of C# and Exception Handling

- Example:

if (x > y) Console.WriteLine("X is greater");

else Console.WriteLine("Y is greater");

3. else-if Ladder:

- For multiple conditions.

- Example:

if (mark >= 90) Console.WriteLine("A+");

else if (mark >= 75) Console.WriteLine("A");

else Console.WriteLine("B");

4. switch Statement:

- Replaces multiple if-else.

- Syntax:

switch (grade)

case 'A': Console.WriteLine("Excellent"); break;

case 'B': Console.WriteLine("Good"); break;

default: Console.WriteLine("Try Again"); break;

5. Conditional (ternary) Operator:

- Shorthand for if-else.

- Syntax: condition ? expr1 : expr2;

7(b) Constructors and Destructors (8 Marks)

Constructors:

- Special methods used to initialize objects.

- Same name as class, no return type.


Advanced Features of C# and Exception Handling

- Automatically invoked when object is created.

Types of Constructors:

1. Default Constructor:

- No parameters.

- Example:

class Car { public Car() { ... } }

2. Parameterized Constructor:

- Takes arguments.

- Example:

class Car { public Car(string name) { ... } }

3. Copy Constructor (custom implementation):

- Copies values from another object.

- Example:

public Car(Car c) { this.name = c.name; }

4. Static Constructor:

- Initializes static members, runs once.

- No access modifier.

- Example:

static Car() { ... }

Destructors:

- Used for cleanup when an object is destroyed.

- Syntax: ~ClassName()

- Called by garbage collector, cannot be overloaded or inherited.

- Example:

class Car { ~Car() { Console.WriteLine("Destroyed"); } }


Advanced Features of C# and Exception Handling

Note: In C#, destructors are rarely needed due to automatic memory management.

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