Arthroscopy Basic to Advanced

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Pietro Randelli • David Dejour
C. Niek van Dijk • Matteo Denti
Romain Seil
Editors

Arthroscopy
Basic to Advanced
Editors
Pietro Randelli Matteo Denti
San Donato Milanese Istituto Clinico Humanitas
Milano Rozzano
Italy Milan
Italy
David Dejour
Lyon Romain Seil
France Clinique d’Eich
Centre Hospitalier Luxemburg
C. Niek van Dijk Luxemburg
Academic Medical Centre Luxembourg
Orthopedic Surgery
Univ of Amsterdam
Amsterdam
The Netherlands

ESSKA ASBL
Centre Médical
Fondation Norbert Metz
76, rue d’Eich
1460 Luxembourg
Luxembourg

ISBN 978-3-662-49374-8 ISBN 978-3-662-49376-2 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-49376-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939390

© ESSKA 2016
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Preface

Dear colleagues and friends,

Arthroscopy represents a powerful tool in the diagnosis and treatment of a
huge range of orthopedic diseases, becoming day by day more indispensable.
The development of newly arthroscopic techniques allows a better treat-
ment of our patients with enormous benefits like pain reduction and faster
recovery thus promoting a standard of care that needs to be reached
worldwide.
In order to spread this knowledge as much as possible, the ESSKA board
has decided to work for 4 years in the creation of this book. The aim of this
collection of precious chapters has been to provide the “state of the art” about
all available arthroscopic techniques divided per joint.
Some of the most important arthroscopists from different regions of the
world have contributed to this book, and I would like to thank these leaders
for their precious work.
I would like to quote as well all the editors of the book, for their sustain,
and especially David Dejour and Niek Van Dijk, for their help to collect and
review the papers of the knee and ankle sections, respectively.
All members of my team deserve to be thanked, especially Paolo Arrigoni
and Davide Cucchi who worked very hard on this project.
From the production point of view, I would like to thank Mrs. Gabriele
Schroeder and Mr. Claus-Dieter Bachem from Springer, for their support in
the achievement of such a huge work.
I think that all the readers will be able to take advantage of this book in
their daily practice and that this work will deserve to be quoted as a master-
piece in the field.
This book is dedicated to our families and friends who have made possible
to all authors and editors to spend days and weeks to create this book without
feeling guilty about the time we spend away from them.

Milano, Italy Pietro Randelli

v
Contents

Part I General Content

1 History of Arthroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lars Goebel and Henning Madry
2 Surgery Set-Up, Instrumentations
and Electronic Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Pietro Simone Randelli and Davide Cucchi
3 Standard Operative Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Petri Sillanpää, Paolo Arrigoni, and Davide Cucchi
4 Regional and General Anesthesia, Pain
and Bleeding Control in Shoulder Arthroscopy
and Upper Limb Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Paolo Grossi, Emilio Grilli, and Simone Repaci
5 Common Nerve Blocks of the Lower Limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Andrea Tognù, Daniele Genco, Luca Josca,
Stefano Giarratana, and Paolo Grossi

Part II Knee
David Dejour

6 Knee Arthroscopy: General Setup, Portal Options,

and How to Manage a Complete Arthroscopic
Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Nicolas Pujol and Philippe Beaufils
7 Traumatic and Degenerative Meniscus Lesions:
Diagnosis and Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Michael Hantes, Vasilios Raoulis, and Roland Becker
8 The Role of Meniscectomy in the Treatment
of Traumatic Meniscus Tears: Technique
Results Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Philippe Beaufils and Nicolas Pujol

vii
viii Contents

9 The Role of Arthroscopy in the Treatment

of Degenerative Meniscus Tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Hélder Pereira, Ibrahim Fatih Cengiz,
Joana Silva-Correia, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira,
Rui Luís Reis, and João Espregueira-Mendes
10 Arthroscopic Meniscectomies for Congenital
Meniscus Lesions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Romain Seil, Tracey Gillman, Georges Assad,
Klaus Dueck, and Dietrich Pape
11 Meniscal Repair: Indications, Techniques,
and Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Hélder Pereira, Ibrahim Fatih Cengiz,
Joana Silva-Correia, Pedro L. Ripoll, Ricardo Varatojo,
Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, Rui Luís Reis,
and João Espregueira-Mendes
12 Meniscal Allograft Transplantation: Indications,
Technique and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Peter Verdonk, Nick Smith, Rene Verdonk,
and Tim Spalding
13 Implantable Devices for Cartilage Repair
in the Knee: Scaffolding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Stefano Zaffagnini, Alberto Grassi,
Tommaso Roberti di Sarsina,
Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli,
Margherita Serra, and Maurilio Marcacci
14 Cartilage Lesions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Peter Angele, Giuseppe M. Peretti,
and Johannes Zellner
15 Cartilage Repair: Autograft Osteochondral
Grafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Tim Spalding
16 Cartilage Repair: Arthroscopic Microfractures . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Patrick Orth and Henning Madry
17 Cartilage Repair: Scaffolding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Elizaveta Kon, Giuseppe Filardo, Luca Andriolo,
Francesco Perdisa, Francesco Tentoni,
and Maurilio Marcacci
18 ACL Tear: Complete and Partial, Associated
to Medial and Lateral Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Rainer Siebold and Georgios Karidakis
19 General Technical Consideration in Arthroscopic
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
A. Stoehr, A. Hochrein, and H.O. Mayr
Contents ix

20 Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Reconstruction with Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Matteo Denti, Alessandro Quaglia, and Pietro Randelli
21 Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Reconstruction with Hamstring Tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Marco Valoroso, Guillaume Demey,
Panagiotis G. Ntagiopoulos, and David Dejour
22 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
with a Single-Bundle Autologous Quadriceps
Tendon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Jacques Menetrey, Etienne Cavaignac,
and Philippe Tscholl
23 ACL Reconstruction, Single-Bundle Allograft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Jakob Van Oldenrijk, Peter A.J. De Leeuw,
and Gino M.M.J. Kerkhoffs
24 ACL Reconstruction in Immature Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Romain Seil, Julien Coquay, Alexander Hoffmann,
and Franck Chotel
25 Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Reconstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Etienne Cavaignac, Philippe Tscholl,
Marco Valoroso, and Jacques Menetrey
26 PCL Tear: Complete, Partial, and Associated
with Medial or Lateral Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Chase S. Dean, Robert F. LaPrade, and Lars Engebretsen
27 Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee:
Indications for Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Matteo Denti, Pietro Simone Randelli, Luca Mangini,
and Davide Cucchi
28 Patellofemoral Instability: Classification,
Indications for Surgery and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Paolo Ferrua, Panagiotis G. Ntagiopoulos,
Roch Mader, and David Dejour
29 Synovitis of the Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Massimo Berruto, Antonella Murgo, Paolo Ferrua,
Francesco Uboldi, Daniele Tradati, Stefano Pasqualotto,
and Bruno Michele Marelli
30 Arthroscopic Treatment of Knee Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Massimo Berruto, Paolo Ferrua, Stefano Pasqualotto,
Andrea Parente, Francesco Uboldi, Eva Usellini,
and Bruno Marelli
31 Arthroscopic Fixation of Fractures Around the Knee. . . . . . . . 399
Pietro Randelli, Davide Cucchi, Filippo Randelli,
Chiara Fossati, and Paolo Cabitza
x Contents

Part III Shoulder

Pietro Randelli

32 Shoulder Arthroscopy: General Setup,

Portal Options, and How to Manage a Complete
Shoulder Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Radu Prejbeanu, Ion Bogdan Codorean,
and Stefania Tanase
33 Arthroscopic Anatomy of the Shoulder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Roman Brzóska, Wojciech Solecki,
and Adrian Błasiak
34 Shoulder Instability: Traumatic and Atraumatic . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Maristella F. Saccomanno and Giuseppe Milano
35 Anterior Traumatic Instability Without
Glenoid Bone Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Vivek M. Morey, Giuseppe Porcellini, Fabrizio Campi,
Paolo Paladini, and Giovanni Merolla
36 Anterior Traumatic Instability with Glenoid
Bone Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Ettore Taverna and Riccardo D’Ambrosi
37 Posterior Shoulder Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Ladislav Kovacic, Lennard Funk,
and Pascal Gleyze
38 Humeral Avulsion of the Glenohumeral
Ligament Lesion (aHAGL and pHAGL):
Current Concepts in Treatment and Management . . . . . . . . . . 499
Philipp Proier, Stefan Buchmann, and Andreas Imhoff
39 Multidirectional, Microinstability,
and Acquired Instability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Alessandro Castagna, Mario Borroni,
and Giacomo Delle Rose
40 Shoulder Instability Associated to Humeral
Head Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Grégoire Ciais and Philippe Hardy
41 Subacromial Impingement Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Giuseppe Sforza and Paolo Consigliere
42 Calcifying Tendonitis of the Rotator Cuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Olaf Lorbach and Romain Seil
43 Rotator Cuff Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Mark Tauber
44 Treatment of Partial Cuff Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Klaus Bak
Contents xi

45 Subscapularis Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Maristella F. Saccomanno and Giuseppe Milano
46 Arthroscopic Repair of Full-Thickness
Rotator Cuff Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Pietro Randelli, Paolo Capitani,
Liborio Ingala Martini, and Vincenza Ragone
47 Biological Augments in Rotator Cuff Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Christophe Charousset and Amine Zaoui
48 Massive Cuff Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
António Cartucho
49 Long Head of the Biceps Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Boris Poberaj
50 AC Joint Pathology and Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Natascha Kraus and Markus Scheibel
51 Glenohumeral Cartilage Damage and Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Bartek Kordasiewicz, Claudio Rosso,
and Bruno Toussaint

52 Management of the Stiff Shoulder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

Lennard Funk and Avanthi Mandaleson

Part IV Elbow
Pietro Randelli and Paolo Arrigoni

53 Elbow Arthroscopy: General Setup, Portal

Options and How to Manage a Complete
Elbow Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
E. Guerra, A. Ritali, A. Marinelli, G. Bettelli,
M. Cavaciocchi, and R. Rotini
54 Anatomy at Risk, Portals, and Relevant
Attentions to Reduce the Risk of Nerve Injury
of the Elbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Paolo Arrigoni, Riccardo D’Ambrosi, Enrico Guerra,
and Pietro Randelli
55 Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Synovial
Chondromatosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Joseph Pooley
56 Lateral Elbow Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Srinath Kamineni and Domingo Molina
57 Elbow Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Bo Sanderhoff Olsen
58 Elbow Fractures Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
André Thès and Philippe Hardy
xii Contents

59 Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

Miguel Trigueiros
60 Arthroscopic Synovectomy for Rheumatoid Elbow. . . . . . . . . . 745
Mehmet Derviş Güner and Mehmet Demirtaş
61 Elbow Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
John T. Heffernan, Michael O’Brien,
and Felix H. Savoie III
62 Endoscopic Approach to Cubital Tunnel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . 763
Fabrizio Campi, Giovanni Merolla, Paolo Paladini,
and Giuseppe Porcellini
63 Elbow Arthroscopy: Difficult Cases
and Ulnar Nerve Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
L.A. Pederzini, F. Di Palma, F. Nicoletta, and E. Tripoli

Part V HIP

64 General Aspects on Hip Arthroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

Filippo Randelli, Fabrizio Pace, Daniela Maglione,
Sara Favilla, Paolo Capitani, and Marco Brioschi
65 Hip Arthroscopy: Diagnostic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Ivan Dzaja, Harman Chaudhry, and Olufemi R. Ayeni
66 Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular
Cam Impingement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Mohammad Masoud and Michael Dienst
67 Pincer Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Kotaro R. Shibata and Marc R. Safran
68 Hip Arthroscopy for the Treatment
of Osteochondral Defects and Loose Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Nicole A. Friel, Michaela Kopka, Volker Musahl,
and Craig S. Mauro
69 Labral Lesions of the Hip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Sanjeev Bhatia, Karen Briggs, and Marc J. Philippon
70 Avascular Necrosis, Osteoarthritis and Synovitis . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Nicolas Bonin, Christophe Tissot, and Antoine Dangin

Part VI Wrist
Paolo Arrigoni

71 General Aspects on Wrist Arthroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

Loris Pegoli, Alessandro Pozzi, and Paolo Arrigoni
72 Arthroscopic Resection of Wrist Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
C. Mathoulin, J. Garret, M. Gras, and V. Mesquida
73 Scapholunate Ligament Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Contents xiii

Jane C. Messina
74 Wrist Arthroscopy in Degenerative Conditions
of the Wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Michael Chu-Kay Mak and Pak-Cheong Ho
75 Wrist Arthroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
John R. Fowler
76 Arthroscopic Arthrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
Riccardo Luchetti, Gregory Bain, Levi Morse,
and Duncan McGuire

Part VII Ankle

Niek Van Dijk

77 Anterior Ankle Arthroscopy: General Setup

and Portal Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
K.T.M. Opdam, R. Zwiers, and C.N. van Dijk
78 Anterior Ankle Impingement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
R. Zwiers, K.T.M. Opdam, and C.N. van Dijk
79 Soft Tissue Impingement of the Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
G. Cordier and S. Guillo
80 Anterior Bony Ankle Impingement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Daniël Haverkamp
81 Osteochondral Defects of the Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Gwendolyn Vuurberg and C. Niek van Dijk
82 Mosaicplasty for Treatment of Osteochondral
Defects of the Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Tamás Gál, Ágnes Berta, and László Hangody
83 Scaffolding as Treatment for Osteochondral
Defects in the Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Alberto Gobbi, Celeste Scotti,
and Giuseppe M. Peretti
84 HemiCAP for Secondary Treatment
for Osteochondral Talar Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Mikel L. Reilingh, Christiaan J.A. van Bergen,
Rogier M. Gerards, Inge C.M. van Eekeren,
and C. Niek van Dijk
85 Retrograde Drilling for the Treatment
of Osteochondral Lesions in the Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
Adam Lomax and James Calder
86 Osteoarthritis of the Ankle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Milan Handl
xiv Contents

87 Arthroscopic Ankle Arthrodesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043

Richard P. Walter and Ian G. Winson
88 Posterior Ankle Arthroscopy: General Setup
and Portal Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049
K.T.M. Opdam, R. Zwiers, and C.N. van Dijk
89 Posterior Impingement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Tahir Ögüt
90 Hindfoot Endoscopy for Posterior
Ankle Impingement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
P.P. d’Hooghe and C.N. van Dijk
91 Arthroscopy of Subtalar Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
Xavier Martin Oliva, Juan Manuel Rios,
and Matteo Guelfi
92 Subtalar Arthroscopic Arthrodesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089
Peter A.J. de Leeuw and C. Niek van Dijk
93 Peroneal Tendoscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
P.A. van Dijk, P.A. de Leeuw, and G.M. Kerkhoffs
94 Tendoscopy of the Achilles Tendon, Peroneal
Tendon and Posterior Tibial Tendon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
J.I. Wiegerinck and C.N. van Dijk
95 Achilles Tendon Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Robert Śmigielski and Urszula Zdanowicz
96 Endoscopic Calcaneoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125
R. Zwiers, J.I. Wiegerinck, and C.N. van Dijk
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
 Part I
General Content
 History of Arthroscopy
1
Lars Goebel and Henning Madry

The development of arthroscopic surgery can be Half a century later, Antoine Desormeaux
regarded as one of the milestones in orthopedic (1815–1882), a French physician from Paris,
surgery within the twentieth century, along with developed in 1853 a gazogene cytoscope, which
joint arthroplasty and the open reduction and used a mixture of gasoline and turpentine to illu-
internal fixation of fractures [1–3]. minate and a system of mirrors to visualize the
The origin of arthroscopy comes from the bladder. Today, his invention is regarded as the
Greek arthros for joint and scopein for to look. first instrument for endoscopy [7].
Physicians have long since attempted to look into In 1860 Julius Bruck (1840–1902), a German
body cavities. Its roots can be traced back to the dentist from Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland),
time of the Roman Empire. In the ruins of transluminated the bladder with a diaphanoscope
Pompeii, evidence for the use of vaginal specu- from the rectum to remove bladder stones [8].
lums and proctoscopes was made [4, 5]. The German urologist Maximilian Nitze
In modern times it was Philipp Bozzini (1848–1906) from Berlin introduced a cysto-
(1773–1809), a German doctor from Mainz, scope in 1876 which already used a heated plati-
who first invented a primitive endoscope, his num loop for illumination [9]. One year later, his
Lichtleiter, to inspect body cavities like the first public demonstration took place at the
mouth, nasal cavity, rectum, or female bladder. Institut für Pathologie at the Stadtkrankenhaus
When his invention was presented to the Rome Dresden-Friedrichstadt (Germany), the same
Academy of Science (Italy) in 1806, the poten- place where 50 years later Michael Burman per-
tial of his invention was, however, not acknowl- formed his arthroscopic cadaver studies [10]
edged at all [6] (Table 1.1). under the supervision of the German pathologist
Christian Georg Schmorl (1861–1932).
After the invention of Thomas Edison’s light
bulb, Maximilian Nitze and Josef Leiter (1830–
L. Goebel • H. Madry (*) 1892), an Austrian surgical instrument maker
Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland from Vienna, designed the first cystoscope with
University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, an incandescent light bulb for illumination in
Building 37, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany 1886 [11]. Maximilian Nitze was also the first to
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland take a photograph of the inside of a human blad-
University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, der 4 years later.
Building 37, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
The Swedish physician Hans Christian
Cartilage Net of the Greater Region, University of the Jacobaeus (1879–1937) from Stockholm
Greater Region, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
e-mail: [email protected] invented, together with the Georg Wolf company

© ESSKA 2016 3
P. Randelli et al. (eds.), Arthroscopy: Basic to Advanced, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-49376-2_1
4 L. Goebel and H. Madry

Table 1.1 Selected milestones of the history of arthroscopy within the past two centuries
Milestones in the history of arthroscopy
1806 Philipp Bozzini invents his Lichtleiter, the first primitive endoscope
1853 Antoine Desormeaux develops a gazogene cytoscope to visualize the bladder
1860 Julius Bruck uses a diaphanoscope to transluminate the bladder from the rectum
1876 Maximilian Nitze introduces his cystoscope with a heated platinum loop for illumination
1886 Maximilian Nitze and Josef Leiter design the first cystoscope with an incandescent light bulb
1890 Maximilian Nitze takes the first photograph of the inside of a human bladder
1910 Hans Christian Jacobaeus invents his laparo-thoracoscope
1912 Severin Nordentoft, the first arthroscopist, presents his results on endoscopy of the knee joint in Berlin
1918 Kenji Takagi uses a cystoscope to examine cadaver knees and later patients with tuberculous knees
1921 Eugen Bircher started to perform arthroendoscopies to diagnose meniscal pathologies
1925 Philip Kreuscher publishes his remarkable article on Semilunar Cartilage Disease
1931 Michael Burman performs cadaver studies and publishes his historical paper on Arthroscopy or the Direct
Visualisation of Joints, including the first arthroscopic pictures ever published
1939 Ernst Vaubel publishes Die Arthroskopie, the first book on arthroscopy
1954 Harold Hopkins introduces the principle of glass fiber cold light
1955 Masaki Watanabe, the father of modern arthroscopy, develops the concept of triangulation and removes the
first tumor arthroscopically
1957 Masaki Watanabe publishes his first Atlas of Arthroscopy
1959 The Watanabe No. 21 arthroscope is produced in series
1960 Harold Hopkins develops rod lens systems for arthroscopes
1962 Masaki Watanabe performs the first arthroscopic meniscectomy
1964 Robert Jackson is the first foreign doctor to visit Watanabe acquiring his technique of arthroscopy
1967 The Watanabe No. 22 arthroscope is the first arthroscope to use cold light
1968 Robert Jackson gives first instructional course on arthroscopy at the American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgeons
1972 John Joyce is the first to organize private arthroscopy teachings
1973 Jan Gillquist promotes the central approach to the knee
1974 Richard O’Connor performs the first partial meniscectomy in North America
1974 The International Arthroscopy Association (IAA) is founded
1975 Harold Eikelaar receives the first PhD degree on arthroscopy
1976 Robert Jackson and David Dandy publish the first textbook in English on arthroscopy of the knee
1976 Lanny Johnson develops the first motorized shaver instrument
1982 The North American chapter of the IAA is converted to the Arthroscopy Association of North America
(AANA)
1984 The European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) is founded
1985 AANA’s journal Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Research (Arthroscopy) is launched
1993 ESSKA’s journal Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy (KSSTA) commences
1995 The IAA and the International Society of the Knee (ISK) assemble to the International Society of
Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS)
2014 The Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics (JEO), ESSKA’s basic science journal, is introduced

(Berlin, Germany), his laparo-thoracoscope in in Aarhus, presented his work on Endoscopy of

1910. He used this technique for diagnostic pur- Closed Cavities by the Means of My Trokart-
poses in undefined abdominal complaints and Endoscope at the 41st Congress of the German
functional impairment and as well to treat pleural Society of Surgeons in Berlin (Germany) [13].
adhesions caused by tuberculosis [12]. He described a trocart-endoscope, which was
In 1912 Severin Nordentoft (1866–1922, similar to the Jacobaeus laparo-thoracoscope,
Fig. 1.1), a Danish surgeon and radiologist born consisting of a 5 mm diameter trocart, a fluid