Database Systems

Lab Manual 4

Learning Objectives
 Understand the Cartesian product.
 Understand the concepts of joins.
 Understanding the different types of joins.
 Understanding of combining data across multiple joins.

LO1: Understanding Cartesian product.

Cartesian Product
The Cartesian Product in SQL is a type of join that returns the
combination of every row from one table with every row from another
table. It is also called a Cross Join and results in an m × n combination
of rows, where m is the number of rows in the first table and n is the
number of rows in the second table.
Example: Let us consider the following tables:
customers
CustomerId ContactName City
1 Ali Lahore
2 Ahmed Faisalabad
3 Aslam Karachi
orders
OrderId CustomerId ShipAddress ShipPostalCod
e
101 1 Lahore 20022
102 2 Karachi 30011
103 2 Lahore 15022

Query:
SELECT *
FROM customers, orders;

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Result:
CustomerI ContactNa City CustomerI OrderI ShipAddre ShipPostalCo
d me d d ss de
1 Ali Lahore 1 101 Lahore 20022
1 Ali Lahore 2 102 Karachi 30011
1 Ali Lahore 2 103 Lahore 15022
2 Ahmed Faisalaba 1 101 Lahore 20022
d
2 Ahmed Faisalaba 2 102 Karachi 30011
d
2 Ahmed Faisalaba 2 103 Lahore 15022
d
3 Aslam Karachi 1 101 Lahore 20022
3 Aslam Karachi 2 102 Karachi 30011
3 Aslam Karachi 2 103 Lahore 15022

Cartesian Product with a Condition

To avoid unnecessary combinations, we can apply a condition to filter
only the relevant rows. This is done using the WHERE clause or a
JOIN condition.
Example: Filtering Based on Customer ID
Query:
SELECT *
FROM customers, orders
WHERE customers.CustomerId = orders.CustomerId;

Result:
CustomerId ContactName city OrderId shipAddres ShipPostalCod
s e
1 Ali Lahore 101 Lahore 20022
2 Ahmed Faisalabad 102 Karachi 30011
2 Ahmed Faisalabad 103 Lahore 15022

LO2: Understanding the Concept of Joins.

Joins in SQL Server
A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based
on a related column between them.

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 Relationship Between Cartesian Product and Joins
In SQL, joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based
on a specified condition. The Cartesian product (also known as the
cross join) is the foundation of all types of joins. Joins work by first
creating a Cartesian product and then filtering the rows based on a
specified condition.

Join = Cartesian Product + Condition

Joins Syntax
SELECT column_name
FROM table1
INNER JOIN/ CROSS JOIN/ NATURAL JOIN/ LEFT JOIN/ RIGHT
JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

LO3: Understanding the Different types of Joins

SQL server provides the following joins:
 Natural Join
 Inner Join
 Left Outer Join
 Right Outer Join
 Full Outer Join
Natural Join
A Natural Join is used when you want to combine two tables based on
all columns with the same name and compatible data types, without
explicitly specifying the join condition.
Example: Let us consider the below tables first
customers
CustomerId ContactName City
1 Ali Lahore
2 Ahmed Faisalabad
3 Aslam Karachi

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 orders
OrderId CustomerId ShipAddress ShipPostalCod
e
101 1 Lahore 200
102 2 Karachi 300
103 2 Lahore 150

Requirement: We have to report all customers who ordered.

Query:
SELECT *
FROM customers
NATURAL JOIN orders;
Result:
customerid contactnam city orderid shipaddres shipostalcod
e s e
1 Ali Lahore 101 Lahore 200
2 Ahmed Faisalaba 102 Karachi 150
d
2 Ahmed Faisalaba 103 Lahore 150
d

Inner Join
An Inner Join is used to combine two tables based on a specified
condition, usually matching values in a common column. Only rows
that satisfy the condition (i.e., have matching values in both tables) are
included in the result.
Example: Let us consider the tables below first
customers
CustomerId ContactName City
1 Ali Lahore
2 Ahmed Faisalabad
3 Aslam Karachi

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 orders
orderid customerid shippingaddress Shippostalcod
e
101 1 Lahore 200
102 2 Karachi 300
103 2 Lahore 150
104 4 Islamabad 400

Requirement: Generate a report listing only those customers who have

made at least one purchase, along with their order details.
Query:
SELECT*
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders
ON customers.customerid = orders.customerid;

Result:
customer_id contactname city orderid shipaddress shippostalcod
e
1 Ali Lahore 101 Lahore 200
2 Ahmed Faisalabad 102 Karachi 150
2 Ahmed Faisalabad 103 Lahore 150

Left Outer Join

Left Outer join gives the matching rows and the rows which are in left
table but not in right table.
Example: Let us consider the below tables first
customers
CustomerId ContactName City
1 Ali Lahore
2 Ahmed Faisalabad
3 Aslam Karachi

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 orders
orderid customerid shipaddress shippostalcod
e
101 1 Lahore 20022
102 2 Karachi 30011
103 2 Lahore 15022

Requirement: We have to report order details of customers and who

does not give any orders show null orders also.
Query:
SELECT *
FROM customers C LEFT JOIN orders O
ON C.customerid = O.customerid
Result:
customerid contactname city orderid shipaddres shippostalcod
s e
1 Ali Lahore 101 Lahore 20022
2 Ahmed Faisalabad 102 Karachi 30011
2 Ahmed Faisalabad 103 Lahore 15022
3 Aslam Karachi NULL NULL NULL

Right Outer Join

Right Outer join gives the matching rows and the rows which are in
right table but not in left table.
Example: Let us consider the below tables first
customers
CustomerId ContactName City
1 Ali Lahore
2 Ahmed Faisalabad
3 Aslam Karachi
orders
orderid customerid shipaddress shippostalcod
e
101 1 Lahore 20022
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 102 2 Karachi 30011
103 2 Lahore 15022
104 4 Islamabad 40012

Requirement: We need to report all the details of orders, including

information about the customers who placed those orders. Additionally,
if an order exists without a corresponding customer in the customers
table (due to missing or incorrect data), include these orders as well,
showing NULL for the customer-related columns.
Query:
SELECT *
FROM customers C RIGHT JOIN orders O
ON C.customerid = O.customerid
Result:
customerId Contactnam city orderid Shipaddress shippostalcod
e e
1 Ali Lahore 101 Lahore 20022
2 Ahmed Faisalabad 102 Karachi 30011
2 Ahmed Faisalabad 103 Lahore 15022
Null Null Null 104 Islamabad 40012

Full Outer Join

Full Outer Join combines the results of both Left Outer Join and Right
Outer Join:
 It includes all rows from both tables, even if there are no
matches between them.
 If a match is found between the two tables, it combines the data
into a single row
Example: Let us consider the below tables first
customers
CustomerId ContactName City
1 Ali Lahore
2 Ahmed Faisalabad

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 3 Aslam Karachi
orders
orderid customerid shipaddress shippostalcod
e
101 1 Lahore 20022
102 2 Karachi 30011
103 2 Lahore 15022
104 4 Islamabad 40012

Requirement: Give all details of customers and orders

Query:
SELECT *
FROM customers C
LEFT JOIN orders O ON C.customerId = O.customerId
UNION
SELECT *
FROM customers C
RIGHT JOIN orders O ON C.customerId = O.customerId;
Result:
customerI Contactnam city orderi shipaddress ShipPostalCod
e
d e d
1 Ali Lahore 101 Lahore 20022
2 Ahmed Faisalaba 102 Karachi 30011
d
2 Ahmed Faisalaba 103 Lahore 15022
d
3 Aslam Karachi Null Null Null
Null Null Null 104 Islamabad 40012

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Figure 1 : Visual Representation of All Joins

LO4: Understanding of Combining Data across Multiple

Joins
In SQL, complex queries often require combining data from multiple
tables using different types of JOINs. By effectively using multiple
joins, we can extract meaningful relationships and insights from
relational databases.
Concept
When multiple tables are involved, we can use multiple joins to
connect them based on related columns.
Example: Multiple Joins in Action
Let’s consider a scenario where we need to fetch order details along
with customer and product information.

customers
CustomerId ContactName city
1 Ali Lahore
2 Aslam Karachi
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orders
orderId customerId product_id amount
101 1 10 200
102 2 11 150
products
product_id product_name Price
10 Laptop 500
11 Phone 300

Requirement:
Retrieve customer names, cities, order amounts, and product names for
all placed orders.
Query:
SELECT *
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders ON customers.customerid =
orders.customerid
INNER JOIN products ON orders.product_id =
products.product_id;
Result:
name city amount product_name
Ali Lahore 200 Laptop
Aslam Karachi 150 Phone

Tasks:
 Perform all JOIN queries on any table using Northwind
Schema.
 Perform self-cross join and see if there is any difference
between cross join and self cross join.
SELECT Customers.custid,
Customers.companyname, Orders.orderid,
Orders.orderdate
FROM Sales.Customers AS C
INNER JOIN Sales.Orders AS O
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 ON Customers.custid = Orders.custid;
1. List the customers who made purchases during August 1996.
(CustomerID, ContactName, OrderID, OrderDate,
ShipName,ShipAddress)
2. Show the names of the products that were purchased on August
8, 1997. (ProductID, ProductName, OrderID, OrderDate)
3. List all countries where beverages have been delivered.
(Country)

4. Find the SupplierID and SupplierName of suppliers who have

provided products, ensuring that each supplier's product belongs
to a known category. Display the category details alongside.
(CategoryId, CategoryName).

5. Retrieve a list of all customers along with their order details,

including those who have not placed any orders. (CustomerID,
ContactName, OrderID, OrderDate)

6. Retrieve a list of customers along with their order details, but

only show orders that were shipped to France or Brazil or
Switzerland. (CustomerID, ContactName, OrderID,
OrderDate,ShipCountry)

7. Retrieve details of customers from the US and whose quantities

are greater than 50. Also show order details. (CustomerID,
ContactName, OrderID, OrderDate,Quantity)

8. Identify customers who have not placed any orders, and return
their IDs only. (CustomerID)

9. Create a query that lists all customers, but only links them to
orders placed on September 4, 1997. (CustomerID,
ContactName, OrderID, OrderDate, TotalAmount)

10. Retrieve the address, city, and country information for all orders
serviced by Anne that were shipped past their due date.

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 (OrderID, CustomerID, CustomerName, ShipAddress, ShipCity,
ShipCountry, ShippedDate, RequiredDate)
11. Identify all products that have discount along with their product
details. (ProductID, ProductName, CategoryName, UnitPrice,
UnitsinStock)
12. Find all employees who shipped orders by Company “Speedy
Express” to city Sevilla. (EmployeeID, FirstName, Title,
Address, HireDate).
13. List all orders that were shipped to the same country as the
customer's residing country. Display the CustomerID, OrderID,
ShipCountry, and Customer's Country. (CustomerID, OrderID,
ShipCountry, Country)

14. Identify the employees who have handled orders shipped to

'Germany' but are not located in the 'USA'. (EmployeeID,
FirstName, LastName, City, Country)

15. Find the customers who have placed orders for products from
the 'Seafood' category and have had those orders shipped by
'United Package'. (CustomerID, ContactName, OrderID,
CategoryName, ShipVia)
16. List all pairs of employees who live in the same city but have
different titles. (EmployeeID1, FirstName1, LastName1, Title1,
EmployeeID2, FirstName2, LastName2, Title2, City)

What to Submit:
Submit the following file in Zip on Eduko:
 2024-CS-X.txt

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