Database Systems

Lab Manual 5

Learning Objectives
• GROUP BY on a single table
• GROUP BY on two or more tables
• GROUP BY with JOINS
LO1: Understanding GROUP BY clause on a Single
Table
The GROUP BY statement in SQL is used to arrange identical data into
groups based on specified columns. If a particular column has the same
values in multiple rows, the GROUP BY clause will group these rows
together.
Key Points About GROUP BY:

• GROUP BY clause is used with the SELECT statement.

• In the query, the GROUP BY clause is placed after the WHERE
clause.
• In the query, the GROUP BY clause is placed before the ORDER
BY clause if used.
• In the query, the Group BY clause is placed before the Having
clause.
• Conditions should be placed in the HAVING clause.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, function_name(column2)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1, column2;

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Example: Let us consider the following tables:
Example 1: Group By Single Column:
employees
EmployeeID LastName FirstName BirthDate
1 Davolio Nancy 1968-12-08
2 Fuller Andrew 1952-02-19
3 Leverling Janet 1963-08-30
4 Peacock Margaret 1958-09-19
5 Buchanan Steven 1955-03-04
6 Suyama Michael 1963-07-02
7 King Robert 1960-05-29
8 Callahan Laura 1958-01-09

Requirement: Get the number of employees born in each year

Query:
SELECT YEAR(BirthDate) AS BirthYear, COUNT(EmployeeID) AS
Total_employees
FROM employees
GROUP BY BirthYear;
Result:
BirthYear Total_employees
1968 1
1952 1
1963 2
1958 2
1955 1

Example 2: Group By Multiple Columns

customers
CustomerID CustomerName Country City
Alfreds
1 Germany Berlin
Futterkiste
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 Furia Bacalhau
2 Portugal Lisboa
e Frutos do Mar
Bólido Comidas
3 Spain Madrid
preparadas
Blauer See
4 Germany Mannheim
Delikatessen
Princesa Isabel
5 Portugal Lisboa
Vinhoss
Galería del
6 Spain Madrid
gastrónomo
Godos Cocina
7 Spain Madrid
Típica

Requirement: count customers in each country and city.

Query:
SELECT Country, City, COUNT(CustomerID) AS Total_customers
FROM customers
GROUP BY Country, City;
Result:
Country City Total_customers
Germany Berlin 1
Portugal Lisboa 2
Spain Madrid 3
Germany Mannheim 1

HAVING Clause in GROUP BY Clause

The WHERE clause is used to place conditions on columns but what

if we want to place conditions on groups? This is where the HAVING
clause comes into use. We can use the HAVING clause to place
conditions to decide which group will be part of the final result set.

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The WHERE clause filters rows before grouping, whereas the HAVING
clause filters groups after they have been created. If we use WHERE
instead of HAVING with an aggregate function, the query will result in
an error because WHERE does not work with grouped data.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, function_name(column2)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column1, column2
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column1, column2;

Example: Consider the customers table.

Requirement: Find cities in each country where more than 1 customer
exist (customers table).
Query:
SELECT Country, City, COUNT(CustomerID) AS Total_customers
FROM customers
GROUP BY Country, City
HAVING Total_customers > 1;
Result:
Country City Total_customers
Portugal Lisboa 2
Spain Madrid 3
LO2: Understanding GROUP BY clause on multiple
tables
The GROUP BY clause in SQL helps organize data by grouping similar
values. When working with multiple tables without JOIN, you can apply
GROUP BY separately to each table. If needed, results from different
tables can be combined using UNION or UNION ALL. This method is

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useful for summarizing data independently while keeping it structured
and easy to analyze.
The UNION ALL operator keeps all duplicate records, whereas the
UNION operator removes duplicates. In this case, UNION ALL is used
to maintain all records from both tables without filtering out any
duplicate customer IDs.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2
FROM Table1
GROUP BY column1

UNION ALL/ UNION

SELECT column1, column2

FROM Table2
GROUP BY column2;

Example: Let us consider the following tables.

customers
CustomerID CustomerName Country City
Alfreds
1 Germany Berlin
Futterkiste
Furia Bacalhau
2 Portugal Lisboa
e Frutos do Mar
Bólido Comidas
3 Spain Madrid
preparadas
Blauer See
4 Germany Mannheim
Delikatessen
Princesa Isabel
5 Portugal Lisboa
Vinhoss

suppliers
SupplierID SupplierName Country City
1 Exotic Liquid UK Londona
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 New Orleans New
2 USA
Cajun Delights Orleans
Grandma
3 Kelly's USA Ann Arbor
Homestead
4 Tokyo Traders Japan Tokyo
Cooperativa de
5 Quesos 'Las Spain Oviedo
Cabras'

Requirement: count how many entities are in each country (combining

both tables).
Query:
Query 1: Grouping Customers Table
SELECT Country, COUNT(CustomerID) AS total_customers,
'Customer' AS entity_type
FROM customers
GROUP BY Country;
Result:
country total_customers entity_type
Germany 2 customers
Portugal 2 customers
Spain 1 customers

Query 2: Grouping Suppliers Table

SELECT Country, COUNT(SupplierID) AS total_suppliers,
'Supplier' AS entity_type
FROM suppliers
GROUP BY Country;
Result:
country total_customers entity_type
USA 2 suppliers
Japan 1 suppliers
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 Spain 1 suppliers
UK 1 suppliers

Query 3: Combining Results with UNION

SELECT Country, COUNT(CustomerID) AS total_customers,
'Customer' AS entity_type
FROM customers
GROUP BY Country

UNION ALL

SELECT Country, COUNT(SupplierID) AS total_suppliers,

'Supplier' AS entity_type
FROM suppliers
GROUP BY Country;
Result:
country total_customers entity_type
Germany 2 customers
Portugal 2 customers
Spain 1 customers
USA 2 suppliers
Japan 1 suppliers
Spain 1 suppliers
UK 1 suppliers

LO3: Understanding GROUP BY clause with JOINS

In SQL, JOIN combines data from multiple tables, and GROUP BY
organizes and summarizes it. When used together, JOIN merges related
records first, and GROUP BY groups them to perform aggregate
calculations like SUM, COUNT, or AVG. This method is essential for
analyzing relationships, generating reports, and extracting meaningful
insights efficiently.

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Syntax:
SELECT Table1.column1, Table2.column2,
aggregate_function(Table1.column3)
FROM Table1
INNER JOIN/ CROSS JOIN/ NATURAL JOIN/ LEFT JOIN/ RIGHT JOIN/
JOIN Table2
ON Table1.common_column = Table2.common_column
GROUP BY Table1.column1, Table2.column2;

Example: Let us consider the following tables.

employees
EmployeeID LastName FirstName BirthDate
1 Davolio Nancy 1968-12-08
2 Fuller Andrew 1952-02-19
3 Leverling Janet 1963-08-30
4 Peacock Margaret 1958-09-19
5 Buchanan Steven 1955-03-04
6 Suyama Michael 1963-07-02
7 King Robert 1960-05-29
8 Callahan Laura 1958-01-09
orders
OrderID CustomerID EmployeeID OrderDate
10248 90 5 1996-07-04
10249 81 6 1996-07-05
10250 34 4 1996-07-08
10258 20 1 1996-07-17
10259 13 4 1996-07-18
10260 55 4 1996-07-19
10265 7 2 1996-07-25
10269 89 5 1996-07-31

Requirement: count how many orders each employee handled

Query:
SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.LastName, COUNT(o.OrderID) AS
total_orders
FROM employees e

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 JOIN orders o ON e.EmployeeID = o.EmployeeID
GROUP BY e.EmployeeID, e.LastName;
Result:
EmployeeID LastName total_orders
1 Davolio 1
2 Fuller 1
3 Leverling 0
4 Peacock 3
5 Buchanan 2
6 Suyama 1

Conclusion:
• GROUP BY is used to organize and summarize data in SQL.
• HAVING filters groups, while WHERE filters rows before
grouping.
• JOIN and GROUP BY together help in analyzing related data.

Tasks:
1. Find the number of customers in each country.
(Country, Total_Customers)
2. Retrieve the total number of products in each category.
(CategoryID, CategoryName, Total_Products)
3. List the total number of orders handled by each employee.
(EmployeeID, LastName, Total_Orders)
4. Find the total quantity ordered for each product.
(ProductID, ProductName, Total_Quantity)
5. Retrieve the total number of orders shipped by each shipper.
(ShipperID, ShipperName, Total_Orders)
6. List customers who have placed more than 5 orders.
(CustomerID, CustomerName, Total_Orders)
7. Get the average quantity per order for each product.
(ProductID, ProductName, Avg_Quantity)
8. List of products ordered along with their total quantity arrange
them in descending order.
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 (ProductID, ProductName, Total_Quantity)
9. List the number of orders for each month.
(OrderMonth, Total_Orders)
10. List product categories along with their total sales quantity.
(CategoryID, CategoryName, Total_SalesQuantity)
11. Find employees who have handled more than 20 orders.
(EmployeeID, LastName, Total_Orders)
12. Identify the products that have been ordered more than 50 times.
(ProductID, ProductName, Total_Quantity)
13. List the total number of orders for each year.
(OrderYear, Total_Orders)
14. List employees along with the number of orders they handled.
(EmployeeID, LastName, Total_Orders)
15. Find the products that have never been ordered.
(ProductID, ProductName)
16. List the total number of orders placed in each country.
(Country, Total_Orders)
17. List employees along with the number of unique products they
have worked on.
(EmployeeID, LastName, Unique_Products_Count)
18. List shipping methods along with the number of orders shipped.
(ShipperID, ShipperName, Total_Orders)

Hackerrank Task:
1. Average-Population
2. Revising-Aggregations-The-Averagefunction
3. Revising-Aggregations-Sum
4. Revising-Aggregations-The-Countfunction
5. Weather-Observation-Station-6
6. Weather-Observation-Station-7
7. Weather-Observation-Station-8
8. Weather-Observation-Station-9
9. Weather-Observation-Station-10

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 10. Weather-Observation-Station-11
11. Weather-Observation-Station-12
12. More-Than-75-Marks
13. Population-Density-Difference
14. The-Blunder
15. Earnings-Of-Employees
16. What-Type-Of-Triangle
What to Submit:
Submit the following file in Zip on Eduko:
• 2024-CS-X.txt

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