SA-MATHS CONTENT

Intermediate I year
Mathematics 1A IMP FORMULE

S.No Name of the Chapter

Functions
1.
Mathematical Induction
2.
Matrices
3.
Addition Of Vectors
4.
Product Of Vectors
5.
Trigonometric Ratios Upto Transformations
6.
Trigonometric Equations
7.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
8.
Hyperbolic Functions
9.
Properties Of Triangles
10.

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 1.FUNCTIONS
1. Function: Let A and B be non- empty sets and f be a relation from A to B. If for each element a  A
, there exists a unique b  B such that ( a, b )  f , then f is called a function or mapping from A to B
(or A into B). It is denoted by f : A → B . The set A is called the domain of f and B is called the
co-domain of f.
2. IMAGE AND PRE-IMAGE: If f : A → B is a function and if f (a) = b , then b is called the image of
a under f or the f-image of a. The element a is called a pre-image or an inverse image of b under f and
is denoted by f −1 (b) .
3. RANGE: If f : A → B is a function, then f ( A) , the set of all f-images in A, is called the range of f.
f ( A) =  f (a) / a  A = b  B / b = f (a) forsomea  A
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
4. ONE-ONE FUNCTION Or INJECTION: A function f : A → B is called an one-one function if
distinct elements of A have distinct f-image in B.
NOTE: f : A → B is an injection  a1 , a2  A and a1  a2 implies that f (a1 )  f (a2 )
 a1 , a2  A and f (a1 ) = f (a2 ) implies that a1 = a2 .
5. ONTO FUNCTION Or SURJECTION: A function f : A → B is called a surjection if the range of f is
equal to the co-domain of f.
NOTE: f : A → B is surjection  range f = f ( A) = B ( co – domain )
 for every b  B there exists at least one a  A
such that f (a) = b .
6. BIJECTION: if f : A → B is both an injection and a surjection then f is said to be a bijection or
one-to-one from A onto B.
NOTE: f : A → B is bijection  f is both injection and surjection
 (i) a1 , a2  A and f (a1 ) = f (a2 ) implies that a1 = a2
 (ii) for every b  B there exists at least one a  A
such that f (a) = b .
7. Equality of Functions: Two functions f,g are said to be equal, f = g , if
(i) f,g have the same domain
(ii) a  A, f (a) = g (a) ( i.e. the functional values are equal )
8. Constant Function: A function f : A → B is said to be a constant function, if the image of f
contains one and only one element. i.e. f ( x) = cx  A .

9. Identity function: Let A be a non-empty set. then the function f : A → A defined by

f ( x) = xx  A is called the identity function on A and is denoted by IA .

10.Inverse function: If f : A → B is a bijection, then the relation f −1 = (b, a ) / ( a, b )  f  is a

function from B to A and is called the inverse of f.

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11.Composite function: f : A → B, g : B → C , then the relation ( a, g ( f (a) ) ) / a  A is called
composite of g with f and is denoted as gof .
12.Even and Odd functions:
(i) A function f is said to be an even function if f (− x) = f ( x) , x  A
(ii) A function f is said to be an odd function if f (− x) = − f ( x) , x  A
13.Hints to find the domains of real functions
(i) If the function is of the form f ( x) then its domain is x / f ( x)  0

or log f ( x) then its domain is x / f ( x)  0

1
(ii) If the function is of the form
f ( x)
1
(iii) If the function is of the form hen its domain is R − x / f ( x) = 0
f ( x)
14.Solutions of inequations:
➢ x2 − a2  0  x  ( −a, a )
➢ x2 − a2  0  x −a, a
➢ x2 − a2  0  x  ( −, −a )  ( a,  )
➢ x2 − a2  0  x  ( −, −a  a, )
➢ ( x − a )( x − b)  0  x  ( a, b)
➢ ( x − a )( x − b)  0  x a, b
➢ ( x − a )( x − b)  0  x  ( −, a )  (b, )
➢ ( x − a )( x − b)  0  x  ( −, a  b, )
➢ x − x  0  xR
➢ x − x  0  x  ( −,0)
➢ x −  x  0  x  R
➢ x −  x  0  x  R − Z
➢  x − x  0  x  Z
➢  x − x  0  is not possible for

2.Mathematical induction
1. Steps to prove a statement using the principle of finite mathematical induction:
(i) Basis of induction : Show that P (1) is true. (LHS of P (1) = RHS of P (1))
(ii) Inductive hypothesis : For k  1 , assume that p(k) is true
(iii) Inductive step : Show that P(k+1) is true on the basis of the inductive
hypothesis.
2. The sequence of A.P: The nth term tn of the Arithmetic Progression a, a+d, a+2d, …a, a+d, a+2d, … is
given by tn =,a+(n–1) d
n −1
3. The sequence of G.P: The nth term tn of the geometric progression a, ar, ar2, ar3, …, is tn = ar .
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4. If Sn denotes the sum up to n terms of A.P.: a, a+d, a+2d, …a, a+d, a+2d, … then
n
sn =  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2
5. 1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + n = n(n + 1)
2
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6. 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n =
2 2 2 2

6
n 2 ( n + 1)
2

7. 13 + 23 + 33 + ..... + n3 =
4
8. Sum of the first n odd natural numbers: 1 + 3 + 5.......... = n2
9. Sum of the first n even natural numbers: 2 + 4 + 6........... = n(n + 1)

3.MATRICES

Important Formulae & Definitions:

1. Matrix: An ordered rectangular array of elements is called a matrix.
▪ We confine our discussion to matrices whose elements are real or Complex numbers (real
or complex valued functions).

▪ The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute the rows of the matrix and the vertical
lines of elements are said to constitute the columns of the matrix.
▪ Matrices are generally enclosed by brackets like ( ) ,   , ,..........etc
▪
We denote matrices by capital letters A, B, C, ……..
 1 5 7
C =  8 4 5 
1 2 1 −3 5
Ex: A = [ ] B=[ ]
3 4 6 4 5
 −1 5 3 

2. Order of a matrix: A matrix having m rows and n columns is said to be of order m x n read as
m cross n (or) m by n.
Examples:
2 6
(i) A=[ ] is a matrix of order 2 x 2
3 −5

4
 57 25
(ii) B = [14 35] is a matrix of order 3 x 2
68 48
2 1 6
(iii) C=[ ] is a matrix of order 2 x 3
4 85 6
1 2 3
(iv) D = [ 7 5 3] is a matrix of order 3 x 3
−2 5 9
3. Compact form of a matrix: In compact form the matrices are generally

denoted by A = [ aij ]m x n where 1≤i≤m and 1≤j≤n.

TYPES OF MATRICES:
4. Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is
called a square matrix.

Examples:
(i) [3] is a square matrix of order 1

1 −1
(ii) [ ] is a square matrix of order 2
0 4
5 0 −1
(iii) [6 4 1 ] is a square matrix of order 3
2 3 0

5. Rectangular matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is not equal to the number
of columns is called a rectangular matrix.

Examples:
5 3 1
(i) [ ] is a rectangular matrix of order 2 x 3
2 0 4
5 2
(ii) [1 4] is a rectangular matrix of order 3 x 2
5 8

6. Trace of a matrix: The sum of the elements of the principal diagonal of a square matrix A is
called the trace of the matrix A. and it is denoted by Tr (A).
1 3 −5
Ex: If A = [2 −1 5 ], then Tr (A) = 1 + (-1 ) + 1 = 1.
2 0 1
7. Diagonal matrix: If each non diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to zero then
the matrix is called a diagonal matrix.

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 4 0 0
1 0
Ex: [ ], [0 −5 0] are diagonal matrices
0 3
0 0 2

8. Scalar matrix: If each non-diagonal element of a square matrix is zero and all diagonal
element are equal to each other, then it is called a scalar matrix.
−1 0 0
Ex: [2 0], [ 0 −1 0 ] are scalar matrices
0 2
0 0 −1

9. Unit matrix or Identity matrix: If each non diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to
zero and each diagonal element is equal to one then that matrix is called a unit matrix or identity
matrix.

We denote the unit matrix of order n by In, simply denoted by I.

Examples:
(i) 𝐼1 = [1]
1 0
(ii) 𝐼2 = [ ]
0 1
1 0 0
(iii) 𝐼3 = [0 1 0]
0 0 1
10.Null matrix or Zero matrix: If each element of a matrix is zero, then it is Called a Zero matrix
or Null matrix .and it is denoted by Omxn or simply by O

0 0  0 0 0
Ex: O2 =   , O3 = [ 0 0 0] are null matrices
0 0  0 0 0
11.Row matrix and Column matrix: A matrix with only one row is called a Row matrix (or row
vector) and matrix with only one column is called a Column matrix (or column vector).

Ex:
(i) [1 3 5] is a row matrix of order 1 x 3
8
(ii) [6] is a column matrix of order 3 x 1
9

12.Triagular matrices: A matrix A = [aij ] is said to be Upper triangular if aij = 0

for all i > j. A matrix is said to be Lower
triangular if aij = 0 for all i < j.

Examples:
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 5 2 3
1 2
(i) [ ], [0 14 6] are upper triangular matrices
0 3
0 0 5

4 0 0
1 0
(ii) [ ], [2 5 0] are lower triangular matrices
2 3
7 9 5

13.Equality of matrices: Matrices A and B are said to be equal, if A and B are of same order and
the corresponding elements of A and B are the same
14.Sum of two matrices: Let A and B be matrices of same order, then the sum of A and B, denoted
by A+B, is defined as the matrix of the same order in which each element is the sum of the
corresponding elements of A and B
15.Properties of Addition of matrices:

I) Commutative property : A+B=B+A

ii) Associative property : A+(B+C) = (A+B) + C.

iii) Additive identity : A+0 =0+A=A.

iv) Additive inverse : A+B=B+A =0.

16.Scalar multiple of a matrix: Let A be a matrix of order mxn and k be a scalar (i.e., real complex
number), then the mxn matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by K, is called a scalar
multiple of A and it is denoted by kA.

17.Multiplication of matrices: We say that matrices A and B are Conformable for multiplication

in that order if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B

18.Properties of multiplication of matrices:

(i) Associative Law : (AB)C = A(BC)

(ii) Distributive Law : A(B+C) = AB+ AC (Left distributive law)

(A+B)C = AC+BC(right distributive law)

(iii) Existence of multiplicative of identity : IA = AI = A.

19.Additive inverse of A is -A

20.Matrix multiplication is not commutative.

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21.Transpose of a matrix: If A = [aij] is an m x n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging
the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A’
or AT.
In other words, if A [aij]mxn, then A’ = [aji]nxm

1 1
Ex: If A = [1 −5 2], then 𝐴′ = [−5 6] .
1 6 4
2 4
22.Properties of transpose of matrices: For any two matrices A, B of SUITABLE orders,
we have
i) (A’)’ = A
ii) (kA)’ = kA’

iii) (A+B)’ = A’+B’

iv) (AB)’ = B’A’

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  a11 a12 a13 
23.Minor of an element: Consider a square matrix  a21 a22 
a23 
a a33 
 31 a32
The minor of an element in this matrix is defined as the determinant of the 2x2 matrix, obtained after
deleting the row and column in which the element is present.

24.Cofactor of an element: The cofactor of an element in the ith row and the jth column of a
3x3 matrix is defined as its minor multiplied by (-1 )i+j .

Ex:
2 −1 4
(i) Find the minors of -1 and 3 in the matrix [ 0 −2 5].
−3 1 3
0 5
Sol) Minor of -1 is | | = 0.3 – (-3).5 = 15
−3 3
2 −1
Minor of 3 is | | = 2.(-2) – 0.(-1) = -4
0 −2
−1 0 5
(ii) Find the cofactors of the elements 2, -5 in the matrix [ 1 2 −2] .
−4 −5 3

Sol) Cofactor of 2 is (−1)𝑖+𝑗 ( minor of 2 )

−1 5
i.e. (−1)2+2 | | = (-1).3 – (-4).5 = -3 + 20 = 17
−4 3
−1 5
Cofactor of -5 is (−1)3+2 | | = - [(−1). (−2) − 1.5]
−4 3
= - ( 2-5 ) = 3
25.Singular and Non-singular matrices:
A square matrix A is said to be singular if det A = 0.
A square matrix A is said to be non – singular if det A ≠ 0.

Ex: [𝟑 𝟐] is a singular matrix and [𝟏 𝟔] is a non-singular matrix

𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
26.Invertible matrix: Let A be a square matrix. we say that A is invertible if a matrix B exists
such that AB = BA =I, where I is the unit matrix of the same order as A and B

Note: i) If A is invertible, then A in non-singular i.e det A ≠ 0.

ii) The multiplicative inverse of A is denoted by A-1
27.Adjoint of a matrix: The transpose of the matrix formed by replacing the elements of a square
matrix A (of order greater than one) with the corresponding cofactors is called the Adjoint of A and
is denoted by Adj A.
28.The adjoint matrix of A = [𝑎 𝑏 ] is AdjA = [ 𝑑 −𝑏] .
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎
1  d −b 
29.The inverse of the matrix A = [ 𝑑 −𝑏] is 𝐴−1 =
ad − bc  −c a 
.
−𝑐 𝑎
1
30.If A is an order of 3 x 3 matrix, then A−1 = ( AdjA) .
adjA
9
31.Sub matrix: A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns (or both) of a matrix is called a
sub matrix of the given matrix
1 2 3 1 2
Ex: Some sub matrices of A = [4 5 6] are [1 3], [4 5]…etc
7 9
7 8 9 7 8
32.Rank of a matrix: Let A be a non-zero matrix. The rank of A is defined as the maximum of the
orders of the non-singular square sub matrices of A. The rank of the matrix A is denoted by rank (A).

Note:
(i) The rank of a null matrix is zero
(ii) If A is a non-zero matrix of order 3, then the rank of A is
a) 1 if every 2x2 sub matrix is singular.
b) 2 if A is singular and at least one of its 2x2 sub matrices is non-singular.
c) 3 if A is non –singular.
33.Elementary Transformations: The following transformations are known as elementary
transformations on a matrix.

(i) Interchanging of two rows (or columns)

(ii) Multiplication of elements of row (or column) by a non-zero number.

(iii)Addition to the elements of a row (or column), the corresponding elements of another row (or
column) multiplied by any non-zero number.

Note: Elementary transformations on a matrix do not change its rank.

34.Consistant and In-consistant systems: We say that a system of linear equations is

i) Consistant if it has a solution.

ii) In-consistant if it has no solution.

35.Non- homogeneous system

a1x+b1y+c1z = d1

a2x+b2y+c2z = d2

a3x+b3y+c3z = d3 has
(i) a unique solution if rank(A) = rank [ AD] = 3.
(ii) infinitely many solutions if rank (A) = rank [AD] < 3.
(iii) no solution if rank (A) rank [AD].
36.Homogeneous system of equations
a1x+b1y+c1z = d1
a2x+b2y+c2z = d2
a3x+b3y+c3z = d3 has
(i) Trivial solution x = y =z =0 only if rank (A) = 3.
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 (ii) infinitely many non-trivial solutions if rank (A) < 3.

 a11 a12 a13 

37.Determinant: Let A =  a21 a22 
a23  .
a a33 
 31 a32
The sum of the products of elements of the first row with their corresponding cofactors is called the
determinant of A

38.Properties of determinants:
(i) If each element of a row (or column) of a square matrix is zero
then the determinant of that matrix is zero
(ii) If two rows (or columns) of a square matrix are interchanged, then the sign of the determinant
changes.
(iii) If each element of a row (or column) of a square matrix is multiplied by a number K, then the
determinant of the matrix obtained is k times the determinant of the given matrix.
(iv) If A is square matrix of order 3 and k is a scalar, then | | = k3| |
(v) If two rows (or columns) of a square matrix are identical, then the determinant of that matrix
is zero
(vi) If the corresponding elements of two rows (or columns) of a square matrix are in the same
ratio, then the determinant of that matrix is zero.

(vii) IF each element in a row (or column) of a square matrix is the sum of two numbers, then its
determinant can be expressed as the sum of the determinants of two square matrices.

(viii) If each element of a row (or column) of a square matrix is multiplied by k and added to the
corresponding element of another row (or column) of the matrix, then the determinant of the
resultantly matrix is equal to the determinant of the given matrix.

(ix) The sum of the product of the elements of a row (or column) with the cofactors of the
corresponding elements of another row (or column) of a square matrix is zero.

(x) If the elements of a square matrix are polynomials in x and its determinant is zero when x =
a then x – a is a factor of the determinant of the matrix

(xi) For any square matrix A, det A = det (A’)

(xii) If A, B are the matrices of order 2, det (AB) = (detA) (detB).

(xiii) For any positive integer n, det (An) = (detA)n

(xiv) If A is a triangular matrix (upper or lower), then the determinant of A is the product of the
diagonal elements.

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 4.Addition Of Vectors
1. Vector: A line segment with a specified magnitude and direction is called a vector

Note: The directed line segment is a vector denoted by ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵 or AB or simply as a read as vector AB
or vector a. the arrow indicates the direction of the vector

2. Zero vector: The zero vector, denoted by 0, is the collection of PP, where P is any point in the
space
3. Position vector (PV): Consider a three dimensional rectangular coordinate system OX, OY, OZ
and a point P in the space having coordinates (x,y,z) with respect to the origin O(0,0,0) . Then the
vector OP Having O and P as its initial and terminal points respectively, is called the position vector
of the point P with respect O. This is denoted by r

Note: The magnitude of OP is OP = r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

4. Unit vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity ( i.e. 1 unit ) is called a unit vector. It is
represented by e
The unit vector in the direction of a given vector a is denoted by 𝑎̂.
𝑎
5. The unit vector in the direction of the non-zero vector a is 𝑎̂ = |𝑎|
.
a+b
6. The unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors a and b is .
a+b
7. Equal vectors: Two vectors a and b are said to be equal and written as a = b, if they have same
magnitude and direction, regardless of the positions of their initial points

8. Collinear vectors: Two or more vectors are said to be collinear, if they are parallel to the same
line, irrespective of their magnitudes and direction. Such vectors have the same support or parallel
support
9. Like and Unlike vectors: Two vectors are called like or unlike vectors according they have the
same direction or opposite direction
10. Negative of a vector: Let a be a vector. The vector having the same magnitude as a but having
the opposite direction is called the negative vector of a and is denoted by -a

Note: if a = AB then -a = AB
11. Coplanar vectors & non-coplanar vectors: vectors whose supports are in the same plane or
parallel the same plane are called coplanar vectors. Vectors which are not coplanar are called non-
coplanar vectors

12. Triangle law of vector addition: AC = AB + BC

13. Parallelogram law of vector addition: OA + AC = OC or OA + OB = OC

14. Linear combination of vectors: Let a1 , a2 , a3...........an be vectors and x1 , x2 , x3..........xn be

scalars. Then the vector x1a1 + x2a2 + x3a3 + ........ + xn an is called a linear combination of the vectors
a1 , a2 , a3...........an .
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15. Direction cosines: If α, β, 𝛾 are the angles made by the vector OP = r = xi + yj + zk then the
x y z
direction cosines of the vectors r are l = cos  = , m = cos  = , n = cos  = .
r r r
16. Section formula: The PV of C collinear with A, B dividing the line segment joining A(a), B(b) in
mb + na
the ratio OC = .
m+n
a+b
17. The P.V. of the mid-point of line segment joining A(a), B(b) is .
2
18. The points A(a), B(b), C(c) are collinear ⟺ the vectors AB, AC are collinear
19. The points A(a), B(b), C(c) and D(d) are coplanar ⟺ the vectors AB, AC, AD are coplanar.
a1 a2 a3
20. If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k , b = b1i + b2 j + b3k , c = c1i + c2 j + c3k are coplanar then b1 b2 b3 = 0 .
c1 c2 c3
21. The vector equation of the line passing through the point A(a) and parallel to the vector b is
r = a + tb, t  R .
22. The cartesian equation of the line passing through the point A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and parallel to the vector
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
b = li + mj + nk is = = .
l m n
23. The vector equation of the line passing through the points A(a), B(b) is r = (1 − t )a + tb, t  R .
24. The cartesian equation of the line passing through the point A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = .
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
25. The vector equation plane passing through the points A(a), B(b), C (c) is
r = (1 − s − t )a + tb + sc, t , s  R .
26. The vector equation plane passing through the point A(a) and parallel to the vectors b, c is
r = a + tb + sc, t , s  R .
27. The vector equation plane passing through the points A(a), B(b) and parallel to the vector c is
r = (1 − t )a + tb + sc, t , s  R .

5.Product of vectors
Scalar product or Dot product:

1. a.b = a b cos
a.b
2. cos  =
a b

3. a.b = b.a
4. a.a = a 2 = a
2

5. a.b = 0

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6. i. j = 0, j.k = 0, k.i = 0
7. i.i = 1, j. j = 1, k.k = 1
8. If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k , b = bi1 + b2 j + b3k then a.b = a1a2 + bb
1 2 + c1c2

(a.b)a
9. Projection vector of b on a is 2
a
a.b
10.Length of Projection vector of b on a is
a
(a.b)a
11.Component of b perpendicular to a is b − 2
a
Vector product or Cross product:

12. a  b = a b sin  nˆ
ab ab
13. sin  = ; nˆ =
a b ab

 ab 
14.A vector of magnitude K perpendicular to both a and b is k  
 ab 
15. a  b  b  a but a  b = −b  a
16. a  a = 0
17.a, b are parallel  a  b = 0
18. i  i = 0, j  j = 0, k  k = 0
19. i  j = k , j  k = i, k  i = j
i j k
20.If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k , b = bi1 + b2 j + b3k are two vectors then a  b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
21.Area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides a, b is a  b
1
22.Area of the parallelogram with diagonals d1, d2 is d d
2 1 2
1
23.Area of the quadrilateral with diagonals AC, BD is AC  BD
2
1
24.Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is AB  AC .
2
25.The vector equation of the plane in the normal form is r.nˆ = p , where n̂ is the unit normal from the
origin to the plane and p is the perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane
26.The vector equation of the plane passing through the point A(a) and perpendicular to n is
(r − a).n = 0 .
 n1.n2

27.The angle 𝜃 between the planes r.n1 = p1 and r.n2 = p2 is  = cos−1   .
 n1 n2

28.The scalar triple product of the vectors a, b, c is (a  b).c or a.(b  c) and it is denoted by  a, b, c .
29.The volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges a, b, c is  a, b, c

14
 a1 a2 a3
30.If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k , b = b1i + b2 j + b3k , c = c1i + c2 j + c3k then  a, b, c = b1 b2 b3 .
c1 c2 c3
1
31.The volume of the tetrahedron with a, b, c as its coterminous edges is V =  a, b, c 
6
1
32.The volume of the tetrahedron ABCD is V =  ABACAD 
6
33.Three vectors a, b, c are coplanar  a, b, c = 0
34.Three vectors a, b, c are non-coplanar  a, b, c  0
a − c.b  d
35.The shortest distance between the skew lines r = a + tb and r = c + sd is .
bd
36. (a  b)  c = (a.c)b − (b.c)a
37. a  (b  c) = (a.c)b − (a.b)c
38.The scalar product of four vectors a, b, c, d is (a  b).(c  d ) = (a.c)(b.d ) − (b.c)(a.d ) .
39.The vector equation of the plane passing through the point A(a) and parallel to the non collinear
vectors b and c is  r b c = a b c
40.The vector equation of the plane passing through the point A(a), B(b) and parallel to the vector c is
r b c +  r c a =  a b c
41.The vector equation of the plane passing through three non collinear points A(a), B(b), C(c) is
r b c  +  r c a  +  r a b =  a b c 
42.The vector equation of the plane containing the line r = a + tb, t  R and perpendicular to the plane
r.c = q is r b c = a b c .

6.Trigonometric Ratio’s Upto

Transformations
Trigonometry: Trigonometry is the science that deals with measurement of triangles. This word
derived from two Greek words

(i) Trigonon (ii) Metron

Uses:

▪ trigonometry has great use in measurement of areas, heights, distances etc.

▪ It has many applications in almost all branches of science in general and in physics and engineering
in particular.

The trigonometric ratios:

In a right angled triangle, 𝜽 is the accute angle, then we define the six trigonometric ratios of 𝜽
as follows

15
Relations between trigonometric ratios
1 1
1. sin  = ;cos ec = ;sin  cos ec = 1
cos ec sin 
1 1
2. cos  = ;sec  = ;cos  sec  = 1
sec  cos 
1 1
3. tan  = ;cot  = ; tan  cot  = 1
cot  tan 
sin  cos 
4. tan  = ;cot  =
cos  sin 
1 1
5. cos ec − cot  = ;cos ec + cot  = ;(cos ec − cot  )(cos ec + cot  ) = 1
cos ec + cot  cos ec − cot 
1 1
6. sec  − tan  = ;sec  + tan  = ;(sec  − tan  )(sec  + tan  ) = 1
sec  + tan  sec  − tan 
7. sin 2  + cos2  = 1
(i) sin 2  = 1 − cos2 
(ii) sin  = 1 − cos2 
(iii) cos2  = 1 − sin 2 
(iv) cos = 1 − sin 2 
8. cos ec2 − cot 2  = 1
(i) cos ec2 = 1 + cot 2 
16
 (ii) cos ec = 1 + cot 2 
(iii) cot 2  = cos ec2 −1
(iv) cot  = cos ec2 −1
9. sec2  − tan 2  = 1
(i) sec2  = 1 + tan 2 
(ii) sec = 1 + tan 2 
(iii) tan 2  = sec2  − 1
(iv) tan  = sec2  −1

• The trigonometric ratios in different quadrants:

Note :
1. In Q1 , all the six trigonometric ratios are positive
2. In Q2 , sin  ,cosec are positive and the other ratios are negative
3. In Q3 , tan ,cot  are positive and the other ratios are negative
4. In Q4 , cos ,sec are positive and the other ratios are negative

17
Note :
• For even angles (180,360) , there no change in trigonometric ratios.
• For an odd angles (90, 270) , the change in the trigonometric ratio is as indicated
below.
sin  cos ,tan  cot ,sec  cosec

18
1. Periodic Function:
Any non-constant function f : R → R is said to be periodic, if there exists a real number p  0 such
that f ( x + p) = f ( x) for each x  R . The least positive value of p with this property is called the
period of f

2. The periods of sin x,cos ecx,cos x,sec x are 2 .

3. The periods of tan x,cot x are 
p
4. The period of f (ax + b) is .
a
5. The period of h( x) = af ( x) + bg ( x) is L.C.M .of l , m where l , m are periods of f(x) and g(x)
respectively

Extreme values of the trigonometric function

6. The maximum value of a sin x + b cos x + c is c + a2 + b2

7. The minimum value of a sin x + b cos x + c is c − a2 + b2
8. The range of a sin x + b cos x + c is c − a 2 + b2 , c + a 2 + b2 
 

Trigonometric ratios of compound angles:

9. Compound angle:
The algebraic sum of two or more angles is called a compound angle
Ex: Let A, B, C are three angles then A + B, A − C, B + C, A + B + C, A − B − C, A + B − C....... are
compound angles
10. Sin( A + B) = sin Ac os B + cos AsinB
11. Sin( A − B) = sin Ac os B − cos AsinB
12. cos( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
13. cos( A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
14. tan( A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
15. tan( A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B
cot B cot A − 1
16. cot ( A + B) =
cot B + cot A
cot B cot A + 1
17. cot ( A − B) =
cot B − cot A
18. sin( A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C − sin A sin B sin C
19. cos( A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C − cos Asin B sin C − sin A cos B sin C − sin A sin B cos C
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
20. tan( A + B + C ) =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
cot A + cot B + cot C − cot A cot B cot C
21. cot( A + B + C ) =
1 − cot A cot B − cot B cot C − cot C cot A
22. sin( A + B)sin( A − B) = sin 2 A − sin 2 B = cos2 B − cos2 A
23. cos( A + B)cos( A − B) = cos2 A − sin 2 B = cos2 B − sin 2 A

19
 3 −1
24. sin15 = cos 75 =
2 2
3 +1
25. cos15 = sin 75 =
2 2
26. tan15 = cot 75 = 2 − 3
27. cot15 = tan 75 = 2 + 3
3 +1
28. sin105 = sin 75 =
2 2
( 3 − 1)
29. cos105 = − cos 75 = −
2 2
30. tan105 = − tan 75 = −(2 + 3)
31. cot105 = − cot 75 = −(2 − 3)
5 −1
32. sin18 = cos 72 =
4
10 + 2 5
33. cos18 = sin 72 =
4
10 − 2 5
34. sin 36 = cos54 =
4
5 +1
35. cos 36 = sin 54 =
4
 1 − tan  cos  − sin 
36. tan( −  ) = =
4 1 + tan  cos  + sin 
 1 + tan  cos  + sin 
37. tan( +  ) = =
4 1 − tan  cos  − sin 
38.Multiple and Sub multiple angles:
If A is an angle then the integral multiples 2A,3A,4A, …….. are multiple angles of A. and the
1 1 1
multiples of A by fractions like , , ,........ are called sub multiple angles of A
2 3 4
S.No Multiple angles Sub multiple angles
1. sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A sin A = 2sin
A
cos
A
2 tan A 2 2
=
1 + tan 2 A 2 tan
A
= 2
2 A
1 + tan
2
2. cos 2 A = cos2 A − sin 2 A A
cos A = cos2 − sin 2
A
2cos2 A − 1 2 2
A
1 − 2sin 2 A = 2 cos2 − 1
2
1 − tan 2 A
A
1 + tan 2 A = 1 − 2sin 2
2

20
 A
1 − tan 2
= 2
A
1 + tan 2
2
3. cot 2 A − 1 A
cot 2 − 1
cot 2 A =
2 cot cot A = 2
2 cot A
2
4. Tan2 A =
2 tan A
2 tan
A
1 − tan 2 A TanA = 2
A
1 − tan 2
2
5. sin3A = 3sin A − 4sin3 A A
sin A = 3sin − 4sin 3
A
3 3
6. cos3A = 4cos3 A − 3cos A A
cos A = 4cos3 − 3cos
A
3 3
7. 3 tan A − tan 3 A A
3tan − tan 3
A
tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A tan A = 3 3
2 A
1 − 3tan
3
8. 3cot A − cot 3 A A
3cot − cot 3
A
cot 3 A =
1 − 3cot 2 A cot A = 3 3
A
1 − 3cot 2
3
9. 1 − cos 2 A A 1 − cos A A 1 − cos A
sin A =  sin =  sin 2 =
2 2 2 2 2
1 − cos 2 A
 sin 2 A =
2

10. 1 + cos 2 A A 1 + cos A A 1 + cos A

cos A =  cos =  cos2 =
2 2 2 2 2
1 + cos 2 A
 cos2 A =
2
11. 1 − cos 2 A A 1 − cos A
tan A =  tan =
1 + cos 2 A 2 1 + cos A

Sum and Product transformations

Transformations of product into sum
39. 2sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)

40. 2cos A sin B = sin( A + B) − sin( A − B)

41. 2cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A − B)

21
 42. 2sin A sin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)

Transformations from sum into product:

C+D C−D
43. sin C + sin D = 2sin   cos  
 2   2 

C+D C−D
44. sin C − sin D = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 

C+D C−D
45. cos C + cos D = 2 cos   cos  
 2   2 

C+D C−D  C + D   D −C 
46. cos C − cos D = −2sin   sin   = 2sin   sin  .
 2   2   2   2 

7.TRIGONOMEREIC EQUATIONS
Trigonometric Equation:
An equation consisting of the trigonometric functions of a variable   R is called a Trigonometric
Equation.

Examples:
1
(i) sin  =
2
(ii) Tan  = 3
2

(iii) 7Sin 2  + 3Cos2  = 4

(iv) 2cos 2 θ − √3 sin θ + 1 = 0.

Solution of trigonometric equation:

The values of the variable angle 𝜃, that is any number 𝜃, satisfying the trigonometric equation is
called a solution of the equation. The set of all solutions of a trigonometric equation is called the solution set
of the equation. A general solution of the equation is an expression of the form 0 + f (n) where 0 is
particular solution and f(n) is a function of n  Z involving 𝜋.

Basic trigonometric equations and their general solutions

Basic trigonometric equation general solution ( G.S)

1. sin  = 0  = n , n  Z


2. cos = 0  = (2n + 1) , n  Z
2

22
3. tan  = 0  = n , n  Z

4. sin  = sin   = n + (−1)n , n  Z

5. cos = cos   = 2n   , n  Z

6. tan  = tan   = n +  , n  Z

7. sin 2  = sin 2   = n   , n  Z

8. cos2  = cos2   = n   , n  Z

9. tan 2  = tan 2   = n   , n  Z

8.Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. sin −1 (sin  ) =  sin(sin −1 x) = x

2. cos−1 (cos ) =  cos(cos−1 x) = x

3. tan −1 (tan  ) =  tan(tan −1 x) = x

4. sin −1 (− x) = − sin −1 x

5. cos−1 (− x) =  − cos−1 x

6. tan −1 (− x) = − tan −1 x

7. cot −1 (− x) =  − cot −1 x


8. sin −1 x + cos−1 x =
2


9. tan −1 x + cot −1 x =
2


10. sec−1 x + cos ec −1 x =
2

1
11. sin −1 x = cos ec −1
x

23
 1
12. cos −1 x = sec−1
x

1
13. cot −1 x = tan −1 if x  0
x

1
14. cot −1 x =  + tan −1 if x  0
x

15. sin −1 x + sin −1 y = sin −1  x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 

 

16. cos−1 x + cos−1 y = cos−1  xy − (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 ) 

 

  x+ y 
 Tan-1   , ifxy  1
  1 − xy 

  x+ y 
 +  , ifxy  1, x  0, x  0
−1 −1
17. tan x + tan y =  tan −1 
  1 − xy 

 tan −1  x + y  −  , ifxy  1, x  0, x  0
  1 − xy 

 x− y 
18. tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan − 1 
 1 + xy 
19. 2sin −1 x = sin −1 (2 x 1 − x2 )
20. 2cos−1 x = cos −1 ( 2 x 2 − 1)

21. 2 tan −1 = tan −1 

2x 
2 
 1− x 
22. 3sin −1 x = sin −1 ( 3x − 4 x3 )
23. 3cos −1 x = cos −1 ( 4 x3 − 3x )
 3x − x3 
24. 3tan x = tan 
−1 −1
2 
 1 − 3x 

9.Hyperbolic functions
e x − e− x
1. sinh x =
2
e + e− x
x
2. cosh x =
2
e − e− x
x
3. tanh x = x − x
e +e
1
4. cos echx = x − x
e −e
24
 1
5. sech x =
e + e− x
x

e x + e− x
6. coth x = x − x
e −e
(
7. sinh −1 x = log x + x 2 + 1 )
8. cosh −1 x = log ( x + x −1)
2

1+ x 
9. tanh −1 x = log 
1
2  1 − x 
x +1
10. coth −1 x = log 
1
2  x − 1 
 1 + 1 − x2 
11. sech −1 x = log  
 x 
 
 1  1 + x2 
12. cos ec h −1 x = log  
 x 
 
13. sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x
14. cosh 2x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

Hyperbolic Identities:
15. cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1
16. sech 2 x + tanh 2 x = 1
17. coth 2 x − cos ec h 2 x = 1

10.Properties of triangles
a+b+c
1. S =  2S = a + b + c , S is the perimeter of ABC and a, b, c are sides if a ABC
2
2.  = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) ,  is the Area of the triangle
abc abc
3.  = R= , R is the circum-radius
4R 4
1 1 1
4.  = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C , A, B, C are angles of a triangle
2 2 2
5.  = 2R sin A sin B sin C
2

6.  = rs = rr1r2 r3 , r is the in-radius and r1 , r2 , r3 are ex-radii

7. Sine rule or Law of sines:
a b c
= = = 2 R  a = 2 R sin A, b = 2 R sin B , c = 2R sin C
sin A sin B sin C
8. Cosine rule or Law of cosines:
b2 + c 2 − a 2
cos A =  a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
2bc
c + a 2 − b2
2
cos B =  b2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ca cos B
2ca

25
 a 2 + b2 − c 2
cos C =  c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
2ab
9. Projection rules: a = b cos C + c cos B; b = c cos A + a cos C; c = a cos B + b cos A
10. Tangent rule or Napiers analogy:
 A− B   a −b  C
tan  =  cot
 2   a+b 2
 B −C   b−c  A
tan  =  cot
 2  b+c 2
C − A c−a  B
tan  =  cot
 2  c+a 2

Half-angle formulae:
A ( s − a)( s − b)
11. sin =
2 bc
B ( s − c)(s − a)
12. sin =
2 ca
C ( s − a)( s − b)
13. sin =
2 ab
A s( s − a)
14. cos =
2 bc
B s ( s − b)
15. cos =
2 ca
C s( s − c)
16. cos =
2 ab
A ( s − b)( s − c)  (s − b)(s − c)
17. tan = = =
2 s( s − a) s( s − a) 
B ( s − c)( s − a)  ( S − c)( S − a)
18. tan = = =
2 s ( s − b) S ( S − b) 
C ( s − a)( s − b)  ( S − a)( S − b)
19. tan = = =
2 s ( s − c) S ( S − c) 
A s(s − a) B S ( S − b) C S ( S − c)
20. cot = , C ot = , C ot =
2  2  2 
2
21. Sin A = S ( S − a)( S − b)( S − c)
bc
2
22. Sin B = S ( S − a)( S − b)( S − c)
ca
2
23. Sin C = S ( S − a)( S − b)( S − c)
ab

24. In circle: The circle that touches the three sides of ABC internally is called the Incircle
or inscribed circle of the triangle. The centre and radius of this incircle are called incentre and
inradius, denoted by I and r respectively.

26
25. In centre: The point of concurrence of the internal bisectors of a triangle is called the
Incentre of ABC .
26. Excircle: The circle that touches the sides BC internally and other two sides AB and AC
externally, is called the excircle or escribed circle opposite to angle A.
27. Excentre: The centre and radius of the circle opposite to angle A are called excentre and
exradius denoted by I1 and r1 respectively. Similarly r2 , r2 and I 2 , I3 .
 A B C
28. r = = 4 R sin sin sin
s 2 2 2
 A B C
29. r1 = = 4 R sin cos cos
s−a 2 2 2
 A B C
30. r2 = = 4 R cos sin cos
s −b 2 2 2
 A B C
31. r3 = = 4 R cos cos sin
s−c 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
32. = + + .
r r1 r2 r3

27