Lab 7

Step 1: Create the Database

-- Create Database
CREATE DATABASE CompanyFlightDB;
USE CompanyFlightDB;

Step 2: Create Tables

Employee Schema
-- Employee table
CREATE TABLE Employee (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
birthdate DATE,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
department_id INT
);

-- Department table
CREATE TABLE Department (
department_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
location VARCHAR(50)
);

-- Project table
CREATE TABLE Project (
project_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
project_name VARCHAR(50),
department_id INT,
location VARCHAR(50),
FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES Department(department_id)
);

-- Dependent table
CREATE TABLE Dependent (
dependent_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
employee_id INT,
name VARCHAR(50),
birthdate DATE,
FOREIGN KEY (employee_id) REFERENCES Employee(employee_id)
);

-- Works table (Employees working on projects)

CREATE TABLE Works (
employee_id INT,
project_id INT,
PRIMARY KEY (employee_id, project_id),
FOREIGN KEY (employee_id) REFERENCES Employee(employee_id),
FOREIGN KEY (project_id) REFERENCES Project(project_id)
);

Flight Schema
-- Pilot table
CREATE TABLE Pilot (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

-- Certified table (Certifications for employees on specific aircraft)

CREATE TABLE Certified (
employee_id INT,
aircraft_id INT,
certification_date DATE,
PRIMARY KEY (employee_id, aircraft_id),
FOREIGN KEY (employee_id) REFERENCES Employee(employee_id)
);

-- Aircraft table
CREATE TABLE Aircraft (
aircraft_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
cruising_range INT
);

-- Flight table
CREATE TABLE Flight (
flight_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
aircraft_id INT,
distance INT,
FOREIGN KEY (aircraft_id) REFERENCES Aircraft(aircraft_id)
);

Step 3: Insert Sample Data

Now, insert values into the tables that adhere to the constraints and triggers.

Employee Data
-- Insert employees
INSERT INTO Employee (employee_id, name, birthdate, salary, department_id)
VALUES
(1, 'John Doe', '1980-01-01', 60000, 1),
(2, 'Jane Smith', '1990-02-02', 55000, 1),
(3, 'Mark Johnson', '1975-03-03', 50000, 2);

-- Insert departments
INSERT INTO Department (department_id, name, location) VALUES
(1, 'HR', 'New York'),
(2, 'Finance', 'Los Angeles');

-- Insert projects
INSERT INTO Project (project_id, project_name, department_id, location) VALUES
(1, 'Project Alpha', 1, 'New York'),
(2, 'Project Beta', 2, 'Los Angeles');

-- Insert dependents
INSERT INTO Dependent (dependent_id, employee_id, name, birthdate) VALUES
(1, 1, 'Dependent 1', '2010-05-05'),
(2, 2, 'Dependent 2', '2015-06-06'),
(3, 3, 'Dependent 3', '2008-07-07');

Works Data (Employee-Project Association)

-- Employees working on projects

INSERT INTO Works (employee_id, project_id) VALUES
(1, 1),
(2, 1),
(3, 2);

Pilot Data

-- Insert pilots
INSERT INTO Pilot (employee_id, name, salary) VALUES
(4, 'Pilot A', 70000),
(5, 'Pilot B', 80000);

-- Insert certifications
INSERT INTO Certified (employee_id, aircraft_id, certification_date) VALUES
(4, 1, '2022-01-01'),
(5, 2, '2023-02-02');

Aircraft and Flight Data

-- Insert aircraft
INSERT INTO Aircraft (aircraft_id, cruising_range) VALUES
(1, 5000),
(2, 6000);

-- Insert flights
INSERT INTO Flight (flight_id, aircraft_id, distance) VALUES
(1, 1, 4500),
(2, 2, 5500);

1. Employee Schema Triggers

a. Assure that deleting details of an employee deletes his dependent records also.

CREATE TRIGGER delete_employee_cascade

AFTER DELETE ON Employee
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM Dependent WHERE employee_id = OLD.employee_id;
END;

b. When a department with exactly one project is shifted to a new location, ensure
that the project is also shifted to the new location.

CREATE TRIGGER shift_project_location

AFTER UPDATE OF location ON Department
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Project WHERE department_id = OLD.department_id) = 1
BEGIN
UPDATE Project SET location = NEW.location WHERE department_id =
OLD.department_id;
END;

c. Assure at all times that there are no departments with more than 3 projects.

CREATE TRIGGER limit_department_projects

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON Project
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Project WHERE department_id = NEW.department_id) >=
3
BEGIN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'A department cannot have more
than 3 projects';
END;

d. Assure that no employees work for more than one department.

CREATE TRIGGER unique_department_per_employee
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON Works
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Works WHERE employee_id = NEW.employee_id) > 1 THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'An employee cannot work for
more than one department';
END IF;
END;

e. When a project is dropped, dissociate all the employees from that particular
project.

CREATE TRIGGER drop_project

AFTER DELETE ON Project
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM Works WHERE project_id = OLD.project_id;
END;

f. When a new department is inaugurated, ensure that it is not co-located with any
other departments.

CREATE TRIGGER check_department_location

BEFORE INSERT ON Department
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Department WHERE location = NEW.location) > 0 THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'A department cannot be co-
located with any other department';
END IF;
END;

g. For every employee, ensure that his dependent's birthdate is less than his own.

CREATE TRIGGER check_dependent_birthdate

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON Dependent
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF (SELECT birthdate FROM Employee WHERE employee_id = NEW.employee_id) <=
NEW.birthdate THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Dependent birthdate must be
less than employee birthdate';
END IF;
END;

h. Increment 1000 rupees to the salary if any of his/her dependents expire.

CREATE TRIGGER increment_salary_on_dependent_death
AFTER DELETE ON Dependent
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
UPDATE Employee SET salary = salary + 1000 WHERE employee_id =
OLD.employee_id;
END;

2. Flight Schema Triggers

i. Create a trigger that handles an update command to find the total salary of all
pilots.

CREATE TRIGGER check_total_pilot_salary

BEFORE UPDATE ON Pilot
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.salary IS NULL OR NEW.salary < 50000 THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Pilot salary must be greater
than 50,000';
END IF;
END;

j. Create a trigger to set salary as 30,000 if NULL is present. Ensure the salary of a
pilot is greater than a non-pilot.

CREATE TRIGGER set_default_salary_if_null

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON Employee
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.salary IS NULL THEN
SET NEW.salary = 30000;
END IF;

IF (NEW.role = 'Pilot' AND NEW.salary <= (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM Employee

WHERE role != 'Pilot')) THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Pilot salary must be greater
than non-pilot salary';
END IF;
END;

k. Create a trigger to foil any attempt to lower the salary of an employee.

CREATE TRIGGER prevent_salary_decrease
BEFORE UPDATE ON Employee
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.salary < OLD.salary THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'salary cannot be decreased';
END IF;
END;

l. When inserting a new certification for an employee, check that the aircraft ID
exists in the Aircraft.

CREATE TRIGGER check_aircraft_exists

BEFORE INSERT ON Certified
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Aircraft WHERE aircraft_id = NEW.aircraft_id) = 0
THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Aircraft does not exist';
END IF;
END;

m. When making modifications to the Aircraft table, check that the cruising range is
greater than or equal to the distance of flights.

CREATE TRIGGER check_cruising_range

BEFORE UPDATE ON Aircraft
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.cruising_range < (SELECT MAX(distance) FROM Flight WHERE aircraft_id =
OLD.aircraft_id) THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Cruising range must be greater
than or equal to flight distance';
END IF;
END;

n. When a new certification is inserted into Certified, also insert an employee with
the ID and a NULL salary.

CREATE TRIGGER insert_employee_on_certification

AFTER INSERT ON Certified
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Employee (employee_id, salary) VALUES (NEW.employee_id, NULL);
END;

o. Terminate pilots and their certification when the pilot retires.

CREATE TRIGGER retire_pilot
AFTER DELETE ON Pilot
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM Certified WHERE employee_id = OLD.employee_id;
END;

p. Prevent the average salary of employees from dropping below Rs. 50,000.

CREATE TRIGGER prevent_avg_salary_drop

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON Employee
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM Employee) < 50000 THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Average salary cannot drop
below Rs. 50,000';
END IF;
END;

Here’s the implementation of stored procedures using Cursors and Exception Handling for
the corresponding queries on both Employee Schema and Flight Schema.

1. Employee Schema Stored Procedures

q. Stored procedure to insert a new attribute ‘address’ in DEPENDENT and update the
same as that of the employee’s address.
-- Add address column to Dependent table if not exists
ALTER TABLE Dependent ADD address VARCHAR(100);

-- Stored procedure to update the dependent's address to the employee's address

DELIMITER $
CREATE PROCEDURE UpdateDependentAddress()
BEGIN
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
DECLARE emp_id INT;
DECLARE emp_address VARCHAR(100);

-- Cursor to loop through employee records

DECLARE cur CURSOR FOR SELECT employee_id, address FROM Employee;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;

OPEN cur;
read_loop: LOOP
FETCH cur INTO emp_id, emp_address;
IF done THEN
LEAVE read_loop;
END IF;

-- Update dependent's address with employee's address

UPDATE Dependent SET address = emp_address WHERE employee_id = emp_id;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur;
END$
DELIMITER ;

r. Stored procedure to display the first name, SSN, salary, and grade of an employee
based on their salary.
DELIMITER $
CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeeGrade()
BEGIN
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
DECLARE emp_name VARCHAR(50);
DECLARE emp_ssn INT;
DECLARE emp_salary DECIMAL(10,2);
DECLARE emp_grade VARCHAR(10);

-- Cursor to loop through employees

DECLARE cur CURSOR FOR SELECT name, employee_id, salary FROM Employee;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;

OPEN cur;
read_loop: LOOP
FETCH cur INTO emp_name, emp_ssn, emp_salary;
IF done THEN
LEAVE read_loop;
END IF;

-- Assign grade based on salary

IF emp_salary BETWEEN 1 AND 10000 THEN
SET emp_grade = 'Grade 3';
ELSEIF emp_salary BETWEEN 10001 AND 50000 THEN
SET emp_grade = 'Grade 2';
ELSEIF emp_salary > 50000 THEN
SET emp_grade = 'Grade 1';
ELSE
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Invalid salary range';
END IF;

-- Display the employee details

SELECT emp_name, emp_ssn, emp_salary, emp_grade;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur;
END$
DELIMITER ;

s. Stored procedure to display department number, average salary, and number of

employees in each department.
DELIMITER $
CREATE PROCEDURE GetDepartmentSummary()
BEGIN
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
DECLARE dept_id INT;
DECLARE avg_salary DECIMAL(10,2);
DECLARE num_employees INT;

-- Cursor to loop through departments

DECLARE cur CURSOR FOR SELECT department_id FROM Department;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;

OPEN cur;
read_loop: LOOP
FETCH cur INTO dept_id;
IF done THEN
LEAVE read_loop;
END IF;

-- Calculate average salary and employee count

SELECT AVG(salary), COUNT(*) INTO avg_salary, num_employees FROM
Employee WHERE department_id = dept_id;

-- Handle exception if invalid department

IF num_employees = 0 THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Invalid department
number';
END IF;

-- Display department summary

SELECT dept_id, avg_salary, num_employees;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur;
END$
DELIMITER ;

2. Flight Schema Stored Procedures

t. Stored procedure to update an employee record given the employee id, with
exception handling for an invalid employee id.
DELIMITER $
CREATE PROCEDURE UpdateEmployeeRecord(IN emp_id INT, IN new_salary
DECIMAL(10,2), IN new_name VARCHAR(50))
BEGIN
DECLARE emp_exists INT;

-- Check if employee exists

SELECT COUNT(*) INTO emp_exists FROM Employee WHERE employee_id = emp_id;

IF emp_exists = 0 THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Invalid employee ID';
ELSE
-- Update the employee record
UPDATE Employee SET salary = new_salary, name = new_name WHERE
employee_id = emp_id;
-- Print success message
SELECT CONCAT('Employee ID ', emp_id, ' updated successfully') AS
message;
END IF;
END$
DELIMITER ;

u. Stored procedure to display the name and salary of each employee, and rank
them as Grade A or B based on salary.
DELIMITER $
CREATE PROCEDURE RankEmployees()
BEGIN
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
DECLARE emp_name VARCHAR(50);
DECLARE emp_salary DECIMAL(10,2);
DECLARE emp_grade CHAR(1);

-- Cursor to loop through employees

DECLARE cur CURSOR FOR SELECT name, salary FROM Employee;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;

OPEN cur;
read_loop: LOOP
FETCH cur INTO emp_name, emp_salary;
IF done THEN
LEAVE read_loop;
END IF;

-- Rank employee based on salary

IF emp_salary > 50000 THEN
SET emp_grade = 'A';
ELSE
SET emp_grade = 'B';
END IF;

-- Display employee details

SELECT emp_name, emp_salary, emp_grade;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur;
END$
DELIMITER ;

v. Stored procedure to build a name list of employees certified for a Boeing aircraft,
with exception handling.
DELIMITER $
CREATE PROCEDURE GetBoeingCertifiedEmployees()
BEGIN
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
DECLARE emp_name VARCHAR(50);

-- Cursor to loop through employees certified for Boeing aircraft (assume

Boeing aircraft_id is 1)
DECLARE cur CURSOR FOR
SELECT E.name FROM Employee E
JOIN Certified C ON E.employee_id = C.employee_id
WHERE C.aircraft_id IN (SELECT aircraft_id FROM Aircraft WHERE
aircraft_id = 1);

DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;

OPEN cur;
read_loop: LOOP
FETCH cur INTO emp_name;
IF done THEN
LEAVE read_loop;
END IF;

-- Display employee name

SELECT emp_name;
END LOOP;

-- Handle exception if no employees found

IF done THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'No employees certified for
Boeing aircraft';
END IF;

CLOSE cur;
END$
DELIMITER ;

Certainly! Below are the SQL queries separated into individual code blocks for each question:

--a
-- Select employees with odd Ssn
SELECT *
FROM Employee
WHERE MOD(CAST(Ssn AS UNSIGNED), 2) = 1;
--b
-- Select employees with even Ssn
SELECT *
FROM Employee
WHERE MOD(CAST(Ssn AS UNSIGNED), 2) = 0;

--c
-- Extract the year from BirthDate
SELECT SUBSTRING(BirthDate, 1, 4) AS Year
FROM Employee;

--d
-- Extract the first 3 characters of FName
SELECT LEFT(FName, 3)
FROM Employee;
--e
-- Find duplicate FNames
SELECT Fname, COUNT(*)
FROM Employee
GROUP BY Fname
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

--f
-- Remove duplicate entries based on FName, keeping the one with the minimum
Ssn
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE Temp AS
SELECT MIN(Ssn) as Ssn FROM Employee GROUP BY FName;
DELETE FROM Employee WHERE Ssn NOT IN (SELECT Ssn FROM Temp);
--g
-- Remove duplicate entries based on FName, keeping the one with the minimum
Ssn
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE Temp AS
SELECT MIN(Ssn) as Ssn FROM Employee GROUP BY FName;
DELETE FROM Employee WHERE Ssn NOT IN (SELECT Ssn FROM Temp);

--h
-- Find the 3rd highest unique salary
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM Employee
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2;
-- For nth max salary:
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM Employee
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 1 OFFSET n-1; -- Replace `n` with the desired position

--i
-- Find the top 3 unique salaries
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM Employee
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 3;

-- For the top n max salaries:

SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM Employee
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT n; -- Replace `n` with the desired number of top salaries

--j
-- Extract the year, month, and day from BirthDate
SELECT YEAR(BirthDate) AS Year, MONTH(BirthDate) AS Month, DAY(BirthDate) AS
Day
FROM Employee;
--k
-- Extract date part from BirthDate
SELECT DATE(BirthDate)
FROM Employee;

--l
-- Find the position of 'a' in 'Sundar Pitchai'
SELECT LOCATE('a', 'Sundar Pitchai');

--m
-- Remove leading spaces from FName
SELECT LTRIM(FName)
FROM Employee;
--n
-- Get the length of FName
SELECT LENGTH(FName)
FROM Employee;
--o
-- Replace 'o' with '*' in FName
SELECT REPLACE(FName, 'o', '*')
FROM Employee;
--p
-- Concatenate FName and LName with an underscore
SELECT CONCAT(FName, '_', LName)
FROM Employee;
--q
-- Find employees whose FName contains 'jai' (case-insensitive)
SELECT *
FROM Employee
WHERE LOWER(FName) LIKE '%jai%';

--r
-- Count employees by gender with birth dates between 1980-05-01 and 2024-12-31
SELECT Gender, COUNT(*)
FROM Employee
WHERE BirthDate BETWEEN '1980-05-01' AND '2024-12-31'
GROUP BY Gender;
--s
-- Retrieve user and authentication_string from the mysql.user table
SELECT user, authentication_string
FROM mysql.user;

Each code block is now clearly separated for easy reference and execution.