Exploration of the Muon 𝑔 − 2 and Light Dark Matter explanations in NA64 with the

CERN SPS high energy muon beam

Yu. M. Andreev ,1 D. Banerjee ,2 B. Banto Oberhauser ,3 J. Bernhard ,2 P. Bisio ,4, 5 N. Charitonidis ,2

P. Crivelli ,3, * E. Depero ,3 A. V. Dermenev ,1 S. V. Donskov ,1 R. R. Dusaev ,1 T. Enik ,6 V. N. Frolov,6
R. B. Galleguillos Silva,7, 8 A. Gardikiotis ,9 S. V. Gertsenberger ,6 S. Girod,2 S. N. Gninenko ,1, 7 M. Hösgen,10
V. A. Kachanov ,1 Y. Kambar ,6 A. E. Karneyeu ,1 E. A. Kasianova,6 G. Kekelidze ,6 B. Ketzer ,10
D. V. Kirpichnikov ,1 M. M. Kirsanov ,1 V. N. Kolosov,1 V. A. Kramarenko ,1, 6 L. V. Kravchuk ,1
N. V. Krasnikov ,1, 6 S. V. Kuleshov ,7, 8 V. E. Lyubovitskij ,1, 11, 8 V. Lysan ,6 V. A. Matveev ,6
R. Mena Fredes,8, 11 R. G. Mena Yanssen,8, 11 L. Molina Bueno ,12, † M. Mongillo ,3 D. V. Peshekhonov ,6
V. A. Polyakov ,1 B. Radics ,13 K. M. Salamatin ,6 V. D. Samoylenko,1 D. A. Shchukin ,1 O. Soto,14, 8
H. Sieber ,3, ‡ V. O. Tikhomirov ,1 I. V. Tlisova ,1 A. N. Toropin ,1 M. Tuzi ,12 M. B. Veit,15
P. V. Volkov ,6 V. Yu. Volkov ,1 I. V. Voronchikhin ,1 J. Zamora-Saá ,7, 8 and A. S. Zhevlakov 6
arXiv:2401.01708v1 [hep-ex] 3 Jan 2024

1
Authors affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN
2
CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
3
ETH Zürich, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
4
INFN, Sezione di Genova, 16147 Genova, Italia
5
Università degli Studi di Genova, 16126 Genova, Italia
6
Authors affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN
7
Center for Theoretical and Experimental Particle Physics, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas,
Universidad Andres Bello, Fernandez Concha 700, Santiago, Chile
8
Millennium Institute for Subatomic Physics at High-Energy Frontier (SAPHIR), Fernandez Concha 700, Santiago, Chile
9
Physics Department, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
10
Universität Bonn, Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen-und Kernphysik, 53115 Bonn, Germany
11
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Marı́a and CCTVal, 2390123 Valparaı́so, Chile
12
Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (CSIC/UV), Carrer del Catedratic Jose Beltran Martinez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
13
York University, Toronto, Canada
14
Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de La Serena, Avenida Cisternas 1200, La Serena, Chile
15
Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz, Germany
(Dated: January 4, 2024)
We report on a search for a new 𝑍 ′ (𝐿𝜇 − 𝐿𝜏 ) vector boson performed at the NA64 experiment
employing a high energy muon beam and a missing energy-momentum technique. Muons from the
M2 beamline at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron with a momentum of 160 GeV/c are directed
to an active target. A signal event is a single scattered muon with momentum < 80 GeV/c in the final
state, accompanied by missing energy, i.e. no detectable activity in the downstream calorimeters.
For a total statistic of (1.98 ± 0.02) × 1010 muons on target, no event is observed in the expected
signal region. This allows us to set new limits on part of the remaining (𝑚𝑍 ′ , 𝑔𝑍 ′ ) parameter space
which could provide an explanation for the muon (𝑔 −2)𝜇 anomaly. Additionally, our study excludes
part of the parameter space suggested by the thermal Dark Matter relic abundance. Our results
pave the way to explore Dark Sectors and light Dark Matter with muon beams in a unique and
complementary way to other experiments.

Dark Sectors (DS) are a promising paradigm to ad- large parameter space of possible DM candidates (see e.g.
dress open questions of the Standard Model (SM) such for recent reviews [13–16]). Models with lepton numbers
as the Dark Matter (DM) origin [1]. In this framework, 𝐿𝜇 − 𝐿𝜏 gauging are very attractive to explain the origin
one postulates a new sector of particles below the elec- of DM and, at the same time, provide an explanation for
troweak scale that are not charged under the SM but the long-standing 𝑔−2 muon anomaly [17]. The 𝑍 ′ vector
could have a phenomenology of their own [2–7]. In ad- boson originates from the broken 𝑈 (1)𝐿𝜇 −𝐿𝜏 symmetry
dition to gravity, the interactions between DS states and and couples directly to the second and third lepton gen-
the SM could proceed through portal mediators [8–12]. erations, and their corresponding left-handed neutrinos
If one assumes that DM is made by the lightest stable DS through the coupling 𝑔𝑍 ′ [18–23]. The extension of this
particles, the resulting feeble interaction between the two model to interactions with DM candidates, being consis-
sectors is compatible with cosmological observations and, tent in predicting the observed DM relic density [24–27]
thus, would accommodate a solution to the DM problem. , is achieved by adding to the Lagrangian a term of the
DS models became an extremely fertile domain of explo- type ℒ ⊇ −𝑔𝜒 𝑍𝜇′ 𝐽𝜒𝜇 with the current 𝐽𝜒𝜇 and the cou-
ration with many different techniques tackling the very pling 𝑔𝜒 of the 𝑍𝜇′ to the DM candidates. In the case
 2

where 𝑚𝑍 ′ > 𝑚𝜒 (away from the near on-shell resonant periments [58, 59] and missing energy searches through
enhancement 𝑚𝑍 ′ ≃ 2𝑚𝜒 ), the relic density is driven 𝑍 ′ → 𝜒𝜒¯ [60, 61] provide constraints for 𝑚𝑍 ′ < 2𝑚𝜇 .
by 𝜒𝜒(→
¯ 𝑍 (*)′ →)𝑓¯𝑓 , 𝑓 = 𝜇, 𝜏, 𝜈, with the relevant The lower bound is set through the 𝑍 ′ contribution to
𝑠−channel annihilation cross-section scaling as [21, 26] the radiation density of the Universe through ∆𝑁eff , with
⟨𝜎𝑣⟩ ∝ (𝑔𝜒 𝑔𝑍 ′ )2 𝑚2𝜒 /𝑚4𝑍 ′ = 𝑦𝑚−2
𝜒 . Below the resonance, its value being defined from both the CMB spectrum [27]
𝑚𝑍 ′ < 2𝑚𝜒 , the 𝑡−channel annihilation is 𝜒𝜒 ¯ → 𝑍 ′𝑍 ′, and the Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) [57, 62, 63] to
4
with ⟨𝜎𝑣⟩ ∝ 𝑔𝜒 /𝑚𝜒 . 2
𝑚𝑍 ′ > 3 − 10 MeV [64] and 𝑔𝑍 ′ ∼ 10−4 − 10−3 .
Within this framework, the discrepancy between the In this Letter, we report on the first results of the NA64
experimental [28] and SM predicted [29–47] (𝑔 − 2)𝜇 val- experiment muon program, dubbed NA64𝜇, looking for
ues can also be explained through loop corrections [5, 48– Dark Sectors weakly coupled to muons. The experimen-
53]. The current bounds for 𝑚𝑍 ′ > 2𝑚𝜇 arise from direct tal set-up and working principle are schematically shown
searches, sensitive to the kinematically allowed visible de- in Fig. 1.
cay channel 𝑍 ′ → 𝜇+ 𝜇− [54–57]. Neutrino scattering ex-

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QPL30
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MM1,2
QPL29
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BEND6 BMS3,6 BMS4

MS2
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MM1,2
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BMS2 <latexit sha1_base64="cyv+KdrJtke66vOwAhNh/M4kEJI=">AAAB8XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBQ8hd0o6DHgxYsQ0TwwWcLsZJIMmZ1dZnrFsOQvvHhQxKt/482/cZLsQRMLGoqqbrq7glgKg6777Swtr6yurec28ptb2zu7hb39uokSzXiNRTLSzYAaLoXiNRQoeTPWnIaB5I1geDXxG49cGxGpexzF3A9pX4meYBSt9NBG/oTpzV153CkU3ZI7BVkkXkaKkKHaKXy1uxFLQq6QSWpMy3Nj9FOqUTDJx/l2YnhM2ZD2ectSRUNu/HR68ZicWKVLepG2pZBM1d8TKQ2NGYWB7QwpDsy8NxH/81oJ9i79VKg4Qa7YbFEvkQQjMnmfdIXmDOXIEsq0sLcSNqCaMrQh5W0I3vzLi6ReLnlnpfLtebFynMWRg0M4glPw4AIqcA1VqAEDBc/wCm+OcV6cd+dj1rrkZDMH8AfO5w934JCv</latexit>

ST5,4 VETO ST11

HCAL1,2 <latexit sha1_base64="GdR9OZ6K3NrbNoxomF471SEsiJA=">AAAB9XicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69BKvgqSRV0GPBi8eK/YI2ls122y7dbMLuRC0h/8OLB0W8+l+8+W/ctjlo64OBx3szzMzzI8E1Os63lVtZXVvfyG8WtrZ3dveK+wdNHcaKsgYNRajaPtFMcMkayFGwdqQYCXzBWv74euq3HpjSPJR1nETMC8hQ8gGnBI1030X2hMldPe0lrpv2iiWn7MxgLxM3IyXIUOsVv7r9kMYBk0gF0brjOhF6CVHIqWBpoRtrFhE6JkPWMVSSgGkvmV2d2qdG6duDUJmSaM/U3xMJCbSeBL7pDAiO9KI3Ff/zOjEOrryEyyhGJul80SAWNob2NAK7zxWjKCaGEKq4udWmI6IIRRNUwYTgLr68TJqVsntertxelKonWRx5OIJjOAMXLqEKN1CDBlBQ8Ayv8GY9Wi/Wu/Uxb81Z2cwh/IH1+QN6CJJl</latexit>

ST2
ECAL
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BMS1,5
S0MS2 S1
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χ
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S
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<latexit sha1_base64="beSmcw85l+l7i2HiCRHdkqOeayA=">AAAB8XicbVDLTgJBEOzFF+IL9ehlIpp4IrtookcSLx4xyiPChswOA0yYnd3M9BrJhr/w4kFjvPo33vwbB9iDgpV0UqnqTndXEEth0HW/ndzK6tr6Rn6zsLW9s7tX3D9omCjRjNdZJCPdCqjhUiheR4GSt2LNaRhI3gxG11O/+ci1EZG6x3HM/ZAOlOgLRtFKDx3kT5jeTbpet1hyy+4MZJl4GSlBhlq3+NXpRSwJuUImqTFtz43RT6lGwSSfFDqJ4TFlIzrgbUsVDbnx09nFE3JqlR7pR9qWQjJTf0+kNDRmHAa2M6Q4NIveVPzPayfYv/JToeIEuWLzRf1EEozI9H3SE5ozlGNLKNPC3krYkGrK0IZUsCF4iy8vk0al7J2XK7cXpepJFkcejuAYzsCDS6jCDdSgDgwUPMMrvDnGeXHenY95a87JZg7hD5zPH5I3kMA=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="sFM0Bx0W8MYhmE0GbaRiw6g9zTc=">AAAB8XicbVDLTgJBEOzFF+IL9ehlIpp4IrtookcSLx4xyiPChswOA0yYnd3M9BrJhr/w4kFjvPo33vwbB9iDgpV0UqnqTndXEEth0HW/ndzK6tr6Rn6zsLW9s7tX3D9omCjRjNdZJCPdCqjhUiheR4GSt2LNaRhI3gxG11O/+ci1EZG6x3HM/ZAOlOgLRtFKDx3kT5jeTbput1hyy+4MZJl4GSlBhlq3+NXpRSwJuUImqTFtz43RT6lGwSSfFDqJ4TFlIzrgbUsVDbnx09nFE3JqlR7pR9qWQjJTf0+kNDRmHAa2M6Q4NIveVPzPayfYv/JToeIEuWLzRf1EEozI9H3SE5ozlGNLKNPC3krYkGrK0IZUsCF4iy8vk0al7J2XK7cXpepJFkcejuAYzsCDS6jCDdSgDgwUPMMrvDnGeXHenY95a87JZg7hD5zPH5CzkL8=</latexit>

ST5,4
<latexit sha1_base64="2/CN5fuzNRaOP9/dffn5Tv8JwYs=">AAAB+HicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62PRl26GSyCCylJreiy4MZlxb6gDWEynbRDJw9mbsQa8iVuXCji1k9x5984bbPQ1gMXDufcy733eLHgCizr2yisrW9sbhW3Szu7e/tl8+Cwo6JEUtamkYhkzyOKCR6yNnAQrBdLRgJPsK43uZn53QcmFY/CFkxj5gRkFHKfUwJacs3yANgjpPetzE0vz+uZa1asqjUHXiV2TiooR9M1vwbDiCYBC4EKolTftmJwUiKBU8Gy0iBRLCZ0Qkasr2lIAqacdH54hk+1MsR+JHWFgOfq74mUBEpNA093BgTGatmbif95/QT8ayflYZwAC+likZ8IDBGepYCHXDIKYqoJoZLrWzEdE0ko6KxKOgR7+eVV0qlV7Ytq7a5eaeA8jiI6RifoDNnoCjXQLWqiNqIoQc/oFb0ZT8aL8W58LFoLRj5zhP7A+PwBaBSSzw==</latexit>

MS1,5
S0 S1
ECAL
<latexit sha1_base64="ehUE5fNn/2c4lvr4y95BqMbLPbo=">AAAB8nicbVDLSgNBEJyNrxhfUY9eBqPgKexGQY+RIHjwEME8YLOE2clsMmR2ZpnpFcOSz/DiQRGvfo03/8bJ46CJBQ1FVTfdXWEiuAHX/XZyK6tr6xv5zcLW9s7uXnH/oGlUqilrUCWUbofEMMElawAHwdqJZiQOBWuFw9rEbz0ybbiSDzBKWBCTvuQRpwSs5HeAPUF2U7u+G3eLJbfsToGXiTcnJTRHvVv86vQUTWMmgQpijO+5CQQZ0cCpYONCJzUsIXRI+sy3VJKYmSCbnjzGp1bp4UhpWxLwVP09kZHYmFEc2s6YwMAsehPxP89PIboKMi6TFJiks0VRKjAoPPkf97hmFMTIEkI1t7diOiCaULApFWwI3uLLy6RZKXvn5cr9Ral6Mo8jj47QMTpDHrpEVXSL6qiBKFLoGb2iNwecF+fd+Zi15pz5zCH6A+fzBwX5kPw=</latexit>
VETO
<latexit sha1_base64="FuONsqLb1adpDHtKfDYC1SESmrQ=">AAAB8nicbVBNSwMxEM36WetX1aOXYBU8ld0q6LEggjcr9Au2S8mm2TY0myzJrFiW/gwvHhTx6q/x5r8xbfegrQ8GHu/NMDMvTAQ34Lrfzsrq2vrGZmGruL2zu7dfOjhsGZVqyppUCaU7ITFMcMmawEGwTqIZiUPB2uHoZuq3H5k2XMkGjBMWxGQgecQpASv5XWBPkLVuG/eTXqnsVtwZ8DLxclJGOeq90le3r2gaMwlUEGN8z00gyIgGTgWbFLupYQmhIzJgvqWSxMwE2ezkCT6zSh9HStuSgGfq74mMxMaM49B2xgSGZtGbiv95fgrRdZBxmaTAJJ0vilKBQeHp/7jPNaMgxpYQqrm9FdMh0YSCTaloQ/AWX14mrWrFu6hUHy7LtdM8jgI6RifoHHnoCtXQHaqjJqJIoWf0it4ccF6cd+dj3rri5DNH6A+czx9EkJEl</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="wBFaVmMsj25AXJlYJorztKbYgCI=">AAAB9HicbVBNSwMxEM3Wr1q/qh69BIvgQcpuFfRY8OKxgv2A7lKyabYNTbJrMlssS3+HFw+KePXHePPfmLZ70NYHA4/3ZpiZFyaCG3Ddb6ewtr6xuVXcLu3s7u0flA+PWiZONWVNGotYd0JimOCKNYGDYJ1EMyJDwdrh6Hbmt8dMGx6rB5gkLJBkoHjEKQErBb5Mez6wJ8i4mvbKFbfqzoFXiZeTCsrR6JW//H5MU8kUUEGM6XpuAkFGNHAq2LTkp4YlhI7IgHUtVUQyE2Tzo6f4zCp9HMXalgI8V39PZEQaM5Gh7ZQEhmbZm4n/ed0UopvA/pOkwBRdLIpSgSHGswRwn2tGQUwsIVRzeyumQ6IJBZtTyYbgLb+8Slq1qndZrd1fVeoXeRxFdIJO0Tny0DWqozvUQE1E0SN6Rq/ozRk7L86787FoLTj5zDH6A+fzB3Cyknc=</latexit>
µin ST2
<latexit sha1_base64="h7aQzOdhWHPEG9nufx0KVPAFj/A=">AAAB9HicbVDLTgJBEJzFF+IL9ehlIpp4IrtookcSLx4x8kpgQ2aHBibMPpzpJZLNfocXDxrj1Y/x5t84wB4UrKSTSlV3uru8SAqNtv1t5dbWNza38tuFnd29/YPi4VFTh7Hi0OChDFXbYxqkCKCBAiW0IwXM9yS0vPHtzG9NQGkRBnWcRuD6bBiIgeAMjeR2EZ4weainvaSS9oolu2zPQVeJk5ESyVDrFb+6/ZDHPgTIJdO649gRuglTKLiEtNCNNUSMj9kQOoYGzAftJvOjU3pulD4dhMpUgHSu/p5ImK/11PdMp89wpJe9mfif14lxcOMmIohihIAvFg1iSTGkswRoXyjgKKeGMK6EuZXyEVOMo8mpYEJwll9eJc1K2bksV+6vStWzLI48OSGn5II45JpUyR2pkQbh5JE8k1fyZk2sF+vd+li05qxs5pj8gfX5AwdRkis=</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="k3uCXwu1f/MOAiALhiZaap5Wl04=">AAAB9HicbVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69BKvgqSRV0GPBi8eK/YI2lM122i7dbOLupFhCfocXD4p49cd489+4bXPQ1gcDj/dmmJnnR4JrdJxvK7e2vrG5ld8u7Ozu7R8UD4+aOowVgwYLRajaPtUguIQGchTQjhTQwBfQ8se3M781AaV5KOs4jcAL6FDyAWcUjeR1EZ4weainvcRNe8WSU3bmsFeJm5ESyVDrFb+6/ZDFAUhkgmrdcZ0IvYQq5ExAWujGGiLKxnQIHUMlDUB7yfzo1D43St8ehMqURHuu/p5IaKD1NPBNZ0BxpJe9mfif14lxcOMlXEYxgmSLRYNY2BjaswTsPlfAUEwNoUxxc6vNRlRRhianggnBXX55lTQrZfeyXLm/KlXPsjjy5ISckgvikmtSJXekRhqEkUfyTF7JmzWxXqx362PRmrOymWPyB9bnDwXMkio=</latexit>

ST1
E0
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<latexit sha1_base64="sFM0Bx0W8MYhmE0GbaRiw6g9zTc=">AAAB8XicbVDLTgJBEOzFF+IL9ehlIpp4IrtookcSLx4xyiPChswOA0yYnd3M9BrJhr/w4kFjvPo33vwbB9iDgpV0UqnqTndXEEth0HW/ndzK6tr6Rn6zsLW9s7tX3D9omCjRjNdZJCPdCqjhUiheR4GSt2LNaRhI3gxG11O/+ci1EZG6x3HM/ZAOlOgLRtFKDx3kT5jeTbput1hyy+4MZJl4GSlBhlq3+NXpRSwJuUImqTFtz43RT6lGwSSfFDqJ4TFlIzrgbUsVDbnx09nFE3JqlR7pR9qWQjJTf0+kNDRmHAa2M6Q4NIveVPzPayfYv/JToeIEuWLzRf1EEozI9H3SE5ozlGNLKNPC3krYkGrK0IZUsCF4iy8vk0al7J2XK7cXpepJFkcejuAYzsCDS6jCDdSgDgwUPMMrvDnGeXHenY95a87JZg7hD5zPH5CzkL8=</latexit>

174 µin <latexit sha1_base64="k3uCXwu1f/MOAiALhiZaap5Wl04=">AAAB9HicbVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69BKvgqSRV0GPBi8eK/YI2lM122i7dbOLupFhCfocXD4p49cd489+4bXPQ1gcDj/dmmJnnR4JrdJxvK7e2vrG5ld8u7Ozu7R8UD4+aOowVgwYLRajaPtUguIQGchTQjhTQwBfQ8se3M781AaV5KOs4jcAL6FDyAWcUjeR1EZ4weainvcRNe8WSU3bmsFeJm5ESyVDrFb+6/ZDFAUhkgmrdcZ0IvYQq5ExAWujGGiLKxnQIHUMlDUB7yfzo1D43St8ehMqURHuu/p5IaKD1NPBNZ0BxpJe9mfif14lxcOMlXEYxgmSLRYNY2BjaswTsPlfAUEwNoUxxc6vNRlRRhianggnBXX55lTQrZfeyXLm/KlXPsjjy5ISckgvikmtSJXekRhqEkUfyTF7JmzWxXqx362PRmrOymWPyB9bnDwXMkio=</latexit>

b) DOWNSTREAM PART <latexit sha1_base64="wBFaVmMsj25AXJlYJorztKbYgCI=">AAAB9HicbVBNSwMxEM3Wr1q/qh69BIvgQcpuFfRY8OKxgv2A7lKyabYNTbJrMlssS3+HFw+KePXHePPfmLZ70NYHA4/3ZpiZFyaCG3Ddb6ewtr6xuVXcLu3s7u0flA+PWiZONWVNGotYd0JimOCKNYGDYJ1EMyJDwdrh6Hbmt8dMGx6rB5gkLJBkoHjEKQErBb5Mez6wJ8i4mvbKFbfqzoFXiZeTCsrR6JW//H5MU8kUUEGM6XpuAkFGNHAq2LTkp4YlhI7IgHUtVUQyE2Tzo6f4zCp9HMXalgI8V39PZEQaM5Gh7ZQEhmbZm4n/ed0UopvA/pOkwBRdLIpSgSHGswRwn2tGQUwsIVRzeyumQ6IJBZtTyYbgLb+8Slq1qndZrd1fVeoXeRxFdIJO0Tny0DWqozvUQE1E0SN6Rq/ozRk7L86787FoLTj5zDH6A+fzB3Cyknc=</latexit>

E0
<latexit sha1_base64="cMK4jpgsnMlKZuVF2URBPsrcy5g=">AAAB6nicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8yDIbxeQYEMFjRPOAZAmzk9lkyOzsMjMrhCWf4MWDIl79Im/+jZMXqLGgoajqprsrSATXBuMvZ2V1bX1jM7eV397Z3dsvHBw2dJwqyuo0FrFqBUQzwSWrG24EayWKkSgQrBkMryd+85EpzWP5YEYJ8yPSlzzklBgr3d90cbdQxC6eAmG35F15lTLyFsqCFGGOWrfw2enFNI2YNFQQrdseToyfEWU4FWyc76SaJYQOSZ+1LZUkYtrPpqeO0alVeiiMlS1p0FT9OZGRSOtRFNjOiJiB/utNxP+8dmrCip9xmaSGSTpbFKYCmRhN/kY9rhg1YmQJoYrbWxEdEEWosenkbQhLLy+TRsn1LtzS3WWxej6PIwfHcAJn4EEZqnALNagDhT48wQu8OsJ5dt6c91nrijOfOYJfcD6+AdyjjXQ=</latexit>

GEM3,4
<latexit sha1_base64="qTAvrP6/DMqL+Zgt20hutC6hrbo=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXpVXwVJIq6LHgxWNF+wFtKJvtpl262YTdiVBCf4IXD4p49Rd589+4bXPQ1gcDj/dmmJkXJFIYdN1vZ219Y3Nru7BT3N3bPzgsHR23TJxqxpsslrHuBNRwKRRvokDJO4nmNAokbwfj25nffuLaiFg94iThfkSHSoSCUbTSQ9kt90sVt+rOQVaJl5MK5Gj0S1+9QczSiCtkkhrT9dwE/YxqFEzyabGXGp5QNqZD3rVU0YgbP5ufOiXnVhmQMNa2FJK5+nsio5ExkyiwnRHFkVn2ZuJ/XjfF8MbPhEpS5IotFoWpJBiT2d9kIDRnKCeWUKaFvZWwEdWUoU2naEPwll9eJa1a1bus1u6vKvWzPI4CnEIZLsCDa6jDHTSgCQyG8Ayv8OZI58V5dz4WrWtOPnMCf+B8/gAivozy</latexit>
”0”
V1 GEM1 GEM2 VHCAL
χ̄ MM5−
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<latexit sha1_base64="cMK4jpgsnMlKZuVF2URBPsrcy5g=">AAAB6nicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8yDIbxeQYEMFjRPOAZAmzk9lkyOzsMjMrhCWf4MWDIl79Im/+jZMXqLGgoajqprsrSATXBuMvZ2V1bX1jM7eV397Z3dsvHBw2dJwqyuo0FrFqBUQzwSWrG24EayWKkSgQrBkMryd+85EpzWP5YEYJ8yPSlzzklBgr3d90cbdQxC6eAmG35F15lTLyFsqCFGGOWrfw2enFNI2YNFQQrdseToyfEWU4FWyc76SaJYQOSZ+1LZUkYtrPpqeO0alVeiiMlS1p0FT9OZGRSOtRFNjOiJiB/utNxP+8dmrCip9xmaSGSTpbFKYCmRhN/kY9rhg1YmQJoYrbWxEdEEWosenkbQhLLy+TRsn1LtzS3WWxej6PIwfHcAJn4EEZqnALNagDhT48wQu8OsJ5dt6c91nrijOfOYJfcD6+AdyjjXQ=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="asj+cEoAnXxikiw6XbyfAbWJTkk=">AAAB83icbVDLSgNBEJz1GeMr6tHLYBQ8hd0o6DEgohchgnlAdgmzk95kyOyDmV4xLPkNLx4U8erPePNvnCR70MSChqKqm+4uP5FCo21/W0vLK6tr64WN4ubW9s5uaW+/qeNUcWjwWMaq7TMNUkTQQIES2okCFvoSWv7wauK3HkFpEUcPOErAC1k/EoHgDI3kughPmN1c34271W6pbFfsKegicXJSJjnq3dKX24t5GkKEXDKtO46doJcxhYJLGBfdVEPC+JD1oWNoxELQXja9eUxPjNKjQaxMRUin6u+JjIVaj0LfdIYMB3rem4j/eZ0Ug0svE1GSIkR8tihIJcWYTgKgPaGAoxwZwrgS5lbKB0wxjiamognBmX95kTSrFeesUr0/L9eO8zgK5JAckVPikAtSI7ekThqEk4Q8k1fyZqXWi/Vufcxal6x85oD8gfX5A7BtkVs=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="p13WDeRYbA738Me+r0MjACW+efU=">AAAB8XicbVBNS8NAEN34WetX1aOXxSp4KkkV9Fjw4rGC/cA2lM120i7dbMLuRCyh/8KLB0W8+m+8+W/ctjlo64OBx3szzMwLEikMuu63s7K6tr6xWdgqbu/s7u2XDg6bJk41hwaPZazbATMghYIGCpTQTjSwKJDQCkY3U7/1CNqIWN3jOAE/YgMlQsEZWumhi/CEWXPS83qlsltxZ6DLxMtJmeSo90pf3X7M0wgUcsmM6Xhugn7GNAouYVLspgYSxkdsAB1LFYvA+Nns4gk9s0qfhrG2pZDO1N8TGYuMGUeB7YwYDs2iNxX/8zophtd+JlSSIig+XxSmkmJMp+/TvtDAUY4tYVwLeyvlQ6YZRxtS0YbgLb68TJrVindRqd5dlmuneRwFckxOyDnxyBWpkVtSJw3CiSLP5JW8OcZ5cd6dj3nripPPHJE/cD5/AJbMkMM=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="mQTAM8PxvkULqVhq4imXnyfOOSk=">AAAB83icbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBQ8hd0o6DEgohchgnlAdgmzk9lkyOyDmV4xLPkNLx4U8erPePNvnCR70MSChqKqm+4uP5FCo21/W0vLK6tr64WN4ubW9s5uaW+/qeNUMd5gsYxV26eaSxHxBgqUvJ0oTkNf8pY/vJr4rUeutIijBxwl3AtpPxKBYBSN5LrInzC7ub4bd51uqWxX7CnIInFyUoYc9W7py+3FLA15hExSrTuOnaCXUYWCST4uuqnmCWVD2ucdQyMacu1l05vH5MQoPRLEylSEZKr+nshoqPUo9E1nSHGg572J+J/XSTG49DIRJSnyiM0WBakkGJNJAKQnFGcoR4ZQpoS5lbABVZShialoQnDmX14kzWrFOatU78/LteM8jgIcwhGcggMXUINbqEMDGCTwDK/wZqXWi/Vufcxal6x85gD+wPr8Aa7pkVo=</latexit>

GEM3,4
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V1 GEM1 GEM2 VHCAL <latexit sha1_base64="17FgD29ZCtqXm1sdyQkJ+d5OwUo=">AAAB+HicbVBNS8NAEN34WetHox69BKvgxZJUpR4LXrwUKtgPaEPYbDft0s0m7E7EGvJLvHhQxKs/xZv/xm2bg7Y+GHi8N8PMPD/mTIFtfxsrq2vrG5uFreL2zu5eydw/aKsokYS2SMQj2fWxopwJ2gIGnHZjSXHoc9rxxzdTv/NApWKRuIdJTN0QDwULGMGgJc8s9YE+QtpoZF56dV7LPLNsV+wZrGXi5KSMcjQ986s/iEgSUgGEY6V6jh2Dm2IJjHCaFfuJojEmYzykPU0FDqly09nhmXWqlYEVRFKXAGum/p5IcajUJPR1Z4hhpBa9qfif10sguHZTJuIEqCDzRUHCLYisaQrWgElKgE80wUQyfatFRlhiAjqrog7BWXx5mbSrFeeiUr27LNdP8jgK6AgdozPkoBqqo1vURC1EUIKe0St6M56MF+Pd+Ji3rhj5zCH6A+PzB1tIkso=</latexit>

MM5−7 S4
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µout
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(1 − f )E0
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16 m

ure 1. Schematic illustration

Figure of the 2022 illustration
1. Schematic setup for the searchof theof a Z ! vector
2022 setupboson produced
forinthe search in the
of abremsstrahlung-like
!
Figure! 1. Schematic illustration
ction µN → µN (Z → invisible) of 160 GeV/c of the
incident muons on The
NA64𝜇 set-up. a) the spectrometer
ECAL target. the
Theupstream
upstreamregion isZused
region
vector
for for
boson produ
identifying
identifying
!
oming muons with reaction
incoming
momentumµN p→
muons with µN (Z →
momentum 𝑝 in invisible) of 160 GeV/c incident muons on the ECAL target.
≃ 160 GeV/c. b) The downstream
in " 160 GeV/c is shown on the left-hand side of the
part composed of calorimeters and a second
′ figure, whereas the downstream part
spec- The
trometer measures the momentum of the scattered muons to search for the 𝑍 vector boson production. c) Sketch of the
!
ere the Z boson incoming
is producedmuons
is shown
bremsstrahlung-like with
reaction on momentum
𝜇𝑁the→ right-hand side.
𝜇𝑁 (𝑍 ′ → invisible) "of 160
pin For GeV/c
illustrative
160 GeV/c is shown
purposes,
incident onon
muonsthe the the
trigger
ECAL left-hand
target.on theside
scheme of the figure
outgoing
on (S4 × Sµ ) is where Z ! boson is produced is shown on the right-hand side. For illustrative purposes, the
thetext).
shown (see
muon (S4 × Sµ ) is shown (see text).
If a 𝑍 ′ boson exists, it could be produced in the tered off an active target with missing momentum > 80
bremsstrahlung-like
ailed GEANT4-based [60, 61] Monte reaction of a high
Carlo (MC) energy
sim-muon
213 bescat-
in theGeV/c in the final
momentum state,
range accompanied
160 ± 20 GeV/c. by missing
(ii) Aenergy,
sin-
n is performed to study, together with ′the′ main214 gle track is reconstructed in each magnetic spectrometerin
tering off atomic nuclei in a target (𝑁 ), followed by its i.e. no detectable electromagnetic or hadronic activity
round175 prompt
sources, theinvisible
A detailed response decay
GEANT4-based
of the → 𝜇𝑁 𝑍 ;[60,
𝜇𝑁 detectors 𝑍and→61] invisible,
the Monte
215
with Carlo
(BEND6 theanddownstream
(MC)
MS2). sim- calorimeters.
This be inensures
criterion
213 the momentum
that a sin- range 1
only 𝑍 ′ → 𝜈¯𝜈 in the vanilla model, and additionally, The 160 GeV/c muons are delivered by the M2 beam-
gation176of the muon
ulation upstream
is DM performedof the target. In the gle muon traverses the full set-up. (iii) At most one hit
candidates to study, For atogether
value of with line at the mainSuper gle track is reconstructed in e
′ 216
𝑍 → 𝜒𝜒 ¯ for [65–67]. the CERN 214 Proton Synchrotron (SPS)[69].
case, the full beam
𝑔background
optics
−2 developed
onesources,
by the CERN 217 is reconstructed in MM 5−7 and ST 1 (no multiple hit)
177 𝜒 = 5 × 10
A beam department is muon
the the
can accommodate
encompassed
response
in the sameofparam- thethe detectors
The beamand the
optics comprises
215 (BEND6
a series of and MS2).
quadrupoles fo- This cr
eter space the g-2 and thein DM relic simu- 218
prediction and[68]. corresponding
cusing the beamextrapolated
before the targettrackwith
to the HCAL
a divergency
framework
178 propagation
Inusing separately of both
the muon
the upstream
TRANSPORT, of the
face target. with
is compatible In 𝜎thea MIP
216 gle muon
energy deposit traverses
in the tar-the full se
the region of interest (below 𝑚 𝜒 <1 GeV) 𝑔𝜒 ≫ 𝑔𝑍 ′ , 𝜎𝑥 ∼ 0.9 and 𝑦 ∼ 1.9 cm [70]. The incoming muon
219

and TURTLE
179 latter
programs
the case,
branching thetoto
[62–64]
ratio full beamfinal
DStransport
invisible optics
the par-220
states developed
can geted
be as- cell. by thecutCERN
This
momentum verifies
is thatisnothrough
reconstructed
217 reconstructed
energetic enough sec-
a magnetic in MM5−7 a
spec-
at the180entrance of the ′
set-up, as well the GEANT4 ondaries from interactions upstream MS2 arrive at the
BE-EA′ beam
sumed to be Br(𝑍 → 𝜒𝜒)
¯ ≃
department is encompassed in the simu-218 and the corresponding extrap
1, while the ones 221in visible trometer (MS1) consisting of three 5 T·m bending mag-
atible beamstates delivery 𝜇+ 𝜇− ) and neutrinos
(𝑍 →simulation (BDSIM) can program
be neglected.
222 HCAL. (vi) nets The energy
(BEND6), deposit
together withinfour
themicro-mesh
calorimeters and
gas detec-
181 lation
7] to simulateThe
framework
search
secondaries signal using
forinteractions separately
eventsinisthebased
beam- on 223 both the
a missing
the veto tors
TRANSPORT,
should(Micromegas,
be compatible
219
MM face
), two
with
1−4
isstraw
compatible
a MIP. tubes cut
This
with a MIP
chambers
en-
182 The
material. HALOsignaland
energy-momentum TURTLE
acceptance isprograms
techniquecarefully [62–64]
which consists
studied of the
224
tode-transport
forces the(ST thesix
5,4 ) and
selection ofpar- geted
scintillator
220 with
events no cell.
muon This
hodoscopes, the cut
beam
nuclear verifies th
mo-
in-
the GEANT4
183
tection
ticles of
interface a primary
at DMG4
the entrance beam muon
package [68], with a
of including momentum
the set-up, 225
of mentum
as wellinthe
teractions stations
the GEANT4 (BMS
calorimeters.
221 1−6 ). The
ondaries obtained
The resulting from resolution is
interactions
surviving up
160 GeV/c in the initial state, and a single muon scat- 𝜎𝑝in /𝑝in ≃ 3.8%. The target is an active electromagnetic
test light
184 mediators production
compatible beamcross-sections com-226 events
delivery simulation that passprogram
(BDSIM) the aforementioned
222 HCAL. cutflow
(vi)analysis are
The energy depo
ions through muon bremsstrahlung [57]. As such,227 shown in Fig. 2 in the outgoing muon momentum and
185 [65–67] to simulate secondaries interactions in the beam-223 the veto should be compatibl
rigger system is optimized to compensate for the228 total energy deposit plane, (pout , ECAL ), together with
yield line
ignal 186 material.
at high masses, The
σZ ! ∼signal
2
gZ acceptance
2 2
! αZ /mZ ! ,229 theisinitial
carefully studied224 before
event distribution forces the selection
calorimetry cuts. In of events
α the 187 using the
fine structure GEANT4
constant, interface
through angular ac-230package
DMG4 [68], including
the aforementioned phase 225 teractions
space, region A is in the calorimeters
inherent in
 3

calorimeter (ECAL) composed of Shashlik-type modules The signal box, 𝑝cut cut
out ≤ 80 GeV/c and 𝐸CAL < 12 GeV,
made of a lead-scintillator (Pb-Sc) resulting in 40 radi- is optimized with signal simulations and data to maxi-
ation lengths (𝑋0 ). The ECAL is followed by a large mize the sensitivity. The cut on the total energy deposit
55 × 55 cm2 high-efficiency veto counter (VETO) and in the calorimeters, 𝐸CALcut
, is obtained from the sum of
a 5 nuclear interaction lengths (𝜆int ) copper-Sc (Cu-Sc) the minimum ionizing particle (MIP) peaks of the related
hadronic calorimeter (VHCAL) with a hole in its middle. energy spectra.
The outgoing muon momentum is reconstructed through To minimize the background, the following set of selec-
a second magnetic spectrometer consisting of a single 1.4 tion criteria is used. (i) The incoming momentum should
T·m bending magnet (MS2) together with four gaseous be in the momentum range 160 ± 20 GeV/c. (ii) A sin-
electron multiplier trackers (GEM1−4 ), two additional gle track is reconstructed in each magnetic spectrometer
straw chambers (ST2,1 ) and three 20×8 cm2 Micromegas (MS1 and MS2) to ensure that a single muon traverses
(MM5−7 ) yielding a resolution of 𝜎𝑝out /𝑝out ≃ 4.4%. To the full set-up. (iii) At most one hit is reconstructed in
identify and remove any residuals from interactions in the MM5−7 and ST1 (no multiple hits) and the correspond-
detectors upstream MS2 and ensure maximal hermetic- ing extrapolated track to the HCAL face is compatible
ity, two large 120×60 cm2 , 𝜆int ≃ 30 iron-Sc (Fe-Sc) with a MIP energy deposit in the expected cell. This
HCAL modules (HCAL1,2 ) are placed at the end of the cut verifies that no energetic enough secondaries from
set-up together with a 120×60 cm2 UV straw, ST11 . The interactions upstream MS2 arrive at the HCAL. (vi) The
trigger system is defined by a veto counter with a hole energy deposit in the calorimeters and the veto should
(V1 ) and a set of Sc counters (S0−1 ) before the target, be compatible with a MIP. This cut enforces the selec-
together with two 20 × 20 cm2 and 30 × 30 cm2 Sc coun- tion of events with no muon nuclear interactions in the
ters (S4 and S𝜇 ) sandwiching the HCAL modules, shifted calorimeters. The aforementioned cut-flow is applied to
from the undeflected beam axis (referred to as zero-line) events distributed in the outgoing muon momentum and
to detect the scattered muons. total energy deposit plane, (𝑝out , 𝐸CAL ), as shown in
The data were collected in two trigger configurations Fig. 2.
(S0 ×S1 × V1 ×S4 ×S𝜇 ) with different S4 and S𝜇 distances
to the zero-line along the deflection axis 𝑥
ˆ, namely S𝜇 𝑥ˆ=
−152 mm and S𝜇 𝑥 ˆ = −117 mm with a similar S4 𝑥 ˆ = −65
ECAL, GeV

200
mm. The corresponding measured rate is 0.04% and
0.07% of the calibration trigger (S0,1 × V1 ) coincidences 102
at a beam intensity of 2.8 × 106 𝜇/spill. In each config- 150 B C
uration, we recorded respectively (11.7 ± 0.1) × 109 and
(8.1 ± 0.1) × 109 muons on target (MOT) yielding a total
D
accumulated statistics of (1.98 ± 0.02) × 1010 MOT. 100 10

A detailed GEANT4-based [71, 72] Monte Carlo (MC)

simulation is performed to study the main background
50
sources and the response of the detectors and the muon
propagation. In the latter case, the full beam optics de- A 1

veloped by the CERN BE-EA beam department is en- 0

0 50 100 150 200
compassed in the simulation framework using separately pout, GeV/c

both the TRANSPORT, HALO and TURTLE programs [73–75],

as well the GEANT4 compatible beam delivery simulation Figure 2. Event distribution in the (𝑝out , 𝐸CAL ) plane before
(BDSIM) program [76–78] to simulate secondaries interac- the MIP-compatible requirement selection criterion. The sig-
tions in the beamline material. The signal acceptance is nal box is defined as the shaded green rectangular area and
carefully studied using the GEANT4 interface DMG4 package the controlled region labelled with 𝐴 through 𝐷 (see text).
[79], including light mediators production cross-sections
computations through muon bremsstrahlung [67]. The Region 𝐴 is inherent to events with MIP-compatible
placements of S4 and S𝜇 are optimized to compensate for energy deposits in all of the calorimeters, resulting in
2 2 2
the low signal yield at high masses, 𝜎𝑍 ′ ∼ 𝑔𝑍 ′ 𝛼𝑍 /𝑚𝑍 ′ , 𝑝in ≃ 𝑝out ≃ 160 GeV/c. By design, most of unscattered
with 𝛼 the fine structure constant and 𝑍 the atomic num- beam muons do not pass through the S4 and S𝜇 coun-
ber of the target, through angular acceptance being max- ters, however, the trigger condition can be fulfilled by
imized for a scattered muon angle 𝜓𝜇′ ∼ 10−2 rad after sufficiently energetic residual ionization 𝜇𝑁 → 𝜇𝑁 + 𝛿𝑒
ECAL. In addition, the trigger counters downstream of originating from the downstream trackers MM5−7 or last
MS2 account for the expected 160 GeV/c mean deflected HCAL2 layers. The accumulation of events in region
position at the level of S4 , estimated at ⟨𝛿𝑥⟩ ≃ −12.0 𝐶 is associated with large energy deposition of the full-
mm from a detailed GenFit-based [80, 81] Runge-Kutta momentum scattered muon in the HCAL, while region 𝐵
(RK) extrapolation scheme. corresponds to a hard scattering/bremsstrahlung in the
 4

ECAL, with a soft outgoing muon and full energy de- ing energy events. This background is extrapolated to
position in either the active target or HCAL. The small the signal region from region D of Fig. 2. After ap-
number of events between 𝑝out ≥ 50 GeV/c and 𝑝out ≤ plying all selection criteria (i-iv) and summing up the
100 GeV/c associated with hard muon bremsstrahlung processes contributing to the background, the expected
events, 𝜇𝑁 → 𝜇𝑁 + 𝛾, with 𝜓𝜇′ ≪ 10−2 rad, is a re- background level is found to be 0.07 ± 0.03 for the total
sult of the trigger optimization for signal events emit- statistics of ∼ 2 × 1010 MOT.
ted at larger angles. The events in the region 𝐷 are The upper limits on the coupling 𝑔𝑍 ′ as a function of its
associated with muon nuclear interactions in the ECAL, mass 𝑚𝑍 ′ are estimated at 90% confidence level (CL) fol-
𝜇𝑁 → 𝜇 + 𝑋, with 𝑋 containing any combination of lowing the modified frequentist approach. In particular,
𝜋 ′ s, 𝐾, 𝑝, 𝑛..., with low-energy charged hadrons being the RooFit/RooStats-based [83–85] profile likelihood ra-
deflected away in MS2, going out of the detector accep- tio statistical test is used in the asymptotic approxima-
tance (typically the HCAL modules). tion [86]. The total number of signal events falling within
the signal box is given by the sum of the two trigger con-
figurations 𝑡
Background source Background, 𝑛𝑏
∑︁ ∑︁
(I) Momentum mis-reconstruction 0.05 ± 0.03 𝑁𝑍 ′ = 𝑁𝑍𝑡 ′ = 𝑡
𝑁MOT × 𝜖𝑡𝑍 ′ × 𝑁𝑍𝑡 ′ (𝑚𝑍 ′ , 𝑔𝑍 ′ ),
(II) 𝐾 → 𝜇 + 𝜈, ... in-flight decays 0.010 ± 0.001 𝑡=1,2 𝑡=1,2
(III) Calorimeter non-hermeticity < 0.01 (1)
𝑡
Total 𝑛𝑏 (conservatively) 0.07 ± 0.03 where 𝑁MOT is the number of MOT for trigger configu-
ration 𝑡, 𝑁𝑍𝑡 the number of signals per MOT produced
Table I. Expected main background level within the signal in the ECAL target, depending on the mass/coupling
box, together with its statistical error, for the 2022 muon parameters 𝑚𝑍 ′ and 𝑔𝑍 ′ , and 𝜖𝑡𝑍 ′ the trigger-dependent
pilot run corresponding to ∼ 2 × 1010 MOT. signal efficiency.
The main systematic effects contributing to the sig-
An exhaustive discussion of background sources is nal yield defined in Eq. (1) are studied in detail. The
𝑡
given in [70, 82]. The main processes are summarised uncertainty on 𝑁MOT is conservatively set to 1%. The
in Table I, with the dominant background contribution systematics associated with the 𝑍 ′ production cross-
being associated with (I) momentum mis-reconstruction section are extracted from the uncertainty introduced by
of the scattered muon in MS2. An incoming muon with the Weiszäcker-Williams (WW) approximation and from
160 GeV/c is reconstructed after the target with momen- QED corrections to the exact tree-level (ETL) expres-
tum ≤ 80 GeV/c, whereas it truly is 160 GeV/c. This sion. In the former case, the relative error in assess-
background is evaluated from data by selecting a sample ing the number of produced 𝑍 ′ (𝑁𝑍𝑡 ′ ) is found to be 2%
of incoming muons within a ∼ 2𝜎𝑝in window around its [66, 67]. In the latter case, both the running of 𝛼 at the
nominal momentum ⟨𝑝in ⟩ = 160 GeV/c and extrapolat- upper bound 𝑄2 ≃ 𝑚𝑍 ′ ∼ 𝒪(1) GeV and higher order
ing the tails of the corresponding downstream momen- corrections from soft photon emissions are estimated to
tum distribution 𝑝out towards 80 GeV/c. The second contribute through respectively ∆𝑁𝑍 ′ ∼ 𝛼2 𝑔𝑍 2
′𝑍
2
and
most important background process is (II) kaons decays through the Sudakov factor ∆𝑁soft ∼ exp(−𝛼/𝜋) at the
to (semi-)leptonic final states with muons, 𝐾 → 𝜇𝜈, ..., level of 2.4% and 1.4%. Uncertainties relative to the Pb
before the ECAL target. Because of the level of hadron purity of the ECAL target are addressed at the level of
contamination in the M2 beamline, 𝑃ℎ ≃ 5 × 10−5 [69], 1%. The systematics on 𝜖𝑡𝑍 ′ are evaluated by comparing
incoming kaons could be reconstructed through MS1 with the detector responses in MC and data around the MIP-
a momentum passing the selection criterion (i) and sub- compatible peak, in particular in the ECAL and HCAL.
sequently decaying to muons with energy ≤ 80 GeV, with Through spectra integration and peak ratio, it is found
the neutrino carrying away the remaining energy. This that the related cumulative uncertainty does not exceed
contribution is estimated from MC with the hadron con- 4%. Because of the strong dependence of the efficiency
tamination being extracted from existing data [69]. Pion 𝜖𝑡𝑍 ′ on the trigger configuration 𝑡, in particular on the dis-
decays do not contribute to this background since due tance from the zero-line, additional uncertainties due to
to kinematics the muon momentum is always ≥ 80 GeV. S4 and S𝜇 misalignment are studied through the change
Another background source is associated with (III) non- in efficiency as a response to small displacements of the
hermeticity in the calorimeters due to muon nuclear in- Sc counters. Because of the 𝑚𝑍 ′ mass-dependence of the
teractions in the target. As such, a leading hadron with trigger rate [70], the resulting uncertainty reaches up to
energy 𝐸ℎ ≥ 80 GeV could be produced and escape the ≤ 5%. As such the total systematic in the signal yield of
ECAL with lesser energetic charged secondaries and the Eq. (1) is ≤ 8% . The acceptance loss due to accidentals
scattered muon. Because of the non-zero charge of the (pile-up events, ∼ 13%) entering the trigger time window
particles and the trigger acceptance, low-energy secon- is taken into account in the final efficiency computations.
daries are deflected away through MS2 resulting in miss- The signal efficiency peaks at its maximum of ∼ 12% for
 5

the mass range 𝒪(100 MeV − 1 GeV). its, constraining for a choice of masses 𝑚𝜒 ≲ 40 MeV the
After unblinding, no event compatible with 𝑍 ′ pro- dimensionless parameter to 𝑦 ≲ 6 × 10−12 .
duction is found in the signal box. This allows us
to set the 90% CL exclusion limits on 𝑔𝑍 ′ which are
plotted in Fig. 3 in the (𝑚𝑍 ′ , 𝑔𝑍 ′ ) parameter space, Thermal Dark Matter, gχ = 5 · 10−2 , mZ 0 = 3mχ
together with the values of ∆𝑎𝜇 compatible with the
10−7
muon 𝑔 − 2 anomaly, within ±2𝜎. The band is com-
puted using the latest results of the Muon 𝑔 − 2 col-

y = (gχgZ 0 )2(mχ/mZ 0 )4
CCFR
laboration for the combined Runs 2 and 3 (2019-2020), 10−9
𝑎𝜇 (Exp) = 116 592 059(22) × 10−11 [28] and the SM pre-
diction of 𝑎𝜇 (SM) = 116 591 810(43) × 10−11 from the
Muon 𝑔 −2 Theory Initiative (TI) [29–47, 87]. It is worth 10−11 NA64µ
noticing that the latest results from the CMD-3 collab- r
cala
xS
oration [88, 89] on the 𝜋 + 𝜋 − disagree within the 2.5-5𝜎 m ple
Co orana c
level with the TI value and recent lattice QCD computa- 10−13 j ira
Ma )D ∆aµ favoured
d o−
tions from the BMW collaboration [90] are in tension by seu (±2σ)
(P
2.1𝜎. Our results, excluding masses 𝑚𝑍 ′ ≳ 40 MeV and
10−15 −3
coupling 𝑔𝑍 ′ ≳ 6 × 10−4 , are the first search for a light 10 10−2 10−1
𝑍 ′ (vanilla 𝐿𝜇 − 𝐿𝜏 model) with a muon beam using the mχ [GeV]
missing energy-momentum technique (see Fig. 3).

Figure 4. The 90% CL exclusion limits obtained by the

Lµ − Lτ ”vanilla” model NA64𝜇 experiment in the (𝑚𝜒 , 𝑦) parameters space for ther-
10−1 mal Dark Matter charged under 𝑈 (1)𝐿𝜇 −𝐿𝜏 with 𝑚𝑍 ′ = 3𝑚𝜒
and the coupling 𝑔𝜒 = 5 × 10−2 for 2 × 1010 MOT. The
branching ratio to invisible final states is assumed to be
10−2 Br(𝑍 ′ → invisible) ≃ 1 (see text for details). Existing bounds
obtained through the CCFR experiment [58, 95] are shown for
completeness. The thermal targets for the different scenarios
are taken from [96].
gZ 0

10−3 CCFR
BaBar
NA64µ
In summary, for a total statistics of (1.98±0.02)×1010
10 −4 ino MOT, no event falling within the expected signal region
rex
Bo ∆aµ favoured
(±2σ) is observed. Therefore, 90% CL upper limits are set in the
(𝑚𝑍 ′ , 𝑔𝑍 ′ ) parameter space of the 𝐿𝜇 −𝐿𝜏 vanilla model,
10−5 constraining viable mass values for the explanation of the
10−2 10−1 100
mZ 0 [GeV] (𝑔 − 2)𝜇 anomaly to 6 − 7 MeV ≲ 𝑚𝑍 ′ ≲ 40 MeV, with
𝑔𝑍 ′ ≲ 6 × 10−4 . New constraints on light thermal DM for
values 𝑦 ≳ 6 × 10−12 for 𝑚𝜒 ≳ 40 MeV are also obtained.
Figure 3. NA64𝜇 90% CL exclusion limits on the coupling With improvements in the experimental set-up, such as
𝑔𝑍 ′ as a function of the 𝑍 ′ mass, 𝑚𝑍 ′ , for the vanilla 𝐿𝜇 − 𝐿𝜏 an additional magnetic spectrometer to reduce by more
model. The ±2𝜎 band for the 𝑍 ′ contribution to the (𝑔 − 2)𝜇 than an order of magnitude the background from mo-
discrepancy is also shown. Existing constraints from BaBar
mentum mis-recontruction, and an increase in statistics,
[91, 92] and from neutrino experiments such as BOREXINO
[57, 93, 94] and CCFR [58, 95] are plotted. NA64𝜇 is expected to fully cover the (𝑔 − 2)𝜇 compatible
parameter space and to boost its coverage in the search
for thermal Dark Matter complementing the world wide
Figure 4 shows the obtained limits at 90% CL in the effort for DS searches [13–16]. The use of a muon beam
target parameter space (𝑚𝜒 , 𝑦) with freeze-out param- demonstrated in this work opens a new window to ex-
eter 𝑦 = (𝑔𝜒 𝑔𝑍 ′ )2 (𝑚𝜒 /𝑚𝑍 ′ )4 for accelerator-based ex- plore other well-motivated New Physics scenarios such
periments probing thermal DM for 𝑚𝑍 ′ = 3𝑚𝜒 , away as benchmark dark photon models in the mass region
from the resonant enhancement 𝑚𝑍 ′ ≃ 2𝑚𝜒 , and 𝑔𝜒 = (0.1 − 1) GeV [97], scalar portals [67], millicharged par-
5 × 10−2 . The thermal targets for favored 𝑦 values are ticles [98] or 𝜇 → 𝑒 or 𝜇 → 𝜏 processes involving Lepton
plotted for scalar, pseudo-Dirac, and Majorana DM can- Flavour Conversion [99–101].
didate scenarios, and obtained from the integration of We gratefully acknowledge the support of the CERN
the underlying Boltzmann equation [96]. The results in- management and staff, in particular the help of the
dicate that NA64𝜇 excludes a portion of the (𝑚𝜒 , 𝑦) CERN BE-EA department. We are grateful to C.
parameter space, below the current CCFR [58, 95] lim- Menezes Pires and R. Joosten for their support with
 6

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