) Imagt

) 0oqt enhancement
Map /Ase
3) Medoad Jmage Boc
Shjet Tdntit atime Robota (toyp,etotnon
Dekcnte - Doveve / &odan dmag
mprou aualty of Jmaqs hy den6Qy
- Image pvoce sing'
Jmage in Jmage out
Jmagc AnalysS Measuemeut gut
mage
inpuct inagy
(Outp uts u ccttnbuter etrated fscom
mage uwmcleitndig:
emetus ney yation)
ountonmes Bayri
(sane wnderutnng
t funlanenta Ssteps
Respresentath
dewipth Reyalt
Preprocenig
& enhanameut knowscye Bas Recognt
tinteretut
ode
Pohlem ->locatu
3magecqwisit"
the ligt

to 20

o< ro,y)<i

clencet
 tiglit tehsily

2 Dintu ooge y beleng to set o intrgn nor but

+ne rel :
Ex: x ond y n i 0, ,2,127 .
3 niytud mage ny anol f belmg to set of enteger es
Camen a
?o,1,2,
# Dagitat Image Defhinitions
m2, M-{ and ?n=t,2 N
)XE :m,n]with
2) GRAY LEVELS NO
(emmM values -
Symbol Typical Vatne,.
Paameler
2s6, si2, 525, 625, lo24, lo3r
Rows
M 2S6,sI2,763, o24, 1320
dupendalonns
L 64, 256, 024, t696, 16384.
Wsed.
ch pinel difincd by un ntenscy.
For M,N 8
amd B % B:8
to
Mimory eq
Sae Magt
lo2s
 j")i ("eint
for
j++) 256 j j<z (j*oi
wsng image 4enenate
tu
LocP for
2
2S
A
2
ows 2266 Image The 3
2
(2r6x2S6): 25S ramp
a
29 25S
25S 27
Lenels
O
JmaAqesi Tay aucl aray
blade& to maps
to 2rS
wtwd
be eqned
ineecng Memo
hngd
is Lut
m
butSne.
tnceamvg ae wethen mXN,menioUsing 5y
lt the lut: Res Spatal
$0,0)
f(o,1) So,o)
digitirat" Amplitude
uatizat"
SsampleLenel NXM
Ditclinat" Diqt amplna Tmag
(y) Coord spatlal
eut discti do
PYoeo
 Nsp tom toqcthen lp) Naand (p) No
X-, (tI,y-1), y+), co04ddmateyi
(+
haue (p) Ny Aerghbors
p: o< Diagenal )
hMagon. care ctiuty
ofBnneiwity
ln 6-
?y-1) M,yti), (-1,
y' (Mty);
byguen ndNecp) dunoted
by
P
ot pnel ghborso 4-
are cn,y) 0Adinetes - Arewnding Pinets -
pinel: Neoons
a of )
ewncivaty
Neigkkoonhetd
90° at
l test wetht hnage La
0
2Ss and between
popra
/26(<j)
ss Aj)* (rj):
a ofage JmThe 83
(216 ile 41aded
x256):
othewwse
Vi0'-28)
80 s,128)
 3) Cncivihy i

Mceectewety foo poLela p amd q with ualues fron V

ae m- cennted

Nocp ound the ser N4 (p) ^ Nl4 (q)

1nthe set of

cwme)from ptnel p with coordinten

’A (aug tal) path ( or wuth Oordlnates (h yn)s a Seqnine
(2oy 4o) to pinel witH. c00rdinates.
o ituct pHels
( n yn)
(Mo, yo),( , y l .
( 4 ) au adjocnt tor l<sn.
whee (i)yi). ond
Regón lat - bowndwy- Rigtoi2
cs the length of th poth is clOsed peth.
7 Here n path
Cn, y), He m-poths based on he
Mo yo} 4- R and
e (on deine
type aljceeney wsed,
Oncl Path:
V= , 2?
1
1 2
1

2 22 ynt

from ( , 3) to (3,3):
The 8- path C2,2), (3,3)
,2),
) , 3),
2),(3,3)
") (t, 3), (2,
frm (L, 3) to (3,3):
T[e m pth (2, 2),3, 3)
(2, Deterune
(1, 3) (1, 2), S for V: j}, )R ennected
S, cund
Tn ttie two images ne
)4ceweted
5 S
cnd S2
shether
(ennected :
 ()
()

jottouwg angeuut

adjctency i wwed. No.

82 Sam ques ( 4 4-

# Asithwtic Gpeatiovs i
) Aadition i P+ 4 Fuusung imagé
MRI
tm,n) hCm,n) lm,n)t 9(m,n)
Eti Jmage auer aging to ndiace na) . Tempoyalimage
wwges talkee
to show how a scuue
hm,n) f(m,n) - A(m) n) ven at e

Rigoitrat-The Mappung o key teatwhes tuo maqe

Sheute ar all'qh do ech6thesi i ad a tnmeti opat
is taled mage reqstration
 ) tiplitatisp 1

him,n)

Pinasg ages Ud for toyleal opeai ont.

n logit (ptvati on s
) AND P AND q (p.)
2) OR
p oR 4
s) (oMLEMMENNI (ptg)
not a
Ustd t0r makmg teatwr oditect shape anatyh
Logie operat appy et to bnny imaqa wieioaA
aithmeti opeuat" oled to muttivaca poxit mag

(i) AND Openat"

OR oPeral":

ti, AND[ NOT8] opeaat".

AND
 A OR B.

hraqing íeomeay'
i) Tranlittiow
a) Sualing
ui) Rutatiov
nTran (at" Taanstoam

y
yo
2*
1
xy,)

D Sy

Stalung
S Sy

# ath lungth notcenneted

3 2 Dy= is
2
shotust D, 5,
2 2.

2
2
p N but N,c)ONe): nut!
V= (0, )
 3 2 Dg 4 connled
Dm 6 ennted

+ Rotatieu n mutip.
(entrast.

X,z) X= Ylos
Y: YSin
Cos(-6)

x*=r 0s ( --0)
sin6
rcos Cos® + rin

os sine
Simo cOSe

Cose Sine Sina

Ru CoSA
- Sin Cos - Stna

(osß sinp

Sinp cos{3
out v.
Cotct
istat" Scalkvn
 usgknowr data to eaimale wlufs
Jnttpotat" (h poeu
theeuwcspaially
Jmage ntepotat to nothen.
Dnef q d
TOMapped 4rm a one-

" facte egien Support

dneutinwly

whtow tenpotat"
)8inan neighbo" tnterpolat"

j Neavest reighboy Intexpolat":

The most bauic fovm o Jnterpal. Jntop" pt.
che pixel, the closest oe to tho
’ This req wnes the east proeng tem of al he intepola" ago
’ And tay the etet o simpy meking each pinel bigge
IH dadvantage is i sometimes omage qets alistor ted ur cis pixelatid
t resizng 313 to 914
25S 2SS
2SS
25S 2SS
25S 2SS 2.25r
2SS
2ss 255 2r
25s 2SS 2 25T
6
2SS 25S 25S

2SS 2sr 2S

A0: Deermne the waue of t w, s & by matet neigbat

wmase enlarged by a tator f (e3
epotar" yor u(212) wúoge (x).

3o|20 30
u
V 2o
W

20
|3o
2) BilinMar Tntepolat"

calewate 'tur uatut tensily .pixe,

Lutan tteipoiat".
o||2|2s|»)
A(Mo, yo)
Aikiuan: B, yo)
’ Intepota" n X- anis
between %0 bnd x Us .

ty
a)lty b) + {(x,,y.)a (ty b)+ fOtoy)blta)
moo
Mu

9ll: Dtemine he al o piKel "t" usng Bitinua Snteupola

420X| x
I04x4 4 4ox1yt 30 X x4
10

5xs t

40 + 40+ 6x 30 + 80

160 + 4&0 =
20
|30

wmpux than Neauat ht ghbo

sunple to mplemut but
Lti tust d u recuo
Distort cu to Tezing would be bwud.

i) &- ubit Interput at"& p i l is cosded

1 naneat
-’n Neareat Negnbo..
nesembled.
thts mote cempututionaly Compler but images
-) Biubi
Sai
3
x'yi
 Piece - lweve Cubec Spline

s a x b y ' Cx + d.

toatic

Cukic
Lieo
neighbo
Luiean * the
betwen cuy tuo pts au uaue
be only +rm Auucly velatrd So heo
erstng neanet iutoug
ual no
tro
w
cluted jouig Hen 2 pts vany
maier.
Uolr is

Lunca
4(.y) aCt- )+bx (9)

Pepcotue!
3 i) fractieM -YOndo
# baat nteMsity trcusormat i) Ray qoca belong(Mcox
mage Negatiel
Tronstorms the uppen liinit mt
valu) e Loee valy)
foue4-louw ( lamma) Transtomation meke t min
’
iú) Vndlete wined
yLeuct ingluiteualu.Tuey
to t-1
Leuels cau oo to
L-] a0.
aue taKe as
’ 20 matin
- Revesing the Tutewsty leucu.
u equivalunt oj procucing phot oqaphec -es, enhane whit
oY gay utals embedclud an elaku regh.

# Loq Tramaor matim :

nales wto a
Log Tyans maps
nmaps a naow Ywnge of low Lntenaity value.
uclen rnge oy olp values- spreadmg
intensity

no

Log traunstoTmd low intenaity mage

t fower law ( hamma) Transs
Gammattansforma
2 reslti of pplyng
onigncd mage
low intentes)
Yang d ivtevty bigater
lou) uamwa
ái Tronstor mat? ttovmat
Piecewiie Linr more Hexibl1 ndgn of
# cempler but
th aubitray
Ceutrut stretcna
 mage uth 266 qhy tenet of slu 1024*Ib24.fach frowne
tOn a puMel biqin wtth a stat bt l a tteop bit h
bataad Yatu of ginen modem is 56 k
Gray
Baud rate S k
1stat d 4stop bt tor tach pinel. , for 4 prnes- +1+
Total o. of bit - l024 xl024 x10
S6103
uy pil
\89.24 C8

for SoK l024x to24x10 z 023 muns

S13: Compua the mtmoYy

2S6 X2S6 uith 16 required m stormg tu image of siu
gray leuel.
Atmory vequired
=262, | y kit

gan amaqt wto bnay vinage threahel4

guen t = 4. 3 2
So Por unany moge, 3 6
2 2

6 4
 |5: Geneati a
valu).
Li 2 and l; :5'(Por ghay leul 2 2
Se 4
3 6
2 2

S 2
3
3
for f(«9)2L
4
for fuy)<s
2 2
tor f(My) <2

al6
A- B
2 A xB
4 A B
5

200
Sel": A-B 2

A+8

A 8 2
Ax B :
80 90

So

8
AXB So

1
 bit Plune Sicing (6eS):
* da techanaur wed in lgtat mage prohg to

mags hide data , cutemMe

cun ke wsed to tuowo

S 1ooolo
6
MSB Maddle LS8
white

mas.
Marin chnge SB
tossy compe"tchntqu - by remewg

teganogAap hyRiptace dota th Ls8

3)Watem asiking koi tam Ro umaat haueia
100| 110 001 46)
00)||
6S 3

6S2
DI MSB
1423
420 65 looO|0 O0010
00

2 uddle

LSB
 A
toutd
s vnage hiling mag
LSB of A
o

rooeo00

1o o olo

Dabtane btuuen two pikeli

(S, t) when p=
(2,9)
(z,4 l= D(p,4)
D(p.z) + D

(t-y) At3,3)
Dlpg)- J's-x)4 2 La 2
B(2,3)
city block distane) 2 4/ 2
i D4 cs,3)
|(x-5)+(yt| DL2,2) 2
|Blp.4) 2
conslee hut puECsly by De
2- AC
|(3-12] +|(3-3))
mowmLut AD : 1(3-2) 4(3-2))
2-
veti(al ony mo
6 peimittro: N4 conetiuty
city Btoek distanu

Shont path blw 2 pixcts unterest

9
antesrue hiaswu ) t qes
tht reon o/
vaiytr
quun to
4) 3t is
 (ches Buascd dntn) M) Dm
26I

D, or amplr 6 2
32 3
2
14- AB 13-2| b |3-3| 3

2 Ne 4s 23
13-1| o |3-3|
13-2| o)- |3-21 A) I4 v= C2, 3)
mage, cutermie dm.
dm =7 Cdincnud)
4-1euel image, Calculati
alculat d-+
d-g and dm. for pixel ha B) (2, 3,6 )
P and q whe covonat o=5
P(o,3) md a(3,o) 2-2, 2-2, 2’3,3-32 2+6
iinen
B) v= , 2? 2 2

) D ay exAmpl1. 2 1

2 B) Dn,
P3 (o- 3) | +1(3-o)| forV 2
P 4 (I2, 2$,2’1)
J(3-0))
DS
Pq = mas (9-3) or
=3

Dmi
Q22:
2 |2 2 2 22 2
2 2 4
4 |2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 kAHe Ve (4) aue 4- auct ed,
4
2 2 2.
2. 2
2 2
2 2
42 22 2

Diå Ngt posibt

 UNT[ 1

uuth that intensty valie.

Appcans i -O0 2.
Image enhanement
Cempeyuev w
’ Srgmentation
"(outract - dyjerwe blw Siu- aspt roio
maximun A menimwm

# Hustogkam bquatiation i adyat th

image pecesung that
t is a techniaus n hy chahging its picel nalw.
Contrast o an mage to a mye

It dees this ay mapping the image 's histogam

vales.
unyom dcstlbut of Cntenaty nensity
walues across the
’ t spruads cut tu most feq unt
imagc's rang
wnitom dlutribut" o intcnsy values
AduantaQe oj Histogam Equalzatian mp oues
the
# mee uoible
makes hidden detls
’Tue techni gue He mag. aliu ae
ouual wiual quaity whe pinel mtensthy Osulator.
iange
tustud within naew
d i lalutat .the inage histoiam
Stup histotham
Stup: NoAmali e the
to t-I mappinig
) Range SC«) 0
ü) Mappug histogra wheu Hu
grcum s a
A nomalid histo witheut tlning th
was haue keeu
chngd
4
thl histoqhan.
ranstorm a histoQhaun's distsibut"
to
This prow s und uthibut"
tittensities nto a
 pthab1lily dstib
histoghaM no a
9ay ttutt

totat no d pínet.
gy

Stup31 Caat

( ) 4y nomaliael hia togham an mage

Stup4: Aumap pinel walue using the cof
T) (L-)S P(r, ) = (-1)COP(Sk)
K -0

orrepomdumg
Aevel.
Stupb: nnat new histogom

image, 8-uut guy image

Yotom histo, egu. tor gunt818)
124 faray 2

4
No 8 4
Poal

P(r)
4/64 0.ly
o.26 |:82 2
8
i/6y = D|2
6 43 3.0) 3
2
Total no o pixel G69 3 3433
4 065

699
3

New Intewity ditnbut :

Islo|1os+
+
o2 3 4 S 6
 8

Putor m ME for gúun (sxs) Úmage, 8-ghayeuel

92' HE 2
3 S 2
Gryteuel 1 2 3 4 2

2
2
2 2
S 3
2
1 2

P)
2:24 2 21
B/4g 0329 o320,
2 y.484
8/A6 o326
3, 2

02

# Types o H
contrast o the ctine wnage.
) lebal H-¬ Enhanes the ppyng histrog
contrust o an mage by
H¬ enhaes te tmage instead
) hocat eq tu Smal, Amaliud vegiom
wit
the eutine inage glsbaly
detuil
prseatiou n uas
AlBng to keter
vanyng p'nel ntenaity allo ws

Adwantag)Betu Detal peservatin

Vaiatou
Adaple do Lol
)
Qisadutage
vComputatlonal cost
Potetia Antitacts be
 aAtogam Matchng (Specjiuakgn
a technque i iMage puoceug that tranutorm
wmage so that s haloam ntcs anotha wmag
HM upolatu tu pixel to math
mtenstey tn cun vmag
e i/p nage clon't chungi buttu plnel

H-M Cen be wed to nor maze maay that wce tan n

the Sam place but uith.

outmepheie Cenclitons
q obal lunintin.
Alo wd k0T Ceter coretM.
’ Usd t0
balad cetector espense.
S(K) T(Y, ) = CL-)k=o (rx)
Sk) (L-).
MN
SK

V = T(24) Se ing 2
T2 .
Z4 S,

gun Modi<y histoqanai cu guinen by

histogam img
2 t

603o 20 loo

img 2.
| o o co 80
8o 1e &0 90
 204 20

N=390
(Cex) 80 0
O2
80
0 20
3
o»26 3| 3 2
9o 2
2 0'68 426
go 023 6o3
3 60 o-IS 083 90 30 4
63 S
30 20 S
40
66S
20 o9
30 230
679
o9
o9 G9

Mathed
SK HEl Cray ku

2 2
60
2

"20 «3S
s"2
" 25
:8
80 -0
69
40
with regenene to

4 6
inga. GL 2 3
lop3so6S6329|245|1 228
A) |N99o
1 Aand B.
2 3
|614 |819 123/9
 ).
P
O193 O93 40

I023 o249 3-094 3 -lo23

2
020 5
3 D.49
o8o9 S.b63
329 0080 6
5 0889 b-223
o. g488
122 o b29 D 9778. b844
O.o19 o9968

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3
819 D20 O.35 2:41 2
|230 0.30
S
819 O. 20
085
1

lo23 1 3 1
8so 2 2 6

>3
329 4 2. 4
N=y096
122 6 6
81·4
wsd toT 9hoss ady ustment of ntensty ActI aAt
Meaun m=

ntensy vaian Ressl

" SeOnd moment oY
wdical
Vemote
imsme
,3tt,2sme

Sampti mian Sample vainee -

.The ean
nlghbowhoad ot a sprafed wetu(x,y). The
Sny denou a
M-1 N
(x;)
Sample mian : MN y 0

M
Sampu vaianu!

the quen 2bit

vaue o intenaitics tor
Detenmine the
vaiune wng hintogam
ia

|23o 77
33'2 2 0
23|oo
LL32 2