Cloud Computing Foundation: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on
remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard
drive or local server.
Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a
technology where the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to
the user.
 The data that is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other
storable document.
The following are some of the Operations that can be performed with Cloud
Computing
 Storage, backup, and recovery of data
 Delivery of software on demand
 Development of new applications and services
 Streaming videos and audio
Understanding How Cloud Computing Works?
Cloud computing helps users in easily accessing computing resources like
storage, and processing over internet rather than local hardwares. Here we
discussing how it works in nutshell:
 Infrastructure: Cloud computing depends on remote network servers
hosted on internet for store, manage, and process the data.
 On-Demand Access: Users can access cloud services and resources based
on-demand they can scale up or down the without having to invest for
physical hardware.
 Types of Services: Cloud computing offers various benefits such as cost
saving, scalability, reliability and acessibility it reduces capital
expenditures, improves efficiency.
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Origins of Cloud Computing
Mainframe computing in the 1950s and the internet explosion in the 1990s ca
me together to give rise to cloud computing.
Since businesses like Amazon, Google, and Salesforce started providing web-
based services in the early 2000s.
The term “cloud computing” has gained popularity. Scalability, adaptability,
and cost-effectiveness are to be facilitated by the concept’s on-demand
internet-based access to computational resources.
These days, cloud computing is pervasive, driving a wide range of services
across markets and transforming the processing, storage, and retrieval of data.
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Computing Environments
Computing environments refer to the technology infrastructure and software
platforms that are used to develop, test, deploy, and run software applications.
There are several types of computing environments, including:
 1. Mainframe: A large and powerful computer system used for critical
applications and large-scale data processing.
2. Client-Server: A computing environment in which client devices access
resources and services from a central server.
3. Cloud Computing: A computing environment in which resources and
services are provided over the Internet and accessed through a web
browser or client software.
4. Mobile Computing: A computing environment in which users access
information and applications using handheld devices such as
smartphones and tablets.
5. Grid Computing: A computing environment in which resources and
services are shared across multiple computers to perform large-scale
computations.
6. Embedded Systems: A computing environment in which software is
integrated into devices and products, often with limited processing
power and memory.
Each type of computing environment has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and the choice of environment depends on the specific
requirements of the software application and the resources available.

Advantages of different computing environments:

1. Mainframe: High reliability, security, and scalability, making it suitable
for mission-critical applications.
2. Client-Server: Easy to deploy, manage and maintain, and provides a
centralized point of control.
3. Cloud Computing: Cost-effective and scalable, with easy access to a
wide range of resources and services.
4. Mobile Computing: Allows users to access information and applications
from anywhere, at any time.
5. Grid Computing: Provides a way to harness the power of multiple
computers for large-scale computations.
6. Embedded Systems: Enable the integration of software into devices and
products, making them smarter and more functional.
Disadvantages of different computing environments:
1. Mainframe: High cost and complexity, with a significant learning curve
for developers.
2. Client-Server: Dependence on network connectivity, and potential
security risks from centralized data storage.
3. Cloud Computing: Dependence on network connectivity, and potential
security and privacy concerns.
4. Mobile Computing: Limited processing power and memory compared to
other computing environments, and potential security risks.
 5. Grid Computing: Complexity in setting up and managing the grid
infrastructure.
6. Embedded Systems: Limited processing power and memory, and the
need for specialized skills for software development

 In the world of technology where every tasks are performed with help of
computers, these computers have become one part of human life.
Computing is nothing but process of completing a task by using this
computer technology and it may involve computer hardware and/or
software.
 But computing uses some form of computer system to manage, process,
and communicate information.

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Evolution of Cloud Computing

The phrase “Cloud Computing” was first introduced in the 1950s to describe
internet-related services, and it evolved from distributed computing to the
modern technology known as cloud computing.
 Cloud services include those provided by Amazon, Google, and
Microsoft.
 Cloud computing allows users to access a wide range of services stored
in the cloud or on the Internet.
 Cloud computing services include computer resources, data storage,
apps, servers, development tools, and networking protocols.
Mainframe Computing
 Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful
and reliable computing machines.
 These are responsible for handling large data such as massive input-
output operations.
 Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online
transactions etc.
 These systems have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance.
 After distributed computing, these increased the processing capabilities
of the system.
 But these were very expensive.
 To reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to
mainframe technology.

Distributed Systems
 Distributed System is a composition of multiple independent systems
but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the users.
 The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and also use
them effectively and efficiently.
 Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability,
concurrency, continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence
in failures.
 But the main problem with this system was that all the systems were
required to be present at the same geographical location.
 Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more
types of computing and they were-Mainframe computing, cluster
computing, and grid computing.

Cluster Computing
 In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
computing. Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by
a network with high bandwidth.
 These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems.
 These were equally capable of high computations.
 Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required.
 Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the problem
related to geographical restrictions still pertained.
 To solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.

Grid Computing
  In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced.
 It means that different systems were placed at entirely different
geographical locations and these all were connected via the internet.
 These systems belonged to different organizations and thus the grid
consisted of heterogeneous nodes.
 Although it solved some problems but new problems emerged as the
distance between the nodes increased.
 The main problem which was encountered was the low availability of
high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network associated issues.
 Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid
computing”.

Virtualization
 It refers to the process of creating a virtual layer over the hardware
which allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the
hardware.
 It is a key technology used in cloud computing.
 It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon
EC2, VMware vCloud, etc work on.
 Hardware virtualization is still one of the most common types of
virtualization.

Web 2.0
 Web 2.0 is the interface through which the cloud computing services
interact with the clients.
 It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web
pages.
 It also increases flexibility among web pages.
 Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter,
etc. Needless to say, social media is possible because of this technology
only.
 It gained major popularity in 2004.

Service Orientation
 A service orientation acts as a reference model for cloud computing.
 It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable applications.
 Two important concepts were introduced in this computing model.
 These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA
(Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).

Utility Computing
  Utility Computing is a computing model that defines service
provisioning techniques for services such as compute services along
with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc. which are
provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.

Cloud Computing
 Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on
remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s
hard drive or local server.
 Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a
technology where the resource is provided as a service through the
Internet to the user.
 The data that is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other
storable document.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

 Cost Saving
 Data Redundancy and Replication
 Ransomware/Malware Protection
 Flexibility
 Reliability
 High Accessibility
 Scalable

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

 Internet Dependency
 Issues in Security and Privacy
 Data Breaches
 Limitations on Control
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BASIC COMPONENTS OF CLOUD

(OR)
Architecture Of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and sub-components
required for cloud computing.
These components are
1. Front end (Fat client, Thin client)
2. Back-end platforms (Servers, Storage)
3. Cloud-based delivery and a network (Internet, Intranet, Intercloud)
1. Front End (User Interaction Enhancement)
 The User Interface of Cloud Computing consists of 2 sections of clients.
 The Thin clients are the ones that use web browsers facilitating portable
and lightweight accessibilities and others are known as Fat Clients that
use many functionalities for offering a strong user experience.
2. Back-end Platforms (Cloud Computing Engine)
 The core of cloud computing is made at back-end platforms with several
servers for storage and processing computing.
 Management of Applications logic is managed through servers and
effective data handling is provided by storage.
 The combination of these platforms at the backend offers the processing
power, and capacity to manage and store data behind the cloud.
3. Cloud-Based Delivery and Network
 On-demand access to the computer and resources is provided over the
Internet, Intranet, and Intercloud.
 The Internet comes with global accessibility, the Intranet helps in
internal communications of the services within the organization and
the Intercloud enables interoperability across various cloud services.
 This dynamic network connectivity ensures an essential component of
cloud computing architecture on guaranteeing easy access and data
transfer.
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Characteristics of Cloud Computing

There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing.
They are,
1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not
require any human administrators, user themselves are able to provision,
monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided
over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that
are able to scale out and in quickly and on a need basis. Whenever the
user require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as
its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple
applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients
are provided service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each
application and occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource
provider with an account of what has been used. This is done for various
reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
6. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple
tenants (users or organizations) on a single set of shared resources.

Fig – characteristics of cloud computing

 7. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization
technology to abstract underlying hardware resources and present them
as logical resources to users.
8. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed
with redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high
availability and reliability.
9. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing
models, including pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing,
allowing users to choose the option that best suits their needs.
10.Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect
their users’ data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.
11.Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated,
allowing users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual
intervention.
12.Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable
practices, such as energy-efficient data centers and the use of renewable
energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Advantages of Cloud Computing
 Business operations are being transformed by the transformational
technology known as cloud computing.
 Businesses can take advantage of various benefits that promote
development, innovation, and operational effectiveness by
leveraging the power of the cloud.
1. Data Backup and Restoration
2. Improved Collaboration
3. Excellent Accessibility
4. Cost-effective Maintenance
5. Upkeep and Updates
6. Mobility
7. Pay-per-use Model
8. Scalable Storage Capacity
9. Enhanced Data Security
10.Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity
11.Agility and Innovation
12.Green Computing

1. Data Backup and Restoration:

 Cloud computing offers a quick and easy method for data backup
and restoration.
 Businesses may simply access and restore their data in the event
of any data loss or system failure by keeping it in the cloud.
2. Improved Collaboration:
 Collaboration is improved because cloud technologies make it
possible for teams to share information easily.
 Multiple users may work together on documents, projects, and
data thanks to shared storage in the cloud, enhancing productivity
and teamwork.
3. Excellent Accessibility:
 Access to information stored in the cloud is made possible.
 Users can access their data from anywhere in the world with an
internet connection, making remote work, flexibility, and
effective operations possible.
4. Cost-effective Maintenance:
 Organizations using cloud computing can save money on both
hardware and software upkeep.
 Because cloud service providers manage the maintenance and
updates, businesses no longer need to make costly infrastructure
investments or set aside resources for continuous maintenance.
5. Upkeep and Updates:
 Cloud service providers take care of infrastructure upkeep,
security patches, and updates, freeing organizations from having
to handle these duties themselves.
 This frees up IT teams' time and resources to work on higher-
value projects like application development, data analysis, or
 strategic initiatives rather than wasting them on rote upkeep and
updates.
6. Mobility:
 Cloud computing makes it simple for mobile devices to access
data. Utilizing smartphones and tablets, users can easily access
and control their cloud-based applications and data, increasing
their mobility and productivity.
7. Pay-per-use Model:
 Cloud computing uses a pay-per-use business model that enables
companies to only pay for the services they really utilize.
 This method is affordable, eliminates the need for up-front
investments, and offers budget management flexibility for IT.
8. Scalable Storage Capacity:
 Businesses can virtually store and manage a limitless amount of
data in the cloud.
 The cloud offers a scalable and centralized storage option for all
types of data, including documents, photos, audio, video, and
other kinds of files.
9. Enhanced Data Security:
 Cloud computing places a high focus on data security.
 To guarantee that data is handled and stored safely, cloud service
providers offer cutting-edge security features like encryption,
access limits, and regular security audits.
 Businesses can rest easy knowing that their important data is
secure.
10.Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity:
 Cloud computing provides reliable options for these two issues.
Businesses can quickly bounce back from any unforeseen
disasters or disruptions thanks to data redundancy, backup
systems, and geographically dispersed data centers.
11.Agility and Innovation:
 Organizations may quickly embrace new solutions, test out
emerging trends, and promote corporate growth with access to a
variety of cloud-based tools, services, and technology.
12.Green Computing:
 By maximizing the use of computer resources, lowering energy
use, and minimizing e-waste, cloud computing may support
environmental sustainability.
By utilizing technologies like virtualization and load balancing to
maximize the use of computer resources, cloud providers can operate
 large-scale data centers built for energy efficiency, resulting in lower
energy usage and a smaller carbon footprint.
These benefits of cloud computing give companies the ability to use
cutting-edge technology offered by cloud service providers while
maximizing productivity, cost savings, scalability, and data security.
They also enable them to concentrate on their core capabilities.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Some of the Disadvantages of Cloud Computing are as follows:

1. Vendor Reliability and Downtime

2. Internet Dependency
3. Limited Control and Customization
4. Data Security and Concerns about Privacy
5. Hidden Costs and Pricing Models
6. Dependency on Service Provider
7. Data Location and Compliance

1. Vendor Reliability and Downtime:

 Because of technological difficulties, maintenance needs, or even
cyberattacks, cloud service providers can face outages or
downtime.
 Users may not be able to access their data or applications during
these times, which can interfere with business operations and
productivity.

2. Internet Dependency:
 A dependable and fast internet connection is essential for cloud
computing.
 Business operations may be delayed or interrupted if there are
connectivity problems or interruptions in the internet service that
affect access to cloud services and data.

3. Limited Control and Customization:

 Using standardized services and platforms offered by the cloud service
provider is a common part of cloud computing.
 As a result, organizations may have less ability to customize and
control their infrastructure, applications, and security measures.
  It may be difficult for some organizations to modify cloud services to
precisely match their needs if they have special requirements or
compliance requirements.

4. Data Security and Concerns about Privacy:

 Concerns about data security and privacy arise when sensitive data is
stored on the cloud.
 Businesses must have faith in the cloud service provider's security
procedures, data encryption, access controls, and regulatory
compliance.
 Unauthorized access to data or data breaches can have serious
repercussions, including financial loss, reputational harm, and legal
obligations.

5. Hidden Costs and Pricing Models:

 Although pay-as-you-go models and lower upfront costs make cloud
computing more affordable, businesses should be wary of hidden
charges. Data transfer fees, additional storage costs, fees for
specialized support or technical assistance, and expenses related to
regulatory compliance are a few examples.

6. Dependency on Service Provider:

 When an organization depends on a cloud service provider, it is
dependent on that provider's dependability, financial security, and
longevity.
 Users may have disruptions and difficulties switching to alternate
options if the provider runs into financial difficulties, changes their
pricing policy, or even closes down their services.

7. Data Location and Compliance:

 When data is stored in the cloud, it frequently sits in numerous data
centers around the globe that may be governed by multiple legal systems
and data protection laws.
 This may pose compliance issues, especially if some sectors of the
economy or nations have stringent data sovereignty laws.
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Moving to cloud computing

 Cloud Migration is a transformation from old traditional business
operations to digital business operations and the process refers to
moving the digital business operations to cloud.
That means data, applications or other business elements are moved into
a cloud computing environment.
 For example moving data and applications from a local, on-
premises data center to the cloud.
i. On-premises to cloud migration process :
Every business starting from small to large organizations follows
slightly different process for cloud migrations. Some of the common
elements which are considered before cloud migration are
 Evaluation of requirement and performance
 Selection of cloud provider
 Calculation of operational costs
The basic steps which are followed as follows
 Establishing migration goals
 Creating a security strategy
 Replicating existing database
 Move business intelligence
 Then switch production from on-premises to cloud
ii. Cloud Migration Strategy :
5 R’s represents the cloud migration strategy.
1. Rehost : It refers to take the application to the new hosted cloud
environment by selecting IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service).
2. Refactor : It refers to reuse the application code and frameworks and
running the application on a PaaS (Platform as a Service).
3. Revise : It refers to expanding code base and then deploying it either by
rehosting or refactoring.
4. Rebuild : It refers to re-architecting the application from the beginning
up on a PaaS provider’s platform.
5. Replace : It refers to replacing the old application with a new built SaaS
(software as a Service).

iii. Benefits of cloud migration :

 Increased agility and flexibility
 Ability to innovate faster
 Easing of increasing resource demands
 Better managing of increased customer expectations
 Reduction in costs
 Deliver immediate business results
 Simplify IT
 Shift to everything as-a-service
 Better consumption management
 Cloud scalability
 Improved performance

1. Scalability: Scalable enough to support various workloads and users. So

it offers to expand without impacting performance.
2. Performance: Moving into cloud provides higher performance and
customer satisfaction as compared to traditional business processes.
3. Productivity: As it manages the complexity of infrastructure, so
improved productivity is more focused with a continuous process of
growing business.
4. Flexibility: It allows to use the services flexibly as well as from any
where and any time cloud services can be accessed as per demand/need.
5. Cost: Moving into cloud technology offers reduced cost in managing,
operating, upgrading and maintaining IT operations or infrastructure.
6. Security: Security is a major concern which is taken care by cloud
service providers.
7. Profitability: As it follows pay per use model so it delivers a greater
profitability to the customers.
8. Agility: It is flexible enough to go with rapid changes in technology and
it provides producing newer and advanced setup quickly as per
requirement.
9. Recovery: It provides backup and recovery solutions to businesses with
less time and upfront investment.

iv. Cloud migration Challenges :

1. Moving a database is a difficult task as there are large amounts of data
involved and mostly transferred over internet.
2. After data is transferred into cloud database, another problem is to check
the transferred data is intact and secure as well as there is no data loss
has been occurred during this process.
3. During migration a problem arises as some of operations or data are
already moved into cloud and some are still available on-premises. So
ensuring current system is operational and ensuring on going cloud
migration process is taking place correctly needs a careful attention.
4. Interoperability becomes a problem as it is not easy to establish a perfect
communication in between existing applications and newer cloud
environments.
 5. Using cloud services, getting good with newer cloud procedures,
managing resources and cloud activities requires trained IT
professionals who can work in the cloud eco system.
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Types of Cloud (OR) Cloud Deployment Models

The following are the Cloud Deployment Models:
1. Public Cloud
2. Private Cloud
3. Hybrid Cloud
4. Community Cloud
5. Multi-Cloud

1. Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet
using the pay-per-usage method.

Fig(a1). Public cloud

 Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud
Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services
Platform.

Characteristics of Public Cloud

The public cloud has the following key characteristics:
i. Accessibility: Public cloud services are available to anyone with an
internet connection. Users can access their data and programs at any
time and from anywhere.
ii. Shared Infrastructure: Several users share the infrastructure in public
cloud settings. Cost reductions and effective resource use are made
possible by this.
iii. Scalability: By using the public cloud, users can easily adjust the
resources they need based on their requirements, allowing for quick
scaling up or down.
iv. Pay-per-Usage: When using the public cloud, payment is based on
usage, so users only pay for the resources they actually use. This helps
optimize costs and eliminates the need for upfront investments.
v. Managed by Service Providers: Cloud service providers manage and
maintain public cloud infrastructure. They handle hardware
maintenance, software updates, and security tasks, relieving users of
these responsibilities.
vi. Reliability and Redundancy: Public cloud providers ensure high
reliability by implementing redundant systems and multiple data centers.
By doing this, the probability of losing data and experiencing service
disruptions is reduced.
vii. Security Measures: Public cloud providers implement robust security
measures to protect user data. These include encryption, access controls,
and regular security audits.

Advantages of Public Cloud

 Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no
substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require
immediate access to resources.
 No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud
service providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
 Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does
not necessitate infrastructure management.
 No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider
(not users).
 Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand
resources are accessible.
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
 Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there
is no guarantee of high-level security.
 Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be
customized according to personal requirements.

2. Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.
 It is used by organizations to build and manage their own data
centers internally or by the third party.
 It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and
Eucalyptus.

Fig(a2). Private cloud

Examples: VMware vSphere, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack,

Oracle Cloud at Customer, and IBM Cloud Private.
Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) divide private cloud into the following two
parts.

i. On-premise private cloud:

 An on-premise private cloud is situated within the physical
infrastructure of the organization.
 It involves setting up and running a specific data center that offers
cloud services just for internal usage by the company.
Organizations can successfully manage security and compliance
issues with this degree of control.
 However, on-premise private cloud setup and management
necessitate significant hardware, software, and IT knowledge
expenditures.
 ii. Outsourced private cloud:
 An outsourced private cloud involves partnering with a third-party
service provider to host and manage the cloud infrastructure on behalf
of the organization.
 The provider may operate the private cloud in their data center or a
colocation facility.
 The outsourced private cloud model offers scalability, as the provider
can adjust resources based on the organization's needs. Due to its
flexibility, it is a desirable choice for businesses that desire the
advantages of a private cloud deployment without the initial capital
outlay and ongoing maintenance expenses involved with an on-premise
implementation.

Characteristics of Private Cloud

The private cloud has the following key characteristics:
1) Exclusive Use: Private cloud is dedicated to a single organization,
ensuring the resources and services are tailored to its needs. It is like
having a personal cloud environment exclusively for that organization.
2) Control and Security: Private cloud offers organizations higher control
and security than public cloud options. Organizations have more control
over data governance, access controls, and security measures.
3) Customization and Flexibility: Private cloud allows organizations to
customize the infrastructure according to their specific requirements.
They can configure resources, networks, and storage to optimize
performance and efficiency.
4) Scalability and Resource Allocation: The private cloud can scale and
allocate resources. According to demand, businesses may scale up or
down their infrastructure, effectively using their resources.
5) Performance and dependability: Private clouds give businesses more
control over the infrastructure at the foundation, improving performance
and dependability.
6) Compliance and Regulatory Requirements: Organizations may more
easily fulfill certain compliance and regulatory standards using the
private cloud. It provides the freedom to put in place strong security
measures, follow data residency laws, and follow industry-specific
norms.
7) Hybrid Cloud Integration: Private cloud can be integrated with public
cloud services, forming a hybrid cloud infrastructure. This integration
allows organizations to leverage the benefits of both private and public
clouds.
 Advantages of Private Cloud
 Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain complete
command over service integration, IT operations, policies, and user
behavior.
 Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate information
to which only authorized staff have access. By segmenting resources within
the same infrastructure, improved access and security can be achieved.
 Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with legacy
systems that are unable to access the public cloud.
 Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows a
company to tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

1. Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as there
is less number of clients.
2. Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized
facilities.

3. Hybrid Cloud
A computer system known as a hybrid cloud involves the usage of both
public and private cloud services.
Utilizing the advantages of both kinds of clouds enables organizations to
meet their own demands and wants.

Fig(a3). Hybrid cloud

Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

 Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design
personalized solutions that meet their particular needs.
 Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible
for paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
 Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by
attackers are considerably reduced.
 Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
 Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a
combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
 Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place
through the public cloud so latency occurs.

4. Community Cloud
 It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of
organizations.
 It is a distributed system that is created by integrating the services of
different clouds to address the specific needs of a community, industry,
or business.
 The infrastructure of the community could be shared between the
organization which has shared concerns or tasks.
 It is generally managed by a third party or by the combination of one or
more organizations in the community.

Fig(a4). Community cloud

Example: Our government organization within India may share computing

infrastructure in the cloud to manage data.

Advantages of the Community Cloud Model

 Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by
multiple organizations or communities.
 Security: Community cloud provides better security.
 Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure, etc.
with multiple organizations.
 Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration
and data sharing.
 Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as
many organizations share the same resources according to their
collaborative interests.
 Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among
different organizations according to their mutual interests if an
organization wants some changes according to their needs they cannot
do so because it will have an impact on other organizations.

5. Multi-Cloud
 It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which combines
public and private cloud resources.
 Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many
public clouds.
 Although public cloud providers provide numerous tools to improve the
reliability of their services, mishaps still occur.
 As a result, multi-cloud deployment improves the high availability of
the services even more.

Fig(a5). Multi cloud

Advantages of the Multi-Cloud Model

 You can mix and match the best features of each cloud provider’s services
to suit the demands of your apps, workloads, and business by choosing
different cloud providers.
 Reduced Latency: To reduce latency and improve user experience, you
can choose cloud regions and zones that are close to your clients.
 High availability of service: It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would
have an incident at the same moment. So, the multi-cloud deployment
improves the high availability of your services.

Disadvantages of the Multi-Cloud Model

 Complex: The combination of many clouds makes the system complex and
bottlenecks may occur.
 Security issue: Due to the complex structure, there may be loopholes to
which a hacker can take advantage hence, makes the data insecure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overall Analysis of Cloud Deployment Models
The overall Analysis of these models with respect to different factors is
described below.

Public Private Community Hybrid

Factors Cloud Cloud Cloud Cloud

Complex, Complex,
Complex,
requires a requires a
requires a
Initial Setup Easy professional professional
professional
team to team to
team to setup
setup setup

Scalability
and High High Fixed High
Flexibility

Between
Cost- Distributed
Cost- public and
Compariso Costly cost among
Effective private
n members
cloud

Reliability Low Low High High

Data
Low High High High
Security

Data
Low High High High
Privacy
What is the Right Choice for Cloud Deployment Model?
Consider the best cloud deployment model as per our requirements.
Some factors which should be considered before choosing the best deployment
model.
 Cost: Cost is an important factor for the cloud deployment model as it tells
how much amount you want to pay for these things.
 Scalability: Scalability tells about the current activity status and how much
we can scale it.
 Easy to use: It tells how much your resources are trained and how easily
can you manage these models.
 Compliance: Compliance tells about the laws and regulations which impact
the implementation of the model.
 Privacy: Privacy tells about what data you gather for the model.
Each model has some advantages and some disadvantages, and the selection of
the best is only done on the basis of your requirement. If your requirement
changes, you can switch to any other model.
Working on cloud computing
Cloud service models
The cloud service models refers to what to use in the cloud and how to use the
cloud services.
cloud computing offered in 4 different service models which each satisfy a
unique set of business requirements.
Types of Cloud Service models
The following are 4 types of Cloud Computing Service models.
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
4. Function as as Service (FaaS)
 Different cloud service model users
Different users use a different sets of software tools based on their
requirement of business requirements.

Cloud Service Model Users

1. Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS )

IaaS, or Infrastructure as a Service, is a cloud computing model that
provides on-demand access to computing resources such as servers,
storage, networking, and virtualization.
 It provides scalable and virtualized computing resources like
servers, storage, and networking over the internet.
 In this service, users can have full control over the infrastructure,
having customization and management access of virtual
machines, storage, and networking components.
 Flexibility and Control: IaaS comes up with providing virtualized
computing resources such as VMs, Storage, and networks facilitating users
with control over the Operating system and applications.
 Reducing Expenses of Hardware: IaaS provides business cost savings
with the elimination of physical infrastructure investments making it cost-
effective.
 Scalability of Resources: The cloud provides in scaling of hardware
resources up or down as per demand facilitating optimal performance with
cost efficiency.
 2. Platform as a Service ( PaaS )
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It
allows programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy web
applications.
 You can purchase these applications from a cloud service provider
on a pay-as-per-use basis and access them using an Internet
connection.
 In PaaS, back-end scalability is managed by the cloud service
provider, so end-users do not need to worry about managing the
infrastructure.
 It provides a platform and an environment for developers to build,
deploy, and manage applications without dealing with the
underlying infrastructure.
 It offers tools and services such as development frameworks,
databases, and middleware, streamlining the application
development lifecycle.
 Simplifying the Development: Platform as a Service offers application
development by keeping the underlying Infrastructure as an Abstraction. It
helps the developers to completely focus on application logic (Code) and
background operations are completely managed by the AWS platform.
 Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity: PaaS lowers the Management of
Infrastructure complexity, speeding up the Execution time and bringing the
updates quickly to market by streamlining the development process.
 Automation of Scaling: Management of resource scaling, guaranteeing the
program’s workload efficiency is ensured by PaaS.

3. SaaS (software as a service)

 SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software."
 It is a software distribution model in which services are hosted by
a cloud service provider. These services are available to end-users
over the internet, so the end-users do not need to install any
software on their devices to access these services.
 SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a
subscription basis. It eliminating the need for users to install,
maintain, or update the software locally.
 With this service users can access the applications from any
device with an internet connection, enabling flexibility and
accessibility.
 Collaboration and Accessibility: Software as a Service (SaaS) helps users
to easily access applications without having the requirement of local
installations. It is fully managed by the AWS Software working as a service
over the internet encouraging effortless cooperation and ease of access.
 Automation of Updates: SaaS providers manage the handling of software
maintenance with automatic latest updates ensuring users gain experience
with the latest features and security patches.
 Cost Efficiency: SaaS acts as a cost-effective solution by reducing the
overhead of IT support by eliminating the need for individual software
licenses.

4. Function as a Service (FaaS)

Serverless Computing
 Serverless computing provides abstracts for server management,
facilitating developers to focus completely on developing and
deploying code without managing servers.
 It automatically scales the resources based on demand, reducing
the operational overhead and costs, and enabling rapid
development and deployment of applications.
 Event-Driven Execution: FaaS helps in the maintenance of servers and
infrastructure making users worry about it. FaaS facilitates the developers
to run code as a response to the events.
 Cost Efficiency: FaaS facilitates cost efficiency by coming up with the
principle “Pay as per you Run” for the computing resources used.
 Scalability and Agility: Serverless Architectures scale effortlessly in
handing the workloads promoting agility in development and deployment.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Difference Between IaaS, PaaS, SaaS And Serverless
The following are the differences between IaaS, PaaS, SaaS and Serverless:
Serverless
Aspect IaaS PaaS SaaS Computing

It is used for
It provides It provides the It provides an
fully
virtualized platform for abstracted
Infrastructure developed
computing application server
software
resources development management
applications

Users manage Platform

Vendor fully
virtual provider Developers
manages and
Management machines, manages focus only on
maintains the
storage, underlying writing code
software
networking infrastructure

Limited Focuses on
High level of Minimal
Customization customization code, less on
customization customization
options infrastructure

Flexibility High Moderate Low High

Scalable at Scalable at Automatically

Scalable at
Scalability infrastructure application scales based on
user level
level level demand

Amazon Web AWS

Services Google App Salesforce, Lambda, Azure
Examples (AWS), Engine, Google Functions, Goog
Microsoft Heroku Workspace le Cloud
Azure Functions

Comparison of cloud service models

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cloud applications

A cloud application, or cloud app, is software that operates in the cloud.

Unlike traditional applications that are stored and run on your local device, a
cloud app is hosted on remote servers and accessed over the Internet.
Key Characteristics of Cloud Applications (or)
Benefits of Cloud applications
 Accessibility: A standout feature of cloud applications is their
accessibility. You can access them from anywhere, anytime, with an
internet connection. This flexibility is a game-changer, especially when
remote work and digital collaboration are becoming the norm.
 Scalability: Cloud applications are incredibly scalable. This means they
can easily accommodate the changing needs of a business. Whether
scaling up or down, cloud apps adjust seamlessly, ensuring you have the
right resources without overspending.
 Maintenance and Updates: With cloud-based applications, the burden
of maintenance and updates shifts from the user to the service provider.
This aspect not only eases the workload on your end but also ensures
you're always using the latest, most secure version of the software.
  Cost-Effectiveness: By using cloud applications, businesses can save
significantly on costs. There's no need for heavy upfront investments in
hardware or worries about ongoing maintenance costs. You typically
pay for what you use, making it a financially savvy choice, especially
for small to medium-sized businesses.

 Integration and Customization: Cloud applications often have the

added advantage of easy integration with other services and platforms.
Many also offer customization options, allowing them to be tailored to
specific business needs.
 Security: While there are concerns around cloud security, reputable
cloud service providers invest heavily in securing their infrastructures.
Cloud applications often have robust security measures, including
regular backups and strong data encryption, providing peace of mind for
sensitive business data.
Cloud applications bring convenience, efficiency, and scalability to the table.
They are integral to cloud computing, reshaping how businesses and
individuals interact with technology.

Cloud security
Cloud security refers to the cybersecurity policies, best practices, controls, and
technologies used to secure applications, data, and infrastructure in cloud
environments.
 Cloud security works to provide storage and network protection against
internal and external threats, access management, data governance and
compliance, and disaster recovery.

Cloud security is the set of cybersecurity measures used to protect cloud-based

applications, data, and infrastructure.

 This includes applying security policies, practices, controls, and other

technologies like identity and access management and data loss
prevention tools to help secure cloud environments against unauthorized
access, online attacks, and insider threats.

How does cloud security work?

Cloud security mainly focuses on how to implement policies, processes, and
technologies together so they ensure data protection, support regulatory
compliance, and provide control over privacy, access, and authentication for
users and devices.
 Cloud service providers (CSPs) typically follow a shared responsibility
model, which means implementing cloud computing security is both the
 responsibility of the cloud provider and you—the customer. Think of it
as a responsibility framework that defines which security tasks belong to
the cloud provider and which are the duty of the customer.
Understanding where your provider’s security responsibilities end and
yours begin is critical for building a resilient cloud security strategy.
 Broadly speaking, the CSP is always responsible for the cloud and its
core infrastructure, while the customer is expected to secure anything
that runs “in” the cloud, such as network controls, identity and access
management, data, and applications.
 Shared responsibility models vary depending on the service provider
and the cloud computing service model you use—the more the provider
manages, the more they can protect.

Why is cloud security important?

 It’s imperative to rethink security approaches as more companies move
to the cloud from on-premises environments, especially with data
governance and compliance under the regulatory microscope.
 In an increasingly hybrid and multicloud world, you have more freedom
than ever to build where and when you want.
 Security is a lot more complicated than stopping someone from
accessing your network.
 Unfortunately, many organizations tend to treat security as an
afterthought and may forgo best practices in favour of chasing after
faster digital transformation.
 As a result, attackers see cloud-based targets as a potentially easy path
to big gains and are adapting their tactics to exploit vulnerabilities
accordingly.
 While cloud security can never guarantee complete prevention of attacks
and vulnerabilities, a well-designed cloud security strategy can go a long
way toward preventing breaches or mitigating damage, improving
compliance, and building stronger customer trust.

Cloud security risks and challenges

Cloud suffers from similar security risks that you might encounter in
traditional environments, such as insider threats, data breaches and data loss,
phishing, malware, DDoS attacks, and vulnerable APIs.
However, most organizations will likely face specific cloud security
challenges, including:
1. Lack of visibility
Cloud-based resources run on infrastructure that is located outside your
corporate network and owned by a third party. As a result, traditional
network visibility tools are not suitable for cloud environments, making
 it difficult for you to gain oversight into all your cloud assets, how they
are being accessed, and who has access to them.
2. Misconfigurations
Misconfigured cloud security settings are one of the leading causes of
data breaches in cloud environments. Cloud-based services are made to
enable easy access and data sharing, but many organizations may not
have a full understanding of how to secure cloud infrastructure. This can
lead to misconfigurations, such as leaving default passwords in place,
failing to activate data encryption, or mismanaging permission controls.
3. Access management
Cloud deployments can be accessed directly using the public internet,
which enables convenient access from any location or device. At the
same time, it also means that attackers can more easily gain authorized
resources with compromised credentials or improper access control.
4. Dynamic workloads
Cloud resources can be provisioned and dynamically scaled up or down
based on your workload needs. However, many legacy security tools are
unable to enforce policies in flexible environments with constantly
changing and ephemeral workloads that can be added or removed in a
matter of seconds.
5. Compliance
The cloud adds another layer of regulatory and internal compliance
requirements that you can violate even if you don’t experience a security
breach. Managing compliance in the cloud is an overwhelming and
continuous process. Unlike an on-premises data center where you have
complete control over your data and how it is accessed, it is much
harder for companies to consistently identify all cloud assets and
controls, map them to relevant requirements, and properly document
everything.

Benefits of cloud security

1) Greater visibility
2) Centralized security
3) Reduced costs
4) Data protection
5) Cloud compliance
6) Advanced threat detection.