Rothcumesh Sonauwene

Roll no. - 44
GIS lssiqrnert TYIT

Explain the 4 scs af capabilties to hande qeoreteseAce

desta
GeareEenenced dosta refens to informaha thest is asocicded
th specihe losoctiens on Eanth's surfaceytypically using
coacdinates auh as leditlde 4lonqibede. Mandling
georekenenced deta invcwES Nanios capabiläes

9 Data Acquisithon G Tapt

Saeying nes Dota Collechian i This invalves callecthng
Laeorefanenced dota diredlu frem
fraa tae Giald uaing GAS deviceS
dones or Surueapino quipment
Geocediag i Canueathing addvesses o alace ames ito
geoxaphic coordinodtes , enablig the itapatioy of on
sAatic! dosa wtth soatial dota aets

9 Dodta Maraqemnt stoaga

Ocle apctial designed ta store ueaycad mancçe
qeavefeneaced dcta efficieaty
HetoData Haageaest Haikainiag ddailed infocostion chout
the da sourceacuaesolution and othen cttibutes

Spohial Eaalysis i Teeaaiaues suehas auffaaiagovealayanalysi

and spatial inteapalactios that hclp in analyzig spotial
velatianships and potteans-thia qeaefntaoed doto
aecetahies Stetistical methadsspeicallydeciqned for
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 nayino spatial dota aftea used for eauironaeiteu
montozina resouce anagenaent rick ASSessAent
Deta Vikualiaaton Qutput
MegpingCantngaphyi Ceotiag caaps b visually repaceat
geaaensed dedaiacludinn tteomahie mos chesplath
Maps and tpograpaic aapi
3D isuclizicn Representing qsospatial data in taree
dineasiant ofttn sd fox wrhan planning 4 azchitetue
2.
Expkin tae ose of databuse in hrS and ist uaeful fnchans

arS Caeoqaphic Tafoxaathicn Systensis a taol fax captrinq,

staring oaalyziag--aaaagiagand isuaking geospaphic
data A is aidely used i Aielde like usben planniag
aviraamental managpmet tnspostetion G eublic
health
Wseful Aunions
Hoppia visualiacchian
Creciiac Aetailed maps
Spocha analsis
Analzig geagphie zelochiansaips
Cneocodiag
Geing addeSses to coardinacas
Cetie impact zOnes auoune feectures.
NetuoK anlysis
Optimizing Transpototion routes
30 Modeliag
Visualizing qecgraphíc dota in 30
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 Decision Suppot
Rouidinq iasigkts for beten deision- mckinq
Thesecapaailithies mokKe Grs essential far efficienty
aging spatial data g suppozting infosaed decisicn
ncking
3.
Explain
in IS
bha gsaguaphic phenamlnan co be dekiaad
AS Geagxephie phenomena are defined ia tiaree
g Discret Chjects
Tadividual fecstres like oildings ar aasLsepresetad
as poits y lines ar palygons

Cantinuaus Fields
Paenomena like elexotion o tnapesture tht vany
across space represented by rastta uids ar contouk

Ttenconnededsystms ike. transportation o

nehwerksrepresested bay nodas iatscchians)ilty
edges Cpathuaya).
Ecch phenornenan is linked to attriaute
data ldesckigtive
inPscooctien)and can be crganized ita themoch'c layes
foy analysis aS ccn alse ccaurt for chang oven tine
encbling dymomic spechiol anatysis
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 4

Jgphic Aield
In aIS aield is a way to describe a
phencmtnonhot has wolue ct eweny qeagfh
piat in
study aaea # epresert
cantinueusy acrosS space thingsthot change
Ke tenmpenoche cr
clevatian.
) Discecte (aecarcphic Acld
& Yeens
tophenaoaena
diwided into whene tthe shudy aiea is
distinc setion oe
Fach occthion ytain the cotegczies
crea belcng n asecitic
elasssuch as diffeneast hypesof land ue Cei
vesdentiel commeacialor aquicuthure ): Thete
codeapriesoe sepanote dontlendiataeadatha
(2)cotinusus
It epreStts Checgahi
Tt
Fiald
the phununena thet
acKCsEthe auta withaut cny thapguaduycmga
Exaples acludeaietmpenotture ax baundaies
the values Gnaafhly kleuastioy whee
a sabe at
txnsitian-fern-ant
onsthe{aisfield-, cah Aintinta
nleureCr.Sitit
any-point Loithinhe aAea.

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 Exploua list cf dotatypec wsed in CS

Ta aIS Caeeayophic Taformocion Systernsvaniaus deca

types are used toepresent
and
non-spotal iaforoaccion aadpmanaqe spotial
DataTypes i
Neminal Data
Neminal dosta provides. names ar abels to identih
cateaories lathut cnymataerahical meanina
Example name af land wse types
Qndiacl Data
Ordinadosta has alues ht cabe nked or
odened bt mthemetical openochons ane nct passikle
Exacmple i- Schisfadicn zatihs as lameium,a hish

teaval pota allotas foz addition G isukbotthion hat lacks

c tue 2e10 aint sa muttiplicahan diisicn are
not applicale Exoaaple itonpeahure a celsius
Roio Dtta
Tais supports all arthmeic openoticns and has ate
zn0 poiat maing it passible tn peafona neanisgful
calculhions
Example i- distance in metas Cm).
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 ieh vsas thepanomele
oksjects
Explain dhe gecqraphie
are aistint etithies in shd
csgvaphic
Aaea thot abjedte
ane net distiburtdevenyshenebut
are
Andin specfic locchions

Panameters i

4) Lacaion
or aaneca ahene the objet is sbatd
The speciAt poiat or
Examplei The ldcotion of c eetel sttian cn

2)Shapé
The fato or auttine of the ohjet Fxcple i The
Shape of a road wbich could be shaigkt a
Curved.

(3) Size
Tae dimensioas ok erkeat of he object
Examelé The lengta
lengin of the koad
road ar te anea
covened hy forestplat
(9 Oriertetion
The diection in Lakich the asjet ie faciaq or alligre
Example The orieatotion f a koad ar a biding
ertrtnce diretian

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 7
Eplain Requlan g Ierzqulan Tiealetion.

fitcoveAiag
an aea Lwithin a
pottenn sf shapes thot -tagethen wtthost
Aealaps Fach shepe is called cell
Tpes i
ykegula Tessalotian
Requlan Tessalection vses cells thot are all tak sane
ahape G size.Thia makes it eosy th oapk otk bt
migkt nct alsasps fit aellLwth yau vetjiaq ta
xepresest These ae also Kacn as rastea
Exasple i Rectangalan Rasten
Shape - Uses squane cells
pros Siaple a easy t se
Cons - Axed sie may nat UneNen tenain celL.

| Taeaulen Tessalotio
This wses celle tht can vany in shape size This
alloss the cells to At ettea aatth the aneas features,
naking it more flexible,
Example i Region Quatbree
Strucure - Stats stth a qrid combines cells th the
same value into celk
langea
Rros - Sowes space G adaps ta iffenkrt fectures
Cans- Moxe comlex thaequlan tsellshona.

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 Explain QuadTree with example and exdoin the ppcse
of Quad Tree

A QuadTre isa hiencnchicaLdata sbuure thot divides

in hls to elficieaty stoe G manaqe spticl dtaby
cusing detail uleae needed and
Assikle simplibyiag aheae
Examplei for a cy map shaaig tee
quadec lwculd diide the cty ita lacaicasy a
subdiuiding fusthen whene trees one quadrarts,
dense , and stopaig
h ene aneas ane emotiy or
spansc This makes t esien
y store cnd anckze the tee distitstion
fxpase
EEEicicatSptial Tndexing i
queayig spotial dota
speedi wp seanchiog
Spacelophiaisccion i Reduces data isie ky
focuninq
Fasten Quenies Enokles quickenycteiev of ctta
ort hin specihe egioas.
Hiensachisc RepreSetetica ats mtisation

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 nes of TLN madel in aIS 2
Explcin -the

(Tianquleted Irrequlan NetoxK ) model in Cals

TIN Surfacesby connechiag
is used to represet tancin
nonaauenlappinc
iequlaaly spaced paints with
tiangles
Uses
(1)Teancaia Represertohon
mauttoias
Aceuxetely models complex laadscapes iKe

(2) 3D vis uclizosn

Rrovides realistic 30 vies f Tennein aidinq in
ukan planning g eauionmetal modelinq
s).suface alygis
Caleulates slope ,aspect G,eleution pafiles

Rediets swda Elauw draiaage far wateashed anayais

|(S) Cut filL caleulaciens.
Estimtes Eanthuok volumes oe constuction

LoieShed Analysis
petermines vi sibilihy acoss teain fos ortimalLplacement
ef sbatesi
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 Explaia the repe sentochcn ff qeaqaphic felds
gecgaphic chjeds in cocaputea
heeg Ta ccmput aysksmsqcegzaphic inosaaion k
reprerattd using specific decte shuchires and mdels
t accretels cague ttae
caanateaistics
Fanih's urface s sanios geogaphic chjets
af th

reprmatcchioa typically iawaluas geogaphic fied This

G
gegphie chjecds.
Caeoguaphic
Kasten G infarmation
in phnputas js
xectoy dota onodels i zepresestsd wsing
(2) Rastn Datn
Represeatr coinuous ields like elescotion or toapenatrt
Wsesa grid af cells Cpixels wheae eoch esl
has a valué

2) Veoy Dosta
Repsete Disceeke ahject like cities Cpaints)rieat
lin), or countries (palysons)
o Ases qpometric shapes (paidt ,lines
with associoted ttibutes palyqans)
Tcse dcca medels ane used aithia
ageagxanhie Caardincte
Systems to acuratel paap G Aaalyze aahal data,
eften in Caeagaphic Tafarmathian Surteos (AIS).

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Sundaram