Experiment 1: Study the fundamentals of IoT software and

components

 Aim: To understand the basics of IoT including architecture,

software platforms, and hardware components.
 Apparatus: Internet access, Computer, IoT development
board (optional), presentation/notes.
Theory
IoT (Internet of Things) refers to the interconnection of
computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling
them to send and receive data. The IoT ecosystem comprises
sensors, actuators, microcontrollers (like Arduino or
Raspberry Pi), connectivity (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee), and
cloud platforms. IoT software includes firmware on devices,
middleware for communication, and platforms like ThingSpeak
or Blynk for data visualization. Understanding each
component's role is essential to build functional IoT systems.
Procedure
1. Study IoT architecture: perception, network, and application
layers.
2. Understand the role of sensors, actuators, and controllers.
3. Explore cloud platforms and how data is transmitted and
stored.
4. Investigate software stacks used in IoT development (e.g.,
Arduino IDE, Python for Raspberry Pi).
Observation
Not applicable (theoretical experiment).
Experiment 2: Study the different types of sensors

 Aim: To understand various types of sensors used in IoT

applications.
 Apparatus: Sensor datasheets, Arduino/Raspberry Pi
(optional), Internet access.
Theory
Sensors are devices that detect events or changes in the
environment and send the information to other electronics.
Common sensors include temperature (e.g., DHT11), humidity,
motion (PIR), light (LDR), gas (MQ series), and proximity
sensors. Each sensor has unique working principles and is
selected based on the application domain.
Procedure
1. Classify sensors into categories: analog, digital, active, and
passive.
2. Study specifications and use cases for at least five sensors.
3. Note interfacing methods and power requirements.
4. Record operating ranges and applications.
Observation
Not applicable (theoretical experiment).
Result
Understood classification, functionality, and applications of
various sensors.
Experiment 3: Interface LED/Buzzer with Arduino/Raspberry Pi

 Aim: To write a program to turn ON LED for 1 sec after

every 2 seconds.
 Apparatus: Arduino/Raspberry Pi, LED, Buzzer, Resistors,
Breadboard, Jumper wires.
Theory
LEDs and buzzers are output devices commonly used in IoT
projects to give user feedback. Microcontrollers use GPIO pins
to control these devices. Timing can be managed using delay
functions in Arduino IDE or Python for Raspberry Pi.
Procedure
1. Connect LED/Buzzer to GPIO pin through resistor.
2. Write code to turn LED/Buzzer ON for 1 sec, OFF for 2 sec.
3. Upload and test the code.
4. Observe the output pattern.
Observation
LED/Buzzer turns ON for 1 sec and OFF for 2 sec repeatedly.
Result
Successfully interfaced LED/Buzzer and generated timing-
based output.
Experiment 4: Interface OLED with Arduino/Raspberry Pi

 Aim: To print temperature and humidity readings on OLED.

 Apparatus: Arduino/Raspberry Pi, OLED display, DHT11
sensor, Breadboard, Jumper wires.
Theory
OLED displays offer a compact and energy-efficient way to
show sensor readings. Using I2C protocol, they can be
connected with microcontrollers. The DHT11 sensor measures
temperature and humidity.
Procedure
1. Connect OLED and DHT11 sensor to Arduino.
2. Initialize libraries for both devices in code.
3. Read temperature and humidity values.
4. Display the readings on the OLED screen.
Observation
OLED shows real-time temperature and humidity readings.
Result
Successfully displayed sensor data on OLED.
Experiment 5: Upload data to ThingSpeak cloud

 Aim: To write a program to upload temperature and

humidity data to ThingSpeak.
 Apparatus: Arduino/Raspberry Pi, DHT11 sensor, Wi-Fi
module (ESP8266), Internet access.
Theory
ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform that allows sensor data
visualization in real-time. Devices send data via HTTP requests.
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module enables Arduino to connect to the
internet.
Procedure
1. Connect DHT11 to microcontroller.
2. Connect ESP8266 module and configure Wi-Fi.
3. Register on ThingSpeak and obtain API key.
4. Write code to send sensor data to ThingSpeak at regular
intervals.
Observation
Live data appears in ThingSpeak dashboard graphs.
Result
Successfully uploaded sensor data to cloud.
Experiment 6: Interface Push button/Digital sensor

 Aim: To turn ON LED when push button is pressed or sensor

is triggered.
 Apparatus: Arduino/Raspberry Pi, Push button or IR/LDR
sensor, LED, Resistor, Breadboard.
Theory
Push buttons and digital sensors provide binary inputs
(HIGH/LOW). A GPIO pin reads the input signal and controls
the output device like an LED.
Procedure
1. Connect push button/sensor to input pin.
2. Connect LED to output pin via resistor.
3. Write code to check input and control output.
4. Upload code and observe behavior.
Observation
LED turns ON when input is HIGH.
Result
LED successfully controlled using button/sensor.
Experiment 7: Send sensor data to smartphone via Bluetooth

 Aim: To interface Bluetooth with microcontroller and

transmit sensor data.
 Apparatus: Arduino/Raspberry Pi, HC-05 Bluetooth module,
DHT11 sensor, Smartphone.
Theory
Bluetooth modules enable wireless communication between
microcontrollers and smartphones. Sensor data can be sent
using serial communication and received using an app like
Bluetooth Terminal.
Procedure
1. Interface HC-05 with microcontroller.
2. Read sensor data.
3. Send data over serial Bluetooth.
4. Receive data using smartphone app.
Observation
Sensor readings received on mobile via Bluetooth.
Result
Successfully sent sensor data wirelessly.
Experiment 8: Control LED using smartphone over Bluetooth

 Aim: To turn LED ON/OFF using '1'/'0' received from

smartphone.
 Apparatus: Arduino/Raspberry Pi, HC-05 Bluetooth module,
LED, Smartphone.
Theory
Microcontrollers can read characters received via Bluetooth
and perform actions accordingly. Sending '1' or '0' can act as a
switch to control output devices.
Procedure
1. Interface HC-05 and LED.
2. Write code to check received Bluetooth data.
3. Turn LED ON for '1' and OFF for '0'.
4. Test using Bluetooth Terminal app.
Observation
LED switches ON/OFF with corresponding commands.
Result
Remote LED control achieved via Bluetooth.
Experiment 9: Interface DHT11 sensor

 Aim: To print temperature and humidity readings from

DHT11 sensor.
 Apparatus: Arduino/Raspberry Pi, DHT11 sensor, Jumper
wires.
Theory
The DHT11 sensor provides digital output for temperature and
humidity. It requires a single data pin and is widely used in
weather stations and home automation projects.
Procedure
1. Connect DHT11 to data pin.
2. Initialize DHT library in code.
3. Read and print temperature and humidity.
4. Upload and monitor serial output.
Observation
Temperature and humidity values displayed in serial monitor.
Result
DHT11 successfully interfaced and data read.
Experiment 10: Interface motor using relay

 Aim: To turn ON motor when push button is pressed.

 Apparatus: Arduino/Raspberry Pi, Relay module, DC motor,
Push button, Power supply.
Theory
Relays act as electronic switches and are used to control high
power devices like motors. A push button input can trigger the
relay, allowing safe control of motor operations.
Procedure
1. Connect push button and relay module to microcontroller.
2. Connect DC motor to relay circuit.
3. Write code to detect button press and activate relay.
4. Upload and test the setup.
Observation
Motor turns ON when button is pressed.
Result
Motor successfully controlled using relay and microcontroller.