Programming With Python (22616)

UNIT III
DATA STRUCTURES IN PYTHON
 Lists :
 Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
 A list can be defined as a collection of values or items of different
types.
 Lists are created using square brackets [ ] and the items in the list
are separated with the comma (,).
 List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows
duplicate members.
Example :
1. List1=[1,2,3,4,5]
2. List2=[1,”India”2.5,”Japan”]
3. List3=[“apple”,”mango”,”orange”]

 Accessing List :
 List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to the
index number.
 The elements of the list can be accessed by using the slice operator [].
 The index starts from 0 and goes to length - 1.
 The first element of the list is stored at the 0th index, the second
element of the list is stored at the 1st index, and so on.
Example :
Fruits=["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon",
"mango"]
List[0]=apple
List[1]=banana
List[2]=cherry
List[3]=orange
List[4]=kiwi
List[5]=melon
List[6]=mango

Print(Fruits[:]})
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
Print(Fruits[1:])
["banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
Print(Fruits[1:4])
[ "banana", "cherry", "orange"]
Print(Fruits[2:6])
[ "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon"]
Print(Fruits[:3])

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Programming With Python (22616)

["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

 Negative Indexing :
- Negative indexing means start from the end.

- -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.
Example :

List1=[1,2,3,4,5]
Print(List1[-1])
Output :
List1=[5]

 Range of Indexes :

- You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start

and where to end the range.

- When specifying a range, the return value will be a new list with
the specified items.

Example :

List1=[1,2,3,4,5,6]
Print(List1[2:5])
Output :
List1=[3,4,5]

 Updating List Values :

 Lists are the most versatile data structures in python since they are
immutable and their values can be updated by using the slice and
assignment operator.

Example 1 :
List = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print(List)

Output :[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

List[2] = 10;
print(List)

Output: [1, 2, 10, 4, 5, 6]

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Programming With Python (22616)

List[1:3] = [28, 69]

print(List)

Output : [1, 28, 69, 4, 5, 6]

Example 2 :

Change the second and third value by replacing it with one value:
list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list[1:3] = ["watermelon"]
print(list)

 Deleting List values :

 The list elements can also be deleted by using the del keyword. Python
also provides us the remove() method , if we do not know which
element is to be deleted from the list.

List = [0,1,2,3,4]
print(List)

Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

del List[0]
print(List)

Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

 The del keyword also removes the specified index:

List = [0,1,2,3,4]
print(List)

Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

del List[0]
print(List)

Output : [ 1, 2 , 3 , 4 ]

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT
Programming With Python (22616)

 The remove() method removes the specified item.

list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

list.remove("banana")
print(list)
Output: ['apple', 'cherry']

 The clear() method empties the list, The list still remains, but it
has nocontent.

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist.clear()
print(thislist)

Output: [ ]

 Copy a List
- You cannot copy a list simply by typing list2 = list1, because: list2 will only be
a reference to list1, and changes made in list1 will automatically also be made
in list2.

- There are ways to make a copy, one way is to use the built-in List method copy().

list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

list =thislist.copy()

print(mylist)

 Basic List Oparations :

1. Indexing
2. Slicing

Operator Description Example

Repetition The repetition operator enables the list L1= [1,2,3,4]
elements to be repeated multiple times. L1*2 = [1, 2, 3,4, 1, 2,
3, 4]
Concatenation It concatenates the list mentioned on either L1= [1,2,3,4]
side of the operator. L2=[5,6,7]
L1+L2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8]

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Programming With Python (22616)

Membership It returns true if a particular item exists in a L1= [1,2,3,4]

particular list otherwise false. print(2 in L1)
True
Iteration The for loop is used to iterate over the list for i in l1:
elements print(i)
Length It is used to get the length of the list len(l1) = 4

 Python List Built-in functions :

Functions Description
cmp(list1, It compares the elements of both the lists.
list2)
len(list) It is used to calculate the length of the list.
max(list) It returns the maximum element of the list.
min(list) It returns the minimum element of the list.
list(seq) It converts any sequence to the list.
Sum() It returns the sum of values in list.

Tuple :
 Python Tuple is used to store the sequence of immutable python
objects.
 Tuple is immutable and the value of the items stored in the tuple
cannot be changed.
 A tuple can be written as the collection of elements, separated by
commas with the round brackets.

A tuple can be defined as follows :

T1 = (01 "Shiv", 2018)
T2 = ("Apple", "Banana", "Orange")

 Accessing Tuple :

 The indexing in the tuple starts from 0 and goes to length(tuple) -

1.
 The items in the tuple can be accessed by using the slice operator.
Python also allows us to use the colon operator to access multiple
items in the tuple.

Tuple = (1,2,3,4,5,6)

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Programming With Python (22616)

Tuple[0]=1
Tuple[1]=2
Tuple[2]=3
Tuple[3]=4
Tuple[4]=5
Tuple[5]=6

Tuple[0:] = (1,2,3,4,5,6)
Tuple[:] = (1,2,3,4,5,6)
Tuple[2:4] = (3,4)
Tuple[1:3] = (2,3)
Tuple[:4] = (1,2,3,4)

 Deleting values in Tuple :

 The tuple items can not be deleted by using the del keyword as tuples
are immutable. To delete an entire tuple, we can use the del keyword
with the tuple name

Example :
tuple1 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
print(tuple1)

del tuple1
print(tuple1)
 Updating values in tuple :
 Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values. Tuples
are unchangeable, or immutable as it also is called.

 Built in tuple Funtions :

 len() Function :
This function returns the number of elements present in a tuple.
Moreover, it is necessary to provide a tuple to the len() function.
Ex :
>>> tup = (22,11,33,44,55)
>>> len(tup)
O/P : 5

 Conut() :

This function will help us to fund the number of times an element is

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Programming With Python (22616)

present in the tuple. Furthermore, we have to mention the element whose

count we need to find, inside the count function.
Ex :
>>>tup = (22,11,33,22,44,22,22,55)
>>> tup.count(22)
O/P : 4

 Index ( ) :
The tuple index() method helps us to find the index or occurrence
of an element in a tuple. This function basically performs two functions:

 Giving the first occurrence of an element in the tuple.

 Raising an exception if the element mentioned is not found in the tuple.
Ex :
>>>tup = (11,22,33,44,55,66)
>>> print(tup.index(33))
O/P : 2

 Sorted () :
This method takes a tuple as an input and returns a sorted list
as an output. Moreover, it does not make any changes to the original
tuple.
Ex :
>>>tup = (1,9,6,7,4,5,3)
>>> sorted(tup)
O/P : (1,3,4,5,6,7,9)

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT
Programming With Python (22616)

 Min() :
gives the smallest element in the tuple as an output. Hence, the
name is min().
Ex :
>>>tup = (1,9,6,7,4,5,3)
>>> min(tup)
O/P: 1

 max():

gives the largest element in the tuple as an output. Hence, the

name is max().
Ex :
>>>tup = (1,9,6,7,4,5,3)
>>> max(tup)
O/P : 9
 Sum() :
gives the sum of the elements present in the tuple as an O/P
:output.
Ex :
>>>tup = (1,9,6,7,4,5,3)
>>> sum(tup)
O/P : 45

 Basic Tuple Operations :

Operator Description Example

Repetition The repetition operator enables the list t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
elements to be repeated multiple times. T1*2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5)
Concatenation It concatenates the list mentioned on t1 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
either side of the operator. t2 = (6, 7, 8, 9)
T1+T2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9)

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Programming With Python (22616)

Membership It returns true if a particular item exists in t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

a particular list otherwise false. print (2 in T1) prints
True.
Iteration The for loop is used to iterate over the list for i in T1:
elements print(i)

 Set :
 Unordered collection of various items enclosed within the curly braces.
 The elements of the set cannot be duplicate.
 The elements of the python set must be immutable.
Example :
Student_id = {10,20,30,40,50}
Print(Student_id)
Output :
{10,20,30,40,50}

 Unordered

 Unordered means that the items in a set do not have a defined order.

 Set items can appear in a different order every time you use them, and
cannot be referred to by index or key.
 Unchangeable

 Set items are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change the items
after the set has been created.

 Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can remove
items and add new items.

 Duplicates Not Allowed

 Sets cannot have two items with the same value.

Ex:
Set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"}
print(set1)
Output : {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT
Programming With Python (22616)

 Accessing Elements in Set :

 You cannot access items in a set by referring to an index or a key.
 But you can loop through the set items using a for loop, or ask if a
specified value is present in a set, by using the in keyword.

Example 1:

Set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

for x in set:
print(x)

Example 2 :

set = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print("banana" in set)

 Change Items :
Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can add
new items

 Adding Elements :

Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can add new
items.

To add one item to a set use the add() method.

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

set1.add("orange")

print(set1)

Output: {"orange","apple", "banana", "cherry"}

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT
Programming With Python (22616)

 Update Sets

To add items from another set into the current set, use
the update() method.

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

set2 = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya"}

set1.update(set2)

print(set1)

Output : {"apple", "banana", "cherry","pineapple", "mango", "papaya"}

 Removing Items from the set :

Following methods used to remove the items from the set

1. discard
2. remove
3. pop

 discard() : method Python provides discard() method which can be

used to remove the items from the set.

numbers = {2, 3, 4, 5}
# removes 3 and returns the remaining set
numbers.discard(3)
print(numbers)
# Output: numbers = {2, 4, 5}

 Remove() :
The remove() method removes the specified element from the set.

This method is different from the discard() method, because

the remove() method will raise an error if the specified item does
not exist, and the discard() method will not.

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

fruits.remove("banana")
print(fruits)
output: {"apple”, "cherry"}

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT
Programming With Python (22616)

 Pop() :

the pop() method to remove an item, but this method will remove
the last item. Remember that sets are unordered, so you will not
know what item that gets removed.

The return value of the pop() method is the removed item.

Ex :
A = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'}
removed_item = A.pop()
print(removed_item)

# Output: c

Ex 2 : Remove the last item by using the pop() method:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

x = thisset.pop()
print(x)
print(thisset)

 del keyword :
the del will delete the set completely:
set = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
del set
print(set)

 Basic Set Operations :

 union(s) Method:
It returns a union of two set.Using the operator ‘|’between 2
existing sets is the same as writing My_Set1.union(My_Set2).

A = {"AA", "BB", "CC"}

B = {"MM", "NN"}
Z = A.union(B)
OR
Z = A|B
Output : {"AA", "BB", "CC","MM", "NN"}

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Programming With Python (22616)

 intersect(s) Method:
It returns an intersection of two given sets. The ‘&’ operator can be
used in this operation.
Return a set that contains the items that exist in both set x, and
set y
Example :
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

z = x.intersection(y)

print(z)

 difference(s) Method: Returns a set containing all the elements

which are existing in the first set but not present in the second set.
We can use ‘-‘ operator here.
A = {"AA", "BB", "CC"}
B = {"MM", "NN","AA"}

W = A.difference(B)
OR
S=A–B
Output : Set safe will have all the elements that are in A but not
in B.
W = { "BB", "CC"}

 issubset() : The issubset() method returns True if all items in the

set exists in the specified set, otherwise it returns False.
Ex 1 :
x = {"a", "b", "c"}
y = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b", "a"}
z = x.issubset(y)
print(z)

output : True

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT
Programming With Python (22616)

Ex 2 :
x = {"a", "b", "c"}
y = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b"}
z = x.issubset(y)
print(z)

Output : False

 Built-in Set Functions :

Method Description

add() Adds an element to the set

clear() Removes all the elements from the set

copy() Returns a copy of the set

All() Return True if all elements of the set are true (or if
the set is empty).

any() Return True if any element of the set is true. If the

set is empty, return False.

discard() Remove the specified item

Enumerate() Return an enumerate object. It contains the index

and value of all the items of set as a pair.

pop() Removes an element from the set

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Programming With Python (22616)

remove() Removes the specified element

update() Update the set with another set, or any other

iterable

 Dictionary :
 Dictionary items are ordered, changeable, and does not allow duplicates.
 Dictionary items are presented in key:value pairs, and can be referred to
by using the key name.
 It is the mutable data-structure.
 The elements Keys and values is employed to create the dictionary.
 Keys must consist of just one element.
 Value can be any type such as list, tuple, integer, etc.

Example 1:

dict = {
"Name": "Shiv",
“Class": "First",
"Year": 2018,
"school": “Sinhgad”
}
print(dict)

Example 2 :

dict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"electric": False,
"year": 1964,
colors": ["red", "white", "blue"]}
Print(dict)

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT
Programming With Python (22616)

 Accessing values in Dictionary :

You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key
name, inside square brackets:

Example :

dict = { "Name": "Shiv", “Class": "First", "Year": 2018, "school":

“Sinhgad”
}
X=dict[Class]

 Get Keys and Values

The keys() method will return a list of all the keys in the dictionary.

dict = {
"Name": "Shiv",
“Class": "First",
"Year": 2018,
"school": “Sinhgad”
}
X=dict.keys() # getting keys
Y=dict.values() # getting Values

 Updating Values in /dictionary :

You can change the value of a specific item by referring to its key
name:

Example :
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}

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Programming With Python (22616)

thisdict["year"] = 2018

 Update Dictionary
The update() method will update the dictionary with the items from
the given argument.

The argument must be a dictionary, or an iterable object with

key:value pairs.

Example :
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.update({"year": 2020})

 Adding Items

Adding an item to the dictionary is done by using a new index key

and assigning a value to it:

Example :
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict["color"] = "red"
print(thisdict)

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT
Programming With Python (22616)

 Deleting values in Dictionary :

There are several methods to remove items from a dictionary:

1. Pop()
The pop() method removes the item with the specified key
name:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.pop("model")
print(thisdict)

2. Del :
The del keyword can also delete the dictionary completely:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 }

del thisdict print(thisdict)

1. Clear() :
The clear() method empties the dictionary: thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang", "year": 1964
}
thisdict.clear() print(thisdict)

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Programming With Python (22616)

 Built-in Dictionary Operations :

Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on dictionaries.

Method Description

clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary

copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary

fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value

get() Returns the value of the specified key

items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair

keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys

pop() Removes the element with the specified key

popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair

setdefault() Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist: insert the
key, with the specified value

update() Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs

values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary

Mrs.KAJAL. G. RAUT