EET307 SYNCHRONOUS & INDUCTION MACHINES

MODULE III

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION, EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT, PHASOR

DIAGRAMS, POWER FLOW DIAGRAM AND EQUATIONS, LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY -
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS, POWER-ANGLE CHARACTERISTICS, V CURVE AND INVERTED
V CURVES.
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR: CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES, EXPRESSIONS FOR
POWER AND TORQUE, TORQUE- SLIP CHARACTERISTICS, PHASOR DIAGRAM,
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF INDUCTION MOTOR, TESTS ON INDUCTION MOTORS FOR
DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT - NUMERICAL PROBLEMS.
 Synchronous motor
- A synchronous motor is an electrical machine which converts AC electrical energy into
mechanical energy
- An Alternator can work as a Synchronous motor by connecting a 3 phase AC supply to stator
(armature)
- A synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed, Ns = (120f)/P
- Speed of rotation depends on stator supply frequency (f) & number of poles in stator (P). For a
machine, number of poles is a constant. So Ns α f
Construction of Synchronous motor
- A synchronous motor is an electrical machine that runs at synchronous speed & converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy
- It is fundamentally an Alternator operated as a motor
- It has mainly 2 parts
1. Stator 2. Rotor

EEE MITS 2
1. Stator or Armature
- Stator is the stationary part
- Main parts of stator are stator core, stator winding & stator frame
- Stator core contain an iron ring made of silicon steel laminations
- Slots are cut on the inner periphery of the stator core, in which stator conductors are placed
- Stator core is laminated to reduce eddy current loss
- It also contain axial & radial ventilating ducts to provide efficient cooling
- Slots can be open, semi closed or totally closed
- Open slots are commonly used
- Stator contain a 3 phase winding which is normally star
connected
- Stator conductors are made of copper or aluminium
- Windings can be single layer or double layer, lap or wave,
concentrated or distributed
- The whole structure is held in a frame made of cast iron
or welded steel plate EEE MITS 3
b) Rotor or Field magnet system
- It is the rotating part of the machine
- Rotor contain Field magnets & are supplied with DC voltage
- For this external DC sources are used & exciting current is
supplied to rotor through slip rings & brushes
- An exciter mounted on the motor shaft can also be used to
provide necessary excitation.
- Normally, the rotor is having a salient pole structure
- Field poles contains laminated pole core & pole shoe (to reduce eddy current losses) and field
windings
- In addition to the exciting winding, a synchronous
motor is provided with a squirrel cage winding on
the rotor
- The slots of this winding are in the pole faces and
are parallel to the shaft
- The ends of copper or bronze bars embedded in
the slots are short circuited at both ends by
conducting rings EEE MITS 4
- This short circuited winding on rotor is known as damper winding/amortisseur winding/
starting winding
- The synchronous motors are usually built for moderate speeds ranging from 150 rpm to 1500
rpm
- They are built in rating from 150kW to 15MW
Salient features of Synchronous motor
- It runs at Synchronous speed or it won’t rotate. The only way to change the speed of motor is
to change the supply frequency
- Synchronous motors are generally of salient pole type
- It can be made to operate at different power factors by varying the field excitation
- Synchronous motor is not self starting. Auxiliary means has to be used for starting the motor.
Principle of operation
- When a 3 phase supply is given to the stator, a rotating magnetic field is produced which
rotates at synchronous speed
- When a DC supply is given to field windings, stationary N & S poles are created in rotor
- Now we got a revolving magnetic field poles in stator & stationary poles in rotor
EEE MITS 5
- Suppose at any instant, let position of stator & rotor magnetic
poles be as shown in figure
- Now stator North pole (Ns) & rotor North pole (Nr) will repel
each other & rotor experiences a torque in anticlockwise
direction
- After a period of half cycle, stator poles changes their position
but rotor poles remain at previous position
- Now stator South pole (Ss) & rotor North pole (Nr) will attract
each other & rotor experiences a torque in clockwise direction
- Since stator poles changes their polarity rapidly, rotor
experiences torque in opposite directions in a cycle.
- Due to high inertia of rotor, motor fails to start

EEE MITS 6
How to get unidirectional torque?
- If rotor is rotated by some external means at a speed near
synchronous speed, in the same direction of stator magnetic
field, then rotor will experience a unidirectional torque
- Assume that rotating magnetic field in stator is rotating in
clockwise direction & rotor is also rotated in same direction
by some external means.
- Now both stator & rotor magnetic poles are rotating in same
direction at almost same speed
- At any instant let the position of stator & rotor magnetic filed
poles be as shown in figure
- Now stator South pole (Ss) & rotor North pole (Nr) will
attract each other & rotor experiences a torque in clockwise
direction
- After a period of half cycle, stator & rotor magnetic field poles
changes their position as shown in second figure
- Now again rotor experiences a torque in EEEclockwise
MITS direction. 7
- Hence a continuous unidirectional torque is produced
- Under this condition, stator & rotor poles of opposite polarity experiences a strong attraction
& the mutual attraction locks the rotor & stator together
- Now if the external prime mover is removed, rotor will continue to rotate at synchronous
speed due to magnetic locking between stator & rotor
Equivalent circuit of a Synchronous motor
- In a synchronous motor we are giving two supply, DC supply to rotor & 3 phase AC supply to
stator
- When AC supply is given to stator, a current flows through stator windings
- Stator windings have resistance (Ra) & synchronous reactance (Xs)
- Also when a DC supply is given to rotor, a magnetic field is produced & it links stator
conductors.
- As rotor rotates, flux linked with stator conductors changes & an EMF induces in stator
windings. This is called back EMF (Eb) or counter EMF
- The back EMF opposes the stator supply voltage
EEE MITS 8
- Back EMF depends on speed of rotor & flux in rotor
- Since speed of rotor is constant (synchronous speed), Eb α flux & flux depends on field current
(If)
- Stator supply voltage produces a rotating magnetic field & it links rotor. Since rotor is also
rotating at synchronous speed, no EMF induces in rotor
- Now the equivalent circuit of Synchronous motor is given as shown in figure
- From equivalent circuit, net voltage per phase in stator winding is given
as Er = V – Eb
- Armature current/phase
Ia = Er/Zs
Note
- Synchronous motor is said to be normally excited if
V = Eb.
- If Eb < V, motor is said to be under excited & if Eb > V,
motor is said to be over excited
EEE MITS 9
 Starting methods of Synchronous motor
- Synchronous motor has no self starting torque & motor must first be brought upto
synchronous speed by some external means for getting unidirectional torque in rotor.
- Various methods of starting of synchronous motors are
1. By using a DC motor
- If a DC supply & a DC motor (shunt/compound) is available, the Synchronous motor is coupled
to DC motor & is started using DC motor
- First the DC motor is coupled to Synchronous motor
- The DC motor is started & is rotated at synchronous speed
- AC supply is given to Synchronous motor (make sure that rotating magnetic field & rotor of
synchronous motor are rotating in same direction)
- Now DC field excitation is given & rotor gets locked to stator rotating magnetic field & continue
to rotate at synchronous speed
- The DC motor is now disconnected from supply

EEE MITS 10
2. By using an AC motor
- Here a small AC induction motor (called pony motor) is used for starting the Synchronous
motor
- First the induction motor is started & will rotate Synchronous motor rotor at near synchronous
speed
- AC supply is given to Synchronous motor (make sure that rotating magnetic field & rotor of
synchronous motor are rotating in same direction)
- Now DC field excitation is given & rotor gets locked to stator rotating magnetic field & continue
to rotate at synchronous speed
- The Induction motor is now disconnected from supply
3. By providing damper windings
- Synchronous motor can be made self starting by providing a special winding on rotor poles
known as damper winding or squirrel cage winding
- Damper winding consist of short circuited copper bars placed in rotor poles
- When AC supply is given to stator, the synchronous motor will start as an Induction motor &
rotates at a speed near synchronous speed
- Now DC field excitation is given & rotor gets locked to stator rotating magnetic field & continue
to rotate at synchronous speed EEE MITS 11
 Motor on load
- In a DC motor or Induction motor, as load increases, speed decreases
- Decrease in speed reduces back EMF & additional current
(Ia =(V-Eb)/Ra) can be drawn from supply to meet increase in load
- But a Synchronous motor runs only at synchronous speed
- When load increases, the rotor falls back the stator poles by some
degree & continue to rotate at synchronous speed
- i.e, as load increases, load angle(δ) increases
- When load angle changes, phase of back EMF changes w.r.to supply
voltage(V)
- As a result the net voltage (Er) increases & consequently armature
current (Ia) increases

EEE MITS 12
 Pull out Torque
- As load on Synchronous motor increases, load angle(δ) increases, but motor continue to rotate
at synchronous speed
- If δ increases above a certain value, rotor gets pulled out of synchronism & motor comes to
stand still
- The load torque at which the motor pulls out of synchronism is called pull out torque or
breakdown torque
Phasor diagram of a Synchronous motor
- Consider a Synchronous motor. Let, V = stator supply voltage/phase, Eb = Back EMF/phase
Zs = Synchronous impedance/phase
Motor on no load
- On no load, load angle(δ) is small
- Eb falls back V by a small angle δ
- Net voltage/phase = Er
- Armature current, Ia = Er/Zs
- Ia lags behind Er by an angle ≈ 90◦ (Since Ra is very small, Zs ≈ Xs)
EEE MITS 13
Motor on load
- When load increases, δ increases
- Power input/phase, Pi = VIaCos

Effect of varying excitation on Armature current & Power factor

of a Synchronous motor
- In a Synchronous motor, by varying the field excitation, it can be made to operate at different
power factors
- Consider a Synchronous motor having a fixed stator supply voltage & driving a constant
mechanical load
- Since mechanical load & speed are constant, power input to motor (VIaCos) remains constant
- If field excitation changes, back EMF changes
- This results in a change of position of Er & Ia. Hence power factor (cos) changes
- The phasor diagram of Synchronous motor for different values of field excitation (Under,
normal & over) are shown in figure EEE MITS 14
Under excitation
- Motor is said to be under excited if Eb < V
Normal excitation
- Motor is said to be normally excited if Eb = V
Over excitation
- Motor is said to be over excited if Eb > V
From phasor diagram, it is clear that,
- As excitation changes from under to over excitation,
power factor changes from lagging to leading
- Also magnitude of armature current changes with
excitation
- Ia is minimum at upf & increases in magnitude as power
factor become poor in lag & lead directions

EEE MITS 15
 V curve of a Synchronous motor
- V curve of a Synchronous motor is the graph between
current (Ia) and field current(If) at constant load
- In a Synchronous motor as excitation is varied, magnitude of
armature current changes
- Ia is minimum at upf & increases in magnitude as power
factor decreases in lag & lead directions
- Since it is a V-shaped curve, it is called V-curve
Inverted V curve
- It is the graph between field current(If) & power factor
- As field excitation changes, power factor also changes
- When motor is under excited, power factor is lagging
- As excitation increases, power factor increases to reach UPF
- When motor is over excited, power factor increases in
leading direction
EEE MITS 16
 Mechanical power developed by motor
- Consider a Synchronous motor which is operating as under excited motor
- The phasor diagram is shown in figure
- The electrical power input to motor/phase = VIaCos
- Since Ra is very small, stator Cu loss is small & Electrical
Power input to motor = Mechanical power developed
in rotor(Pm)
- i.e, Pm/phase = VIaCos ….(1)
- From phasor diagram, AB = ErCos = IaXsCos ….(2)
(Since Ia = Er/Xs)
- Also, AB = EbSinδ ….(3)
- Equating (2) & (3), IaXsCos = EbSinδ ➔ IaCos = (Eb/Xs)Sinδ
- Substituting in (1) ➔ Pm = V(Eb/Xs)Sinδ/phase

Mechanical Power = 3 Pm = 3V(Eb/Xs)Sinδ

- From above equation, it is clear that mechanical power developed increases as angle δ
increases & maximum value of δ is 90◦ EEE MITS 17
 Power angle characteristics of a Synchronous motor
- The power output of a salient pole synchronous motor is given by
𝐸𝑏 𝑉 𝑉 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝛿 1 1
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 + −
𝑋𝑑 2 𝑋𝑞 𝑋𝑑

- Total power output = Excitation power + Reluctance power

- The power angle characteristics is shown in figure
- It is clear that reluctance power varies with δ at twice the rate of the excitation power.

EEE MITS 18
 Torque developed by a Synchronous motor
- Let, Pm - the total mechanical power developed, T - mechanical torque developed, Ns – speed
of operation of motor
𝑃𝑚 𝑥 60
𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁𝑠

Power flow in a Synchronous motor

- AC electrical power from a source is given as input to motor
stator
- Some of this supplied energy is utilized to overcome the
armature copper loss
- Remaining energy is converted into mechanical energy by
motor action
- Some of the mechanical energy produced is lost through
friction, iron & windage loss
- The remaining mechanical energy is availableEEEfor
MITSuseful work 19
 Losses & Efficiency of Synchronous motor
- Losses in synchronous motor may be divided into two,
a) Load losses – present under loaded condition, mainly due to armature current. The main load
loss is armature Cu loss
Armature Cu loss – Loss occur in armature winding due to resistance of armature winding,
given by Ia2Ra. It varies with load on the motor
b) Open Circuit losses – These losses present at no load condition. The open circuit losses are,
1. Frictional losses – losses occurring in the machine due to friction.
- Main frictional losses are bearing friction loss & brush friction loss
- These losses are small in magnitude
2. Windage loss – Losses due to air friction on rotor
3. Iron losses – These are Hysteresis & Eddy current losses in stator & rotor cores due to varying
magnetic flux in the machine
- To reduce Eddy current & Hysteresis losses, core is made up of laminated Silicone steel

EEE MITS 20
 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100%
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100%
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

Different Torques in Synchronous motor

1.Starting torque – This is the torque produced in the motor during starting.
- Since Synchronous motor is not self starting, it has no starting torque
- Modern Synchronous motors are self starting & have starting torque
2. Running torque – Torque produced by motor during running condition
3. Pull in torque – This is the torque produced when motor is pulled into synchronism
when changing from induction to synchronous motor operation
4. Pull out torque – Maximum load torque above which motor will be pulled out of
synchronism is called pull out torque
EEE MITS 21
 Synchronous Condenser
- An over excited synchronous motor running at no load is called
Synchronous condenser
- Under this condition, motor will draw a leading current from supply
& it can be used for power factor correction
- Most of industrial loads are inductive & power factor is lagging
- By connecting a Synchronous condenser in parallel to loads, over all
power factor can be improved

EEE MITS 22
 Previous University Questions
1. Explain any two methods of starting of 3-phase synchronous motor.
2. Draw the phasor diagram of a cylindrical-rotor type synchronous motor at i)unity power factor
ii) lagging power factor and iii) leading power factor taking excitation emf Ef as reference.
3. Draw and explain the V-curve and Inverted V-curve of a synchronous motor
4. Explain the working of a synchronous condenser.
5. Derive an expression for mechanical power developed in a cylindrical rotor type synchronous
motor.
6. Synchronous motor is not self starting. Why?
7. Explain the constructional details of a synchronous motor.
8. Explain the effect of excitation on armature current and power factor of a synchronous motor
and hence deduce the V and inverted V curves.

EEE MITS 23
1. A 2.3kV, 3 phase star connected synchronous motor has Zs = (0.2+j2.2) ohms per phase. The
motor is operating at 0.5 leading with a line current of 200A. Determine the induced emf per
phase?
2. A 2000V, 3-phase, 4 pole star connected synchronous motor runs at 1500 rpm. The excitation
is constant and corresponds to an open circuit voltage of 2000V. The resistance is negligible
compared to synchronous reactance of 3Ω per phase. Determine power input, power factor,
torque developed for an armature current of 200A
3. The efficiency of a 3-Ф, 400 V, star connected synchronous motor is 95 % and it takes 24A at
full load, upf. What will be the induced emf and mechanical power developed at full load, 0.9
pf lead. The synchronous reactance is (0.2+ j2 )ῼ.

EEE MITS 24
Q1. A 2.3kV, 3 phase star connected synchronous motor has Zs = (0.2+j2.2) ohms per phase. The
motor is operating at 0.5 leading with a line current of 200A. Determine the induced emf per
phase?
Ans:
Given, VL = 2.3kV, Zs = (0.2+j2.2), IL = Iph = 200A, pf = 0.5 lead
Vph = VL/√3 = 1327.9V
Er = I x Zs
Zs = √(0.22 + 2.22) = 2.21Ω
Er = 200 x 2.21 = 442V
Here we are asked to find out induced emf (Back emf, Eb). Consider the triangle with sides V, Er &
Eb in phasor diagram, applying law of cosines,
Eb2 = V2 + Er2 – 2 x V x Er x Cos(θ+Ф) … (1)
Here, θ = Cos-1(R/Z) = Cos-1(0.2/2.21) = 84.8
Ф = Cos-1 (0.5) = 60
(1) ➔ Eb = 1708.2V
EEE MITS 25
Q2. A 2000V, 3-phase, 4 pole star connected synchronous motor runs at 1500 rpm. The excitation
is constant and corresponds to an open circuit voltage of 2000V. The resistance is negligible
compared to synchronous reactance of 3Ω per phase. Determine power input, power factor,
torque developed for an armature current of 200A.
Ans:
Given, VL = 2000V, Ns = 1500rpm, Xs = 3Ω per phase, I = 200A
Vph = VL/√3 = 1154 V
Eb/ph= 1154 V (Since, The excitation is constant and corresponds to an open circuit voltage of
2000V)
Er = I x Zs
Zs = Xs = 3Ω (Resistance neglected)
Er = 200 x 3 = 600V
Assuming armature current lagging behind the supply
voltage by an angle ϕ, as shown in phasor diagram.
θ = 90 (Since resistance is negligible)
In ΔAOB we have, Eb2 = V2 + Er2 – 2 x V x Er x Cos(θ-Ф)
EEE MITS 26
i.e, 11542 = 11542 + 6002 - 2 x 1154 x 600 x Cos (90 – Ф)
➔11542 = 11542 + 6002 - 2 x 1154 x 600 x Sin Ф
➔ Sin Ф = 0.26
➔Ф = 15.06
Power factor, Cos Ф = 0.966 lag
Power input to motor = 3 x Vph x Iph x Cos Ф
= 3 x 1154 x 200 x 0.966 = 669029W

𝑃𝑚 𝑥 60
Torque developed = 𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁𝑠

Pm = power input to motor (since stator resistance is neglected)

Therefore, T = 4259 Nm

EEE MITS 27
Q3. The efficiency of a 3-Ф, 400 V, star connected synchronous motor is 95 % and it takes 24A at
full load, upf. What will be the induced emf and mechanical power developed at full load, 0.9 pf
lead. The synchronous reactance is (0.2+ j2)ῼ.
Ans:
Given, VL = 400V, IFLph = 24A, Zs = (0.2+ j2)ῼ.
Vph = 400/√3 = 230.9 < 0 V
Iph = 24 < 25.8 A (at pf of 0.9 lead)
Zs = (0.2+ j2)ῼ = 2.01 < 84.29 ῼ
Induced emf = Terminal voltage – (I x Zs)
= 230.9 < 0 – (24 < 25.8 x 2.01 < 84.29) = 251.6 <-10.4 V
Load angle, δ = -10.4
Mechanical power developed = 3V(Eb/Xs)Sinδ = 3 x 230.9 x 251.6 x Sin (10.4) /(2) = 15730.7 W

EEE MITS 28
 Three Phase Induction motors
• Three-phase induction motors are the most common machines in industry.
• More than 90% of mechanical power used in industry is supplied by 3 phase induction motors.
• Three phase Induction motors are having following advantages
➢ Simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
➢ Wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10 MW
➢ Run essentially at constant speed from no-load to full load
➢ It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor
➢ It has self starting torque
• Disadvantages of 3 phase Induction motors are
- Speed control is difficult & requires a variable frequency power electronic drive for accurate
speed control
- Starting torque is inferior to DC shunt motor

EEE MITS 29
• Like any electric motor, a 3 phase Induction motor has a stator and a rotor.
• The stator carries a 3-phase winding (called stator winding) while the rotor carries a short-
circuited winding (called rotor winding).
• The stator winding is fed from 3-phase supply.
• The rotor winding derives its voltage and power from the energized stator winding through
electromagnetic induction and hence the name Induction motor
• The induction motor may be considered to be a transformer with a rotating secondary

Construction of 3 Phase Induction Motor

An induction motor has two main parts
1. Stator - stationary part
2. Rotor – rotating part
- Stator is separated from rotor by a small air gap ranges from 0.4mm to 4mm, depending on the
power rating of motor

EEE MITS 30
- There are two type of 3 phase Induction motor based on the construction of rotor.
- They are a) Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (SCIM) b) Slip Ring Induction Motor (SRIM)
1. Stator
• Consist of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
• Core is made of thin laminations of silicon steel – to reduce hysteresis & eddy current losses
• Core is provided with a number of evenly spaced slots in the inner periphery
• Insulated 3 phase stator windings are provided in
these slots
• Windings can be star or delta connected

EEE MITS 31
EEE MITS 32
2. Rotor – rotating part
Depending on the construction, there are two type of rotor
a) Squirrel cage rotor
- It consist of laminated cylindrical core having slots on the outer periphery
- Thick copper or aluminium bars are placed in these slots
- All these bars are joined together at both ends by using metal rings called end rings
- Here the rotor conductors are permanently joined together
and we cannot add external resistance to increase starting
torque.
- The entire construction (bars and end rings) resembles a
squirrel cage and hence the name.

EEE MITS 33
b. Wound rotor
- It consist of laminated cylindrical core having slots on the outer periphery
- A three phase winding is provided in these slots, similar to the winding in stator
- The rotor winding is usually star connected
- One terminal of each rotor phase winding is brought out and connected to 3 slip rings mounted on the
rotor shaft.
- By using brushes, external resistances can be connected to rotor windings to increase starting torque.

EEE MITS 34
 Slip ring Rotor

Squirrel cage Rotor

EEE MITS 35
EEE MITS 36
 Comparison of Squirrel Cage & Slip Ring Induction Motors

SCIM SRIM
Construction is simple and rugged. Construction is complicated.

Cheap Costly
Rotor consists of bars of conductors shorted at Rotor consists of 3 phase winding similar to stator
the end by end rings. winding.

External resistance can be added to increase the

External resistance cannot be added
starting torque.

Used for constant speed operation. Used where high starting torque is required.

Requires less conductor material Requires more conductor material

Slip rings and brushes are present to add

Brushes and slip rings are absent.
external resistance.

Less Maintenance Due to brushes, frequent maintenance is required.

EEE MITS 37
 SCIM SRIM
Moderate starting torque and cannot be
High starting torque with low starting current.
controlled.

Rotor resistance starter cannot be used. Rotor resistance starter can be used.
Rotor copper loss is low. So efficiency is
Rotor copper loss is high. So efficiency is low.
high.
Rotor automatically adjust itself for same no. Rotor is also wound for same no. of poles as that of
of stator poles. stator.

95% of IM in industry are SCIM Only 5% of IM in industry are SRIM.

Used in Used in
• Fans • Lifts
• Blowers • Cranes
• Drilling & Printing machines • Compressors
• Pumps • Elevators
EEE MITS 38
 Production of 3 phase Rotational Magnetic Field
- When a 3 phase supply is given to a 3 phase winding, placed at 120◦(elec) apart, a rotating
magnetic field is produced which rotates at Synchronous speed
Proof
- Consider 3 coils A, B & C placed 120◦(elec) apart in space
- When a 3 phase AC supply is given to these coils, currents IA, IB & IC flows through these
windings
- These currents will produce fluxes A, B & C
A = mSinωt
B = mSin(ωt-120)
C = mSin(ωt-240)
- The flux waves are shown in figure

EEE MITS 39
Case 1 – Consider the instant, θ = 90◦
- Here A = m & B = C = -m/2
- The resultant flux is shown in phasor diagram
Case 2 – Consider the instant, θ = 150◦
- Here C = m & A = B = m/2
- The resultant flux is shown in phasor diagram

EEE MITS 40
Case 3 – Consider the instant, θ = 210◦
- Here B = m & A = C = -m/2
- The resultant flux is shown in phasor diagram

From analysis of above 3 cases, it is clear that the resultant

magnetic flux (R) is having a constant magnitude (1.5 m) &
is rotating at synchronous speed

Magnitude of Resultant flux

- Consider the case 3. Here resultant of ФA & Фc can be calculated by parallelogram law of
vector addition

- ➔ Resultant of ФA & Фc = ∅𝐴2 + ∅2𝐶 + 2 ∅𝐴 ∅𝐶 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 ∅𝐴 &∅𝐶 )

−∅𝑀 2 −∅ −∅𝑀 −∅𝑀
= ( ) +( 𝑀 )2 +2 𝐶𝑜𝑠(120) = Фm/2
2 2 2 2

- Now, the resultant flux, ФR = Фm + Фm/2 = 1.5 Фm

EEE MITS 41
 Rotating Magnetic Field
- When 3 phase supply is given to 3 phase stator winding, a rotating magnetic field is produced
in the stator
- The speed of rotation of rotating magnetic field is called synchronous speed(Ns)
Ns = (120f )/P
where, P = number of poles on the stator, f = supply frequency

Number of poles Synchronous speed, Ns (For

a supply frequency of 50Hz)
2 3000 rpm
4 1500 rpm
6 1000 rpm
8 750 rpm
10 600 rpm

EEE MITS 42
 Principle of operation of 3 phase Induction Motor
• When 3 phase supply is given to 3 phase stator winding, a rotating magnetic field is produced
• This rotating magnetic field links the stationary rotor windings and produces an induced emf in the
rotor windings
• Since the rotor windings are short circuited for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, a large current
flows through the rotor windings. Now the situation is exactly like a current carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic field
• The current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a mechanical force/torque
• Thus rotor conductors experiences a force/torque, and it tends to rotate the rotor in the same
direction of rotating magnetic field (Lenz’s Law)
• i.e, the direction of rotor current will be such as to oppose
the cause producing it .
• i.e, the relative speed between rotating magnetic field
and rotor conductors
• Hence to reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts
rotating in the same direction of stator field and tries to
attain the same speed of rotating magnetic field EEE MITS 43
 Induction motor speed
– Can the Induction Motor run at the synchronous speed??
– If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same speed of the rotating magnetic field,
then the rotor will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the rotating magnetic
field will not cut the rotor conductors. So, no induced current will flow in the rotor and net
torque generated is zero. Hence the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous speed due to
load torque and inertia of rotor
– When the speed falls, the rotor windings will cut the rotating magnetic field and a torque is
produced and rotor again accelerates
– Due to inertia of rotor, motor will run at a speed which is less than synchronous speed
– The difference between the actual motor speed and the synchronous speed is called the Slip
speed (Nslip)
Nslip = Ns - N
Where Nslip = slip speed
Ns = speed of the rotating magnetic field
N = shaft speed of the motor EEE MITS 44
 Slip
- The difference between the synchronous speed(Ns) and the actual speed of rotor(N) is called
slip(S)
- It is expressed as the % of synchronous speed
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁
𝑆=
𝑁𝑠

Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed, S = 0

if the rotor is stationary, S = 1
Rotor current Frequency
The frequency of the voltage/current induced in the rotor is given by
𝑁𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑃
𝑓𝑟 = =𝑠𝑓
120

i.e, rotor current frequency = slip * stator supply frequency

EEE MITS 45
 S = (Ns-N)/Ns ➔ SNs = Ns-N …. (1)
Ns = (120f)/P ➔ f = (NsP/120) …. (2)
(𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁)𝑃 𝑠𝑁𝑠 𝑃
Rotor current frequency, 𝑓𝑟 = = (from eqn. 1)
120 120
i.e, fr = Sf (Sub. Eqn. 2)

- When motor is at stationary, S = 1,  fr = f

- When motor picks up speed, S decreases. Consequently fr decreases

Effect of Slip on rotor circuit

- Rotor induced EMF/phase = SE2

- Rotor frequency = Sf

- Rotor reactance/phase = SX2

EEE MITS 46
 Rotor Current
- The circuit of a 3 phase SRIM is shown in figure
R1 = Stator resistance/phase
X1 = Stator reactance/phase
R2 = Rotor resistance/phase
sX2 = Rotor reactance/phase
E1 = Stator EMF/phase
sE2 = Rotor EMF/phase
- 3 phase Induction motor is considered
as a balanced load. So we need to consider
only one phase.

EEE MITS 47
At standstill
- One phase of rotor under standstill condition (S=1) is shown in figure.
𝐸2 𝐸2
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝐼2 = =
𝑍2 𝑅22 + 𝑋22

𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑2 = =
𝑍2 𝑅22 + 𝑋22

When running at Slip S

- One phase of rotor under this condition is shown in figure.

𝑠𝐸2 𝑠𝐸2
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝐼2 = =
𝑍2 𝑅22 + 𝑠 2 𝑋22

𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑2 = =
𝑍2 𝑅22 + 𝑠 2 𝑋22

EEE MITS 48
 𝑠𝐸2
- We have, 𝐼2 =
𝑅22 + 𝑠 2 𝑋22

𝐸2
𝐼2 =
- On rearranging, it can be written as 𝑅2 2
+ 𝑋22
𝑠

- This can be represented as equivalent circuit as shown in figure

- The resistance R2/s is a function of slip & can be split into 2 parts
as 𝑅2 1−𝑠
= 𝑅2 + 𝑅2
𝑠 𝑠

- Where, R2 = rotor resistance & R2 ((1-s)/s) is a fictitious

resistance representing electrical load on rotor (Electrical
equivalent of mechanical power developed in rotor)
- The final equivalent circuit is

EEE MITS 49
From final equivalent circuit, we can see
Total electrical power i/p to rotor, Pg = Rotor Cu loss + Mechanical power developed in rotor
Also we can write, Pg = sPg + (1-s)Pg
i.e, Rotor Cu loss = Slip * rotor input power
Mechanical power developed = (1-s) * rotor input power
Rotor Torque
- Torque produced in rotor depends on rotor current, rotor power factor & stator field
i.e, T α I2Cos2
T α E2I2Cos2 (Since  α E2)
T = KE2I2Cos 2 …. (1)
Torque under running condition
𝑠𝐸2 𝑅2
𝐼2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑2 =
We have 𝑅22 + 𝑠 2 𝑋22 & 𝑅22 + 𝑠 2 𝑋22
Sub I2 & Cos 2 in equation (1)
𝐾𝑠𝑅2 𝐸22 …. (2)
𝑇=
𝑅22 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2 EEE MITS 50
 Starting torque (Tst)
- The torque produced by motor during starting (when S = 1) is called starting torque
- At starting, S = 1. Substituting in equation (2)
𝐾𝑅2 𝐸22
𝑇𝑠𝑡 =
𝑅22 + 𝑋2 2
- E2 α V, supply voltage & is a constant
𝐾1 𝑅2
 𝑇𝑠𝑡 =
𝑅22 + 𝑋2 2
Condition for maximum starting torque
- Starting torque can be varied by varying rotor resistance, R2
- To get condition, take derivative of Tst w.r.to R2 & equate to 0
𝑑(𝑇𝑠𝑡 )
- 𝑑𝑅2
=0 ➔ R2 = X2 is the condition for maximum starting torque
* In a SRIM, starting torque is normally higher than SCIM because in SRIM rotor winding is
provided instead of thick bars as in SCIM. Resistance is inversely proportional to cross sectional
area of conductor. So rotor resistance is higher in SRIM. Also we can add external resistance to
rotor to improve starting torque. EEE MITS 51
 Torque – Slip & Torque – Speed characteristics of an Induction motor
- Torque produced by an Induction motor is given by,

𝐾𝑠𝑅2 𝐸22
𝑇= 2
𝑅2 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2

- From above eqn, when speed = Ns,

slip = 0 & T = 0
- When speed is near synchronous speed,
slip is very low & value of sX2 is very small
compared to R2 & it can be neglected.
i.e, T α (s/R2)
i.e, T α s (since R2 is a constant) &
T-Slip curve appears as a straight line

EEE MITS 52
- As slip increases, speed decreases & torque increases. Torque reaches maximum value at s =
(R2/X2). Maximum torque is known as breakdown torque or pullout torque
- With further increase in slip, torque decreases, motor slows down & stops
- With higher value of slip, R2 become negligible compared to sX2 & T α (s/(sX2)2) α (1/s), i.e,
curve is a hyperbola
- The Torque - Speed characteristics of an Induction motor is shown in figure

EEE MITS 53
 Pull out torque/Maximum torque/Breakdown torque
- The maximum torque that can be produced by an Induction motor is called pull out torque
- Torque produced by motor is given by, 𝐾𝑠𝑅2 𝐸22
𝑇=
𝑅22 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2

- Supply voltage is constant, E2 will be a constant. Therefore,

𝑠𝑅2
𝑇𝛼
𝑅22 + (𝑠𝑋2 )2

- Torque is maximum when denominator of above equation is minimum. On simplifying, we get

the condition for maximum torque as R2 = sX2
𝐾𝐸22
- On substituting the condition in torque equation, we get maximum torque as, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑋2

- i.e, maximum torque is independent of R2

The condition for maximum torque is R2 = sX2
Slip at which maximum torque is produced, smax T = R2/X2

EEE MITS 54
 Full load torque (Tf)
- The torque produced by motor when it takes full load current (rated current) is called full load
torque
𝐾𝑠𝑓 𝑅2 𝐸22
- Let full load slip = sf, now 𝑇𝑓 = 2 2
𝑅2 + (𝑠𝑓 𝑋2 )

Effect of varying Rotor resistance on Starting torque

- The variation of starting torque with rotor
resistance is shown in figure
- T α I2 Cos2
- I2 α (1/R2), Cos2 α R2
- Initially as R2 increases, improve in Cos2 dominates
over decrease in I2

EEE MITS 55
- So starting torque increases
- When R2 increases & reaches above a certain value, decrease in I2 dominates over improve in
Cos2 & torque decreases
Effect of varying Stator supply voltage on Torque – Speed characteristics
- T α E22 α V12 (Since, E2 α V, stator voltage)
- Also Tst α E22 α V12
- The variation of Torque with stator voltage is
shown in figure

EEE MITS 56
 Torque-Speed curve & operating region
- The torque – speed curve of an Induction motor is shown in figure
- For any load torque, there are two operating points (say B & D)
- At point B, the operation is unstable because if there is tendency of speed rise, the developed
torque also increases than load torque causing further increase in speed.
- Similarly if speed decreases, developed torque also decreases than load torque causing further
decrease in speed.
- So in point B, the operation is unstable
- Now consider point D. At this point if there is a
tendency of speed rise, the developed torque
decreases than load torque causing a decrease in
speed & motor is bring back to point D.
- Similarly if speed decreases, developed torque
increases than load torque & motor is accelerated
to operate at point D
- So point D is considered as a stable operating point
- The region AC of T-N characteristics is unstable
& region CF of T-N characteristics is stable EEE MITS 57
 Power stages in an Induction motor
- The electrical power input given to the stator of motor is converted to mechanical power
output at shaft
- The various losses during the power conversion are
1. Fixed losses
a) Stator iron losses
b) Friction & windage losses
- Rotor iron losses are negligible
2. Variable losses
a) Stator Cu loss
b) Rotor Cu loss
- Power flow diagram is shown in next slide

EEE MITS 58
Power flow diagram

EEE MITS 59
Mechanical power developed in a 3 phase induction motor
2𝜋𝑁
Mechanical power developed in the rotor, 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 𝑇𝑔 𝑥
60
Where, Tg = Torque generated in the rotor
N = speed of rotor in rpm
2𝜋𝑁
Mechanical power output from shaft, 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠ℎ 𝑥
60
Where, Tsh = torque available on the shaft
• The difference between Tg and Tsh is equal to the torque lost due to friction and windage
losses in motor
Efficiency of 3 phase Induction motor
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
η= 𝑥 100
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 + 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 + 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ
i.e, η = 𝑥 100
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ +𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 +𝑃𝑐𝑢
EEE MITS 60
 Expression for rotor copper loss and Mechanical power developed in terms of
Rotor input power & slip
2𝜋𝑁𝑠
- The power transferred from stator to rotor = Rotor power input = 𝑇
60
2𝜋𝑁
- Total mechanical power developed by rotor = 𝑇
60
- Rotor copper loss = Power input to rotor – Mechanical power developed
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋𝑇 2𝜋𝑇
= 𝑇- 𝑇 = (𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁) = 𝑠𝑁𝑠
60 60 60 60
2𝜋𝑁𝑠
= sx 𝑇=s x Rotor power input
60
i.e, Total copper loss in rotor = Slip x Power input to rotor
Mechanical power developed by rotor (Pmech) = Power input to rotor – Rotor copper loss
i.e, Pmech = Power input to rotor – s x Power input to rotor
i.e, Pmech = (1 - s) Power input to rotor

EEE MITS 61
 Expression for torque developed in a 3 phase Induction motor
- We have rotor copper loss = slip (s) x rotor input power (P2)
➔Rotor input power (P2) = Rotor copper loss/s …. (1)
𝑠𝐸2
Rotor copper loss = 3 x I22R2 and 𝐼2 =
𝑅22 + 𝑠 2 𝑋22

𝑠𝐸2 2 1 3𝑠𝐸22 𝑅2
Substituting in (1) ➔ 𝑃2 = 3 𝑅2 𝑥 =
𝑠 𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2)2
𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2)2

60 3 𝑥 60 𝑠𝐸22 𝑅2
Gross torque generated in rotor, 𝑇𝑔 = 𝑃2 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2)2

Where, Ns = synchronous speed in rpm

* To get expression for torque in terms of E1 (stator emf), substitute E2 in above equation as
K x E1 (where K = transformation ratio = no. of rotor turns/no. of stator turns)

EEE MITS 62
 Equivalent circuit of a 3 phase Induction motor
- In an Induction motor, power is transferred from stator to rotor by induction
- i.e, Induction motor can be considered as a Transformer with rotating secondary winding. Also
secondary winding is permanently short circuited.
- In a transformer load is electrical, but in an induction motor load is mechanical (which is
represented by an equivalent fictitious resistance)
- So equivalent circuit of induction motor can be represented by using a transformer equivalent
circuit
- Let K be the transformation ratio
- The per phase equivalent circuit of induction motor w.r.to stator is shown in figure
- V1 = stator supply voltage/phase
R1, X1 = stator resistance & reactance/phase
R2, X2 = rotor resistance & reactance/phase
R0, Xm = No load resistance & reactance/phase

EEE MITS 63
RL = per phase Electrical equivalent of mechanical power developed in rotor
I1 = Stator current/phase
I2 = rotor current/phase
I0 = No load current/phase

- The equivalent circuit can be simplified by transferring the no load branch to supply terminals
as shown

EEE MITS 64
EEE MITS 65
 Phasor diagram of 3 phase Induction motor
- Phasor diagram can be drawn based on the equivalent
circuit of Induction motor

EEE MITS 66
 Tests on 3 phase Induction Motor
Assume that, the motor stator is star connected
1. Stator resistance measurement
- A DC voltage is applied across any two phase terminals & resistance is measured using
ammeter-voltmeter method.
- The measured resistance value is given by Voltmeter reading/ Ammeter reading
- Now stator resistance/phase, RDC/ph = Measured resistance value/2
- RAC/ph = RDC/ph*1.25
2. No load test
(Equivalent to No load test in transformer)
- During this test, Induction motor is made to run at
no load by applying rated voltage & frequency
supply
- The connection diagram is shown in figure
67
Voltmeter reading = VOL = No load line voltage
Ammeter reading = IOL = No load line current
Wattmeter reading, W1+W2 = 3 phase power input at no load = PO
No load voltage/phase = VOPH = VOL/(√3)
No load current/phase = IOPH = IOL
No load power input = PO = 3VOPHIOPHCos0
𝑃0
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑0 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝. 𝑓 =
3𝑉𝑂𝑃𝐻 𝐼𝑂𝑃𝐻

IMPH = IOPHSin0
IWPH = IOPHCos0
RO = VOPH/IWPH
XO = VOPH/IMPH

- From No load test values, the parameters for equivalent circuit & parameters for drawing Circle
diagram are obtained 68
3. Blocked rotor test (Equivalent to Short circuit test in transformer)
- During this test, rotor is blocked from rotation by using hand or by using a brake drum & belt
arrangement
- Now the stator is supplied from a variable voltage supply
- The stator applied voltage is increased in steps till the stator current reaches rated value
- Now the meter readings are taken
- The connection diagram is shown in figure
Voltmeter reading = VSCL = Blocked rotor or Short circuit line voltage
Ammeter reading = ISCL = Short circuit line current

69
Wattmeter reading, W1+W2 = 3 phase power input at short circuit = PSC
Short circuit voltage/phase = VSCPH = VSCL/(√3)
Short circuit current/phase = ISCPH = ISCL
Short circuit power input = PSC = 3VSCPHISCPHCosSC = 3ISCPH2 R01
𝑃𝑆𝐶 𝑃𝑆𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑆𝐶 = 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑝. 𝑓 = 𝑅01 = 2
3𝑉𝑆𝐶𝑃𝐻 𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃𝐻 3𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑃𝐻

Z01 = VSCPH/ISCPH, 𝑋01 = 2

𝑍01 2
− 𝑅01

X01 = X1 + X2’. Normally stator & rotor reactance/phase is assumed to be constant.

i.e, X1 = X2 = X01/2
R01 = R1 + R2’. Stator resistance/phase is measured by Ammeter-Voltmeter method.
Rotor resistance/phase, R2’ = R01 – R1
- From Blocked rotor test values, the parameters for equivalent circuit & parameters for drawing
Circle diagram are obtained
70
 Equations to remember
1. Power input to motor = Mechanical Power output + Stator copper & iron losses + Rotor copper
loss + Friction & Windage losses
2. Total copper loss in rotor = Slip x Power input to rotor
3. Mechanical power developed in rotor, Pmech = (1 - s) Power input to rotor
4. Condition for max. torque: R2 = sX2
5. Slip at max. torque, Smax T = R2/X2
6. Condition for max. starting torque: R2 = X2
2𝜋𝑁𝑠
7. Rotor input power = Tg x , where Tg = torque developed in rotor
60
2𝜋𝑁
8. Mechanical power developed in rotor = Tg x , where Tg = torque developed in rotor
60
3 𝑥 60 𝑠𝐸22 𝑅2
9. Torque developed in rotor, 𝑇𝑔 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2)2
10. Slip, 𝑆 = 𝑁𝑠𝑁−𝑁
𝑠

11. Rotor current frequency, fr = sf EEE MITS 71

 Previous University Questions
1. Draw the equivalent circuit of a 3-ph. induction motor and mark all parameters.
2. Derive the expression for torque equation in a 3-phase induction motor.
3. Explain how the shunt parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 3-phase Induction motor can
be obtained from no-load test.
4. Explain clearly how a rotating magnetic field is setup around the stator of a 3-phase Induction
motor when a 3-phase supply is fed to it.
5. Define slip related to an Induction motor. What is the expression for slip?
6. Equivalent circuit parameters of a 3 phase induction motor can be determined from no load
and blocked rotor test. Justify?
7. Derive an expression for torque developed in a 3 phase induction motor and find the
condition for maximum torque. Also sketch the torque – slip curve.
8. In rice/flour mills driven by squirrel cage induction motors, the hopper is loaded with the
grains only after starting the motor. Similarly, the delivery valve of centrifugal pumps driven
by squirrel cage induction motor is opened only after starting the motor. What is the reason
behind this? Justify your answer with a relevant performance curve of squirrel cage induction
motor.
EEE MITS 72
9. Describe a set of torque slip characteristics of a 3-Ф induction motor. Explain the effect of
change in rotor resistance on the characteristics.
10. Name the induction motor used to drive lifts. What property of this makes it suitable to drive
lifts? How this property is achieved.
11. From rotor equivalent circuit of an induction motor derive the expression for torque in
synchronous watts
12. Describe the constructional features of 3Ф slip ring induction motor
13. Draw the phasor diagram of a 3 phase induction motor
14. Derive the expression for mechanical power developed in a 3 phase induction motor. Also
draw the approximate equivalent circuit.
15. Differentiate between slip ring and squirrel cage induction motors.

EEE MITS 73
1. In a 6 pole, 3 phase, 50Hz induction motor with star-connected rotor, the rotor resistance per
phase is 0.352, the reactance at standstill is 1.52 per phase and an emf between the slip rings
on open circuit is 175V. For a speed of 950 rpm calculate i) slip i) rotor emf per phase ii) rotor
frequency and reactance.
2. A 2 pole, 3-phase Induction motor runs at 2910 rpm on a 50Hz supply. Find (i) synchronous
speed and (ii) frequency of rotor emf.
3. A 400V, 4-pole, 3-phase, 50Hz, star connected induction motor has rotor resistance and
reactance per phase 0.01Ω and 0.1Ω respectively. Determine a) starting torque b) slip at
maximum torque and c) maximum torque. Given rotor to stator turns is 0.25.
4. A 746kW, 3 phase, 50Hz, 16 pole induction motor has a rotor impedance of (0.02+j0.15)ohm
at stand still. Full load torque is obtained at 360rpm. Calculate (i) the ratio of maximum to full
load torque and (ii) the speed corresponding to max torque.
5. The power input to a 500V, 50Hz, 6 pole, 3 phase induction motor running at 975 rpm is
40kW. The stator losses are 1kW and the friction and windage losses total 2kW. Calculate i)
the slip ii) the rotor copper loss iii) shaft power iv) the efficiency

EEE MITS 74
6. A 6-pole, 50 Hz,3-Ф induction motor running on full load develops a useful torque of 150 Nm
at a rotor frequency of 1.5 Hz. Calculate the shaft power output. If the mechanical torque lost
in friction is 10 Nm, determine a) rotor copper loss b) input to the motor c) the efficiency. The
total stator loss is 700W.
7. While running at 1440 rpm, a 3-ph. induction motor draws 50 kW from the mains. The stator
iron and copper losses amount to 2 kW. Find the rotor copper loss, torque in synchronous
watts as well as in Newton Metre. If there is a mechanical loss of 1.08 kW, find the overall
efficiency of the motor.
8. A 6 pole, 50 Hz, 3Ф, slip ring induction motor, the rotor resistance and the reactance at stand
still per phase are 0.3 and 1.5 Ω respectively. The e.m.f between the slip rings on open circuit
is 175V. Calculate (i) Slip (ii) rotor e.m.f/phase (iii) rotor frequency and reactance when the
motor runs at a speed of 950 r.p.m. (Same as Q1)

EEE MITS 75
Q1. In a 6 pole, 3 phase, 50Hz induction motor with star-connected rotor, the rotor resistance
per phase is 0.352, the reactance at standstill is 1.52 per phase and an emf between the slip
rings on open circuit is 175V. For a speed of 950 rpm calculate i) slip ii) rotor emf per phase
iii) rotor frequency and reactance.
Ans:
Given, P = 6, f = 50Hz, R2/phase = 0.352Ω, X2/phase = 1.52Ω, N = 950 rpm, E2L = 175V
E2/phase = E2L /√3 = 101.04V
Ns = 120f/P = 100 x 50/6 = 1000rpm
At N = 950rpm,
i) Slip, s = ((Ns - N)/Ns) = ((1000 – 950)/1000) = 0.05
ii) Rotor emf/phase = s E2/phase = 0.05 x 101.04 = 5.05V
iii) Rotor frequency, fr = s f = 0.05 x 50 = 2.5Hz
Rotor reactance/phase = s X2/phase = 0.05 x 1.52 = 0.076Ω

EEE MITS 76
Q2. A 2 pole, 3-phase Induction motor runs at 2910 rpm on a 50Hz supply. Find (i) synchronous
speed and (ii) frequency of rotor emf.
Ans:
Given, P = 2, N = 2910 rpm, f = 50Hz
i) Synchronous speed, Ns = 120f/P = 120 x 50/2 = 3000rpm
ii) Frequency of rotor emf, fr = sf
Slip, s = ((Ns - N)/Ns) = ((3000 – 2910)/3000) = 0.03
fr = 0.03 x 50 = 1.5Hz

EEE MITS 77
Q3. A 400V, 4-pole, 3-phase, 50Hz, star connected induction motor has rotor resistance and
reactance per phase 0.01Ω and 0.1Ω respectively. Determine a) starting torque b) slip at
maximum torque and c) maximum torque. Given rotor to stator turns is 0.25.
Ans:
Given, VL = 400V, P = 4. f = 50Hz, R2/phase = 0.01Ω, X2/phase = 0.1Ω, rotor to stator ratio, K = 0.25
i) Starting torque, 𝑇𝑠𝑡
3 𝑥 60 𝑠𝐸22 𝑅2
We have Torque generates by 3 phase IM, T =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2)2
To find starting torque, put slip (s) = 1 in above equation
3 𝑥 60 𝐸22 𝑅2
➔ 𝑇𝑠𝑡 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 +𝑋22
Ns= 120f/P = 120 x 50/4 = 1500rpm
E2 = K x E1/phase
E1/phase = VL/√3 = 400/√3 = 230.9V
E2 = 0.25 x 230.9 = 57.73V
3 𝑥 60 57.732 𝑥 0.01
Therefore, 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 = 63.05Nm
2𝜋 𝑥 1500 0.012 +0.12 EEE MITS 78
ii) Slip at maximum torque, Smax T = R2/X2 = 0.01/0.1 = 0.1
iii) Maximum torque, Tmax
To find maximum torque, put slip (s) = smax T in equation for torque
3 𝑥 60 𝑠max 𝑇 𝐸22 𝑅2
➔ Tmax=
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅22 +(𝑠max 𝑇 𝑋2)2

3 𝑥 60 0.1 𝑥 57.732 𝑥 0.01

Therefore, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥 = 318.4 Nm
2𝜋 𝑥 1500 0.012 +(0.1 𝑥 0.1)2

EEE MITS 79
Q4. A 746kW, 3 phase, 50Hz, 16 pole induction motor has a rotor impedance of (0.02+j0.15)ohm
at stand still. Full load torque is obtained at 360rpm. Calculate (i) the ratio of maximum to full
load torque and (ii) the speed corresponding to max torque iii) the rotor resistance to be added
to get maximum starting torque
Ans: Given, Power output = 746kW, P = 16, f = 50Hz, Rotor impedance= R2+jX2 = (0.02+j0.15)ohm
Synchronous speed, Ns = 120f/P = 120 x 50/16 = 375rpm
Full load speed, Nf = 360rpm
Full load slip, sf = (Ns-Nf)/Ns = (375-360)/375 = 0.04
Slip corresponding to max. torque, smax T = R2/X2 = 0.02/0.15 = 0.133
i) The ratio of maximum to full load torque,
𝑠max 𝑇 𝑠𝑓 0.133 0.04
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 ൗ𝑠𝑓 + ൗ𝑠max 𝑇 +
0.04 0.133
= = = 1.817
𝑇𝑓 2 2
ii) Speed corresponding to maximum torque, Nmax T = Ns (1 – smax T) = 375 (1 – 0.133) = 325rpm
iii) For obtaining max. starting torque, R2 + r = X2 ➔ r = X2 – R2 = 0.15 – 0.02 = 0.13Ω
where ‘r’ is the external resistance added to meet the condition for max. starting torque (i.e, R2 =
EEE MITS 80
X2)
Q5. The power input to a 500V, 50Hz, 6 pole, 3 phase induction motor running at 975 rpm is
40kW. The stator losses are 1kW and the friction and windage losses total 2kW. Calculate i) the
slip ii) the rotor copper loss iii) shaft power iv) the efficiency
Ans:
Given, VL = 500V, f = 50Hz, P = 6, N = 975rpm, Power input to stator = 40kW, Stator losses = 1kW,
friction & windage losses = 2kW
Synchronous speed, Ns = 120f/P = 120 x 50/6 = 1000rpm
i) Slip, s = (Ns-N)/Ns = (1000-975)/1000 = 0.025
ii) Rotor copper loss = Slip x rotor input power
Rotor input power = Power input to stator – stator losses = 40 – 1 = 39kW
Therefore, Rotor copper loss = 0.025 x 39 = 0.975kW
iii) Shaft power= Power output = Rotor input power - rotor copper loss - friction & windage losses
= 39 - 0.975 – 2 = 36.025kW
iv) Efficiency of motor = (Power output of motor/Power input to motor) x 100
= (36.025/40) x 100 = 90.06%
EEE MITS 81
Q6. A 6-pole, 50 Hz, 3-Ф induction motor running on full load develops a useful torque of 150
Nm at a rotor frequency of 1.5 Hz. Calculate the shaft power output. If the mechanical torque
lost in friction is 10 Nm, determine a) rotor copper loss b) input to the motor c) the efficiency.
The total stator loss is 700W
Ans:
Given, P = 6, f = 50Hz, fr = 1.5Hz, Useful torque = Tsh = 150Nm, Mechanical torque lost in friction =
10Nm, stator loss = 700W
Synchronous speed, Ns = 120f/P = 120 x 50/6 = 1000rpm
Rotor current frequency, fr = sf ➔ s = fr/f = 1.5/50 = 0.03
Actual speed of motor, N = Ns (1-s) = 970rpm
2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋 𝑥 1000
Shaft power output = Mechanical power output = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠ℎ 𝑥 = 150 𝑥 = 15700W
60 60

Total mechanical torque developed in the rotor = Tg = Shaft torque + torque lost due to friction
= 150 + 10 = 160Nm
2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋 𝑥 970
Mechanical power developed in the rotor, Pmech = 𝑇𝑔 𝑥 = 160 𝑥 = 16244.3W
60 60
EEE MITS 82
The mechanical power developed in rotor = (1-s) rotor input power
➔Rotor input power = Mechanical power developed in rotor/(1-s) = 16244.7/(1 – 0.03)
= 16747.1W
a) Rotor copper loss = s x Rotor input power = 0.03 x 16244.7 = 487.3W
b) Input to the motor = Rotor input + total stator loss = 16747.1 + 700 = 17447.1W
c) Efficiency of motor = (Power output of motor/Power input to motor) x 100
= (15700/17447.1) x 100 = 90%

EEE MITS 83
Q7. While running at 1440 rpm, a 3-ph. induction motor draws 50 kW from the mains. The stator
iron and copper losses amount to 2 kW. Find the rotor copper loss, torque in synchronous watts
as well as in Newton Metre. If there is a mechanical loss of 1.08 kW, find the overall efficiency of
the motor.
Ans:
Given, N = 1440rpm, Power input = 50kW, Stator iron & copper losses = 2kW, Mechanical losses =
1.08kW
Synchronous speed, Ns = 1500rpm (Since N is given as 1440rpm)
Slip, s = (Ns-N)/Ns = (1500-1440)/1500 = 0.04
Rotor input power = Power input to stator – Stator iron and copper loss
= 50 – 2 = 48kW
Rotor copper loss = s x rotor input power = 0.04 x 48 = 1.92kW
Power output = Rotor input – rotor copper loss – mechanical losses
= 48 – 1.92 – 1.08 = 45kW
Efficiency of motor = (Power output of motor/Power input to motor) x 100
= (45/50) x 100 = 90%
EEE MITS 84
Torque in synchronous watts = Rotor input power/(2πNs/60)
= 48000/(2π x 1500/60) = 305.7 synchronous watts
Torque developed in Nm = Mechanical Torque developed in rotor
= Mechanical power developed in rotor/(2πNs/60)
= (48000 – 1920)/(2π x 1500/60) = 293.5 Nm

Synchronous Watts
- Synchronous watt is that torque which at the synchronous speed of the machine under
consideration would develop a power of 1 watt
Rotor input = Tsw x 2πNs

EEE MITS 85