Principles of Programming using C 22POP13

PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING USING C

Module-2

Number of Hours: 6

Operators in C, Type conversion and typecasting.

Decision control and Looping statements: Introduction to decision control, Conditional
Branching statements, iterative statements, nested loops, break and continue statements,
goto statement.

Textbook: Chapter 9.15-9.16, 10.1-10.6

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Module 2
OPERATORS IN C, TYPE CONVERSION AND TYPECASTING:
• An operator can be any symbol like + - * / that specifies what operation need to be performed on the
data.
• For ex: + indicates add operation
* indicates multiplication operation
Operand
• An operand can be a constant or a variable.
Expression
• An expression is combination of operands and operator that reduces to a single value.
• For ex: Consider the following expression a+b Here a and b are operands while + is an operator
CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATORS
• Operator Name
• For Example Arithmetic operators +-*/%
• Increment/decrement operators ++ --
• Assignment operators =
Relational operators <>==
Logical operators && || ~
Conditional operator ?:
Bitwise operators &|^
Special operators []
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
• These operators are used to perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
• There are 5 arithmetic operators:
Operator Meaning of Operator
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
• Division symbol (/)
→ divides the first operand by second operand and
→ returns the quotient.
Quotient is the result obtained after division operation.

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 Principles of Programming using C 22POP13
• Modulus symbol (%)
→ divides the first operand by second operand and
→ returns the remainder.
Remainder is the result obtained after modulus operation.
• To perform modulus operation, both operands must be integers.
• Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int a=9,b=4,c;
c=a+b;
printf("a+b=%d \n", c);
c=a-b;
printf("a-b=%d \n", c);
c=a*b;
printf("a*b=%d \n", c);
c=a/b;
printf("a/b=%d \n", c);
c=a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b=%d ", c);
}
Output:
a+b=13 a-b=5 a*b=36 a/b=2
Remainder when a divided by b=1
INCREMENT OPERATOR
• ++ is an increment operator.
• As the name indicates, increment means increase, i.e. this operator is used to increase the value of a
variable by 1.
• For example:If b=5 then b++ or ++b; // b becomes 6
• The increment operator is classified into 2 categories:
1) Post increment Ex: b++
2) Pre increment Ex: ++b
• As the name indicates, post-increment means first use the value of variable and then increase the value
of variable by 1.

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 Principles of Programming using C 22POP13
• As the name indicates, pre-increment means first increase the value of variable by 1 and then use the
updated value of variable.
• For ex:If x is 10, then z= x++; sets z to 10 but z = ++x; sets z to 11 Example: Program to illustrate the
use of increment operators. #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int x=10,y = 10, z ;
z= x++;
printf(“ z=%d x= %d\n”, z, x);
z = ++y;
printf(“ z=%d y= %d”, z, y);
}
Output:
z=10 x=11 z=11 y=11
DECREMENT OPERATOR
• -- is a decrement operator.
• As the name indicates, decrement means decrease, i.e. this operator is used to decrease the value of a
variable by 1.
• For example:If b=5then b-- or --b; // b becomes 4
• Similar to increment operator, the decrement operator is classified into 2 categories:
1) Post decrement Ex: b--
2) Pre decrement Ex: --b
• For ex:
If x is 10, then z= x--; sets z to 10,but z = --x; sets z to 9.
Example: Program to illustrate the use of decrement operators.
void main()
{
int x=10,y = 10, z ;
z= x--;
printf(“ z=%d x= %d\n”, z, x);
z = --y;
printf(“ z=%d y= %d”, z, y);
}
Output:

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 Principles of Programming using C 22POP13
z=10 x=9
z=9 y=9
ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
• The most common assignment operator is =.
• This operator assigns the value in right side to the left side.
• The syntax is shown below:
variable=expression;
• For ex:
c=5; //5 is assigned to c
b=c; //value of c is assigned to b 5=c; // Error! 5 is a constant.
• The operators such as +=,*= are called shorthand assignment operators.
• For ex,
a=a+10: can be written as a+=10;
• In the same way, we have:

Operator Example Same as

-= a- =b a=a-b
*= a*=b a=a*b
/= a/=b a=a/b
%= a%=b a=a%b

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RELATIONAL OPERATORS
• Relational operators are used to find the relationship between two operands.
• The output of relational expression is either true(1) or false(0).
• For example
a>b //If a is greater than b, then a>b returns 1 else a>b returns 0.
• The 2 operands may be constants, variables or expressions.
• There are 6 relational operators:
Operator Meaning of Operator Example
< Greater than 5>3 returns true (1)
< Less than 5<3 returns false (0)
>= Greater than or equal to 5>=3 returns true (1)
<= Less than or equal to 5<=3 return false (0)
== Equal to 5==3 returns false (0)
!= Not equal to 5!=3 returns true(1)
• For ex:
Condition Return values
2>1 1 (or true)
2>3 0 (or false)
3+2<6 1 (or true)
• Example: Program to illustrate the use of all relational operators. #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf(“4>5 : %d \n”, 4>5);
printf(“4>=5 : %d \n”, 4>=5);
printf(“4<5 : %d \n”, 4<5);
printf(“4<=5 : %d \n”, 4<=5);
printf(“4==5 : %d \n”, 4==5);
printf(“4!=5 : %d ”, 4!=5);
}
Output:
4>5 : 0
4>=5 : 0
4<5 : 1

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4<=5 :1
4==5 : 0
4!=5 : 1
LOGICAL OPERATORS
• These operators are used to perform logical operations like negation, conjunction and
disjunction.
• The output of logical expression is either true(1) or false(0).
• There are 3 logical operators:
Operator Meaning Example
&& Logical AND If c=5 and d=2 then ((c==5) && (d>5)) returns false.
|| Logical OR If c=5 and d=2 then ((c==5) || (d>5)) returns true.
! Logical NOT If c=5 then !(c==5) returns false.
• All non zero values(i.e. 1, -1, 2, -2) will be treated as true. While zero value(i.e. 0 ) will be
treated as false.
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
• The conditional operator is also called ternary operator it takes three operands.
• Conditional operators are used for decision making in C.
• The syntax is shown below:
(exp1)? exp2: exp3;
where exp1 is an expression evaluated to true or false; If exp1 is evaluated to true, exp2 is
executed;
If exp1 is evaluated to false, exp3 is executed.
Example: Program to find largest of 2 numbers using conditional operator.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b, max ;
printf(“ enter 2 distinct numbers \n”); scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
max=(a>b)? a : b;

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printf(“ largest number =%d ”, max);

}
Output:
enter 2 distinct numbers 3 4
largest number = 4
BITWISE OPERATORS
• These operators are used to perform logical operation (and, or, not) on individual bits of a binary
number.
• There are 6 bitwise operators:
Operators Meaning of operators
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
~ Bitwise complement
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
TYPE CONVERSION
• Type conversion is used to convert data of one type to data of another type.
• Type conversion is of 2 types as shown in below figure:
IMPLICIT CONVERSION
• If a compiler converts one type of data into another type of data automatically, it is known as
implicit conversions.
• There is no data loss in implicit conversion.
• The conversion always takes place from lower rank to higher rank. For ex, int to float as shown
in the above data type hierarchy.
• For ex:int a = 22, b=11;
float c = a; //c becomes 21.000000
float d=b/c=11/22.000000=11.000000/22.000000=0.500000
• If one operand type is same as other operand type, no conversion takes place and type of result
remains same as the operands i.e. int+int=int ,float+float=float

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• Conversion rules are as follows:

→ If either operand is long double, convert the other to long double.
→ Otherwise, if either operand is double, convert the other to double.
→ Otherwise, if either operand is float, convert the other to float.
→ Otherwise, convert char and short to int.
→ Then, if either operand is long, convert the other to long.
• Example: Program to illustrate implicit conversion.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 22, b=11; float d ;
d=b/c;
printf("d Value is : %f ", d );
EXPLICIT CONVERSION
• When the data of one type is converted explicitly to another type with the help of some pre-
defined
functions, it is called as explicit conversion.
• There may be data loss in this process because the conversion is forceful.
• The syntax is shown below:
data_type1 v1;
data_type2 v2= (data_type2) v1; where v1 can be expression or variable
• For ex:
float b=11.000000; int c = 22;
float d=b/(float)c=11.000000/22.000000=0.500000
• Example: Program to illustrate explicit conversion.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float b=11.000000; int c = 22;
float d; d=b/(float)c;

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printf("d Value is : %f ", d );

}
Output:
d Value is : 0.500000
THE PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS
The order in which different operators are used to evaluate an expression is called precedence of
operators.

Example
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = 15;
int d = 5;
int e;
e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : %d \n", e );
e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5
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printf("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : %d \n" , e );

e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5)
printf("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : %d \n", e );
e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5)
printf("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : %d " , e );
}
Output:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50
Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50
examples
PROGRAM TO PRINT A SENTENCE.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf("C Programming"); //displays the content inside quotation return;
}
Output:
C Programming
PROGRAM TO READ AND DISPLAY AN INTEGER.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
printf("Enter a integer: ");
scanf("%d",&num); // Storing a integer entered by user in variable num
printf("You entered: %d", num);
return;

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}
Output:
Enter a integer: 25 You entered: 25
PROGRAM TO ADD TWO INTEGERS
#include <stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int num1, num2, sum;
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); // Stores the two integer entered by user in
// variable num1 and num2
sum=num1+num2; // Performs addition and stores it in variable return;
}
Output:
Enter two integers: 12 11
Sum: 23
PROGRAM TO MULTIPLY TWO FLOATING POINT NUMBERS
#include <stdio.h>
void main( )
{
float num1, num2, product;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f",&num1,&num2); //Stores two floating point numbers entered
//by user in variable num1 and num2 respectively
product = num1*num2; // Performs multiplication and stores it
printf("Product: %f", product);
return;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter two numbers: 2.4 1.1

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Product: 2.640000
PROGRAM TO FIND QUOTIENT AND REMAINDER OF TWO INTEGERS ENTERED
BY USER
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder;
printf("Enter dividend: ");
scanf("%d",&dividend);
printf("Enter divisor: ");
scanf("%d",&divisor);
quotient=dividend/divisor; // Computes quotient
remainder=dividend%divisor; // Computes remainder
printf("Quotient = %d\n",quotient);
printf("Remainder = %d",remainder);
return;
}
Output:
Enter dividend: 25
Enter divisor: 4
Quotient = 6
Remainder = 1
PROGRAM TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLE.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int l, b, area;
printf(“enter length and breadth”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &l, &b);

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area=l*b;
printf(“area of rectangle=%d”, area);
}
Output:
enter length and breadth 3 4
area of rectangle=12
PROGRAM TO FIND THE AREA OF A CIRCLE.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
float r, area;
printf(“enter radius”);
scanf(“%f”, &r);
area=3.145*r*r;
printf(“area of circle=%f”, area);
}
Output:
enter radius 4
area of circle=12.58
PROGRAM TO FIND SQUARE OF A NUMBER
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, p;
printf(“enter a number”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
p=n*n;
printf(“The square of the number is %d”,p);
}

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Output:
enter a number 4
The square of the number is 16
PROGRAM TO FIND CUBE OF A NUMBER.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n, p;
printf(“enter a number”);
scanf(“%d”,&n); p=n*n*n;
printf(“The cube of the number is %d”,p);
}
Output:
enter a number 4
The cube of the number is 64
PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NUMBERS
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
float a, b, temp;
printf("Enter value of a: ");
scanf("%f",&a);
printf("Enter value of b: ");
scanf("%f",&b);
temp = a; // Value of a is stored in variable temp
a = b; // Value of b is stored in variable a
b = temp; //Value of temp is stored in variable b
printf ("\nAfter swapping, value of a = %.2f\n", a);
printf("After swapping, value of b = %.2f", b);
}

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