Contents

Average: Formulas and Tips for Quick Calculation .................................................................................. 1

Important Concepts ................................................................................................................................ 2
Key Formulas in Number System ............................................................................................................ 3
Key Rules in Number System................................................................................................................... 4
Simple Interest ........................................................................................................................................ 6
All Concepts in SI ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Percentage ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Profit & Loss .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Time & Work ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Time & Distance .................................................................................................................................... 21
Height and Distance .............................................................................................................................. 23
Compound Interest ............................................................................................................................... 26
Permutation and Combination.............................................................................................................. 30
Probability ............................................................................................................................................. 34
Ratio ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
LCM & HCF ............................................................................................................................................ 40

Average: Formulas and Tips for Quick Calculation

Key Formulas

Simple Average:

• Average = (Sum of all values) / (Number of values)

Weighted Average:

• Weighted Average = (Sum of (weight * value)) / (Sum of weights)

Average Speed:

• Average Speed = (Total Distance) / (Total Time)

Successive Discounts:

• Final Price = Initial Price * (1 - Discount1/100) * (1 - Discount2/100) * ...

Mixtures:
 • (Quantity1 * Concentration1) + (Quantity2 * Concentration2) = (Total Quantity * Final
Concentration)

Important Concepts

1. Average When Value is Added or Removed

• Adding a Value:

o Formula:

▪ New Average = (Old Average * Old Number of Values + New Value) / (Old
Number of Values + 1)

o Example:

▪ The average weight of 5 students is 60 kg. If a new student weighing 65 kg

joins the group, what is the new average weight?

▪ New Average = (60 * 5 + 65) / (5 + 1) = 365 / 6 = 60.83 kg

• Removing a Value:

o Formula:

▪ New Average = (Old Average * Old Number of Values - Removed Value) /

(Old Number of Values - 1)

o Example:

▪ The average age of 6 employees is 30 years. If an employee aged 35 years

leaves the company, what is the new average age?

▪ New Average = (30 * 6 - 35) / (6 - 1) = 145 / 5 = 29 years

2. Average of Odd Numbers

• Concept:

o The average of the first 'n' odd numbers is always 'n'.

o Example:

▪ Average of first 5 odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) = (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9) / 5 = 25 / 5 =

5

3. Average of Even Numbers

• Concept:

o The average of the first 'n' even numbers is 'n + 1'.

 o Example:

▪ Average of first 4 even numbers (2, 4, 6, 8) = (2 + 4 + 6 + 8) / 4 = 20 / 4 = 5

4. Average of Natural Numbers

• Sum of first 'n' natural numbers:

o Sum = n * (n + 1) / 2

• Average of first 'n' natural numbers:

o Average = Sum / n = (n * (n + 1) / 2) / n = (n + 1) / 2

o Example:

▪ Average of first 10 natural numbers = (10 + 1) / 2 = 5.5

Key Formulas in Number System

1. Sum of First 'n' Natural Numbers:

• Sum = n(n+1)/2

2. Sum of Squares of First 'n' Natural Numbers:

• Sum = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6

3. Sum of Cubes of First 'n' Natural Numbers:

• Sum = [n(n+1)/2]^2

4. Euclid's Division Lemma:

• For any two integers 'a' and 'b', there exist unique integers 'q' and 'r' such that:

o a = bq + r

o where 0 ≤ r < b

5. Relationship between LCM and HCF:

• For any two integers 'a' and 'b':

o LCM(a, b) * HCF(a, b) = a * b

Important Algebraic Identities:

• (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

• (a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²

• (a + b)(a - b) = a² - b²

• (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

• a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² - ab + b²)
 • a³ - b³ = (a - b)(a² + ab + b²)

Key Rules in Number System

1. Divisibility Rules: These rules help determine if a number is divisible by another number without
performing actual division.

• Divisible by 2: If the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8).

• Divisible by 3: If the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.

• Divisible by 4: If the last two digits are divisible by 4.

• Divisible by 5: If the last digit is 0 or 5.

• Divisible by 6: If the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

• Divisible by 7: Double the last digit and subtract it from the remaining number. Repeat until
you get a single-digit number. If this number is 0 or 7, the original number is divisible by 7.

• Divisible by 8: If the last three digits are divisible by 8.

• Divisible by 9: If the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.

• Divisible by 10: If the last digit is 0.

• Divisible by 11: The difference between the sum of digits at odd places and the sum of digits
at even places is 0 or divisible by 11.

2. Prime Numbers:

• A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has only two divisors: 1 and itself.

• The first few prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, ...

3. Composite Numbers:

• A composite number is a natural number greater than 1 that has more than two divisors.

• Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, ...

4. Co-prime Numbers:

• Two numbers are co-prime if their greatest common divisor (GCD) is 1.

 • Example: 8 and 15 are co-prime because their GCD is 1.

5. LCM (Least Common Multiple):

• The smallest number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers.

6. HCF (Highest Common Factor) or GCD (Greatest Common Divisor):

• The largest number that divides two or more given numbers without leaving a remainder.

7. Euclid's Division Lemma:

• For any two integers 'a' and 'b', there exist unique integers 'q' and 'r' such that:

o a = bq + r

o where 0 ≤ r < b

8. Euclid's Division Algorithm:

• Used to find the HCF of two numbers based on Euclid's Division Lemma.

9. Number Line:

• A visual representation of numbers on a line, which helps in understanding inequalities and

operations.

10. Unit Digit Patterns:

• Recognizing repeating patterns in the unit digits of powers of numbers (e.g., 2^1, 2^2,
2^3,...)
Simple Interest

Formulas

Finding Values
Special Cases

All Concepts in SI
1. Simple Interest (SI)
 • Simple Interest is the interest calculated only on the principal amount (initial investment or
loan) for a fixed period at a fixed rate.

• Formula: SI=P×R×T/100

o P = Principal

o R = Rate of interest per annum (%)

o T = Time (years)

2. Principal (P)

• The original sum of money deposited, borrowed, or invested.

• Example: If you invest ₹5000, then ₹5000 is the principal.

3. Interest

• The extra amount paid by a borrower to a lender for using money over a certain period.

• Interest can be Simple Interest (SI) or Compound Interest (CI).

4. Rate of Interest (R)

• The percentage at which interest is calculated on the principal.

• It is usually given annually (per year).

• Example: If the rate is 10% per annum, it means that ₹10 is earned per ₹100 per year.

5. Time (T)

• The period for which the money is borrowed, invested, or deposited.

• It is usually measured in years but can be converted to months or days.

o Months: T= Months/12

o Days: T=Days/365 (or 366 in leap year)

6. Amount (A)

• The total money received or paid after a certain period, including the principal and interest.

• Formula: A=P+SI

o Example: If P = ₹5000 and SI = ₹1000, then A=5000+1000=6000

7. Loan

• Money borrowed from a lender (bank, person, etc.) that must be repaid with interest.

8. Borrower

• The person or organization that takes a loan and agrees to repay it with interest.

9. Lender

• The person, bank, or financial institution that gives a loan and earns interest from it.

10. Profit / Earnings

• The total extra amount earned as interest from an investment.

• In simple interest, profit = SI.

11. Doubling Time

• The time required for the principal to double in value under simple interest.

• Formula: T=100/R

o Example: If R = 5%, then T=100/5=20 years

o It means that at 5% SI per year, the amount will double in 20 years.

12. Tripling Time

• The time required for the principal to triple in value under simple interest.

• Formula: T=200/R

13. Half-Yearly Interest

• If interest is calculated twice a year, the rate is divided by 2, and time is doubled.

o New rate = R/2

o New time = 2T

14. Quarterly Interest

• If interest is calculated four times a year, the rate is divided by 4, and time is multiplied by 4.

o New rate = R/4

 o New time = 4T

15. Simple Interest vs. Compound Interest

Feature Simple Interest (SI) Compound Interest (CI)

Interest Calculation Only on Principal (P) On Principal + Interest

Formula SI=P×R×T/100 A=P(1+R/100)^T

Growth Linear (Constant Increase) Exponential (Grows Faster)

Example ₹1000 at 10% for 3 years = ₹300 ₹1000 at 10% for 3 years = ₹331

Percentage

Conversion
Percentage Increase/Decrease

Important Formulas
Finding the original value
Shortcut Formula

Profit & Loss

Cost Price (CP)

• The original price at which an item is bought.

• Example: If you buy a phone for ₹10,000, then CP = ₹10,000.

Selling Price (SP)

• The final price at which an item is sold.

• Example: If you sell the phone for ₹12,000, then SP = ₹12,000.

 Profit (Gain)

• If Selling Price (SP) > Cost Price (CP), the seller makes a profit.

• Formula: Profit=SP−CP

• Example: If CP = ₹500 and SP = ₹600, then Profit=600−500=₹100

Loss

• If Selling Price (SP) < Cost Price (CP), the seller incurs a loss.

• Formula: Loss=CP−SP

• Example: If CP = ₹800 and SP = ₹700, then Loss=800−700=₹100

2. Important Formulas
 Successive Profit & Loss

If an item is increased by x% and then by y%, the total increase is:

Example: If a price increases by 20% and then by 10%,

Total Increase=20+10+(20×10/100)=32%

For Successive Decrease:

Total Decrease=−x−y+(x×y/100)

Total Decrease=−x−y+(x×y/100)

3. Concepts and Tricks

Shortcut for Quick Calculation:

• 10% increase → Multiply by 1.1

• 20% increase → Multiply by 1.2

• 10% decrease → Multiply by 0.9

• 20% decrease → Multiply by 0.8

Relationship Between CP, SP, and Profit/Loss

SP=CP+Profit=CP−Loss

If SP and CP Difference is Given:

• If SP > CP → Profit

• If SP < CP → Loss

Breaking Even:

• If SP = CP, no profit, no loss.

Double Profit Rule:

• If an item’s price doubles (100% increase), the new profit % is 100+old profit

Basic Examples
Time & Work

Important Formulas
Fast Calculations

Example Problems
Time & Distance

Basic Formulas :
Conversion :

Relative Speed
Average Speed

Height and Distance

Line of Sight (LOS)

• The imaginary line drawn from the observer’s eye to the object being viewed.

Angle of Elevation

• The angle between the horizontal ground level and the line of sight when looking UP at an
object.

• Example: Looking at the top of a building from the ground.

Angle of Depression

• The angle between the horizontal ground level and the line of sight when looking DOWN at
an object.

• Example: A person looking at a car from the top of a tower.

Height (Vertical Distance)

• The perpendicular distance from the base to the top of an object.

• Example: The height of a tower, tree, or building.

Distance (Horizontal Distance)

 • The horizontal distance between the observer and the base of the object.

Formulas :
Common Problems

Tips
Compound Interest

1. Key Concepts

Principal (P)

• The initial amount of money invested or borrowed.

Rate of Interest (R)

• The percentage at which the interest is calculated per annum.

Time (T)

• The duration for which the interest is calculated (in years).

Compound Interest (CI)

• Interest is calculated on the principal and also on the accumulated interest from previous
periods.

• Unlike Simple Interest (SI), where interest is only on the principal, CI grows exponentially.

Formulas
Imporant Formuals :
Tips :

Common Problems :
Permutation and Combination
Difference

Common Problems
Tips

1. Use permutations when order matters, combinations when order does not.
2. Remember key formulas P(n,r) and C(n,r)
3. Use factorial simplifications for faster calculations.
4. When dealing with repetition, divide by factorials of repeated items.
5. For circular arrangements, use (n−1)! instead of n!
6. Apply the symmetric property: C(n,r)=C(n,n−r)
7. If given "at least" or "at most" cases, break into multiple calculations.
Probability
1. Probability Definition

Probability measures how likely an event is to occur.

Probability (P)=Favorable Outcomes/Total Outcomes

• The probability of an event always lies between 0 and 1: 0≤P(E)≤1

• P(E) = 0 → Impossible event

• P(E) = 1 → Certain event4

2. Types of Events

Sure Event

An event that always occurs.

Example: Getting a number ≤ 6 when rolling a standard dice.

Impossible Event

An event that never occurs.

Example: Getting a 7 when rolling a standard 6-sided die.

Mutually Exclusive Events

Two events that cannot happen at the same time.

Example: Drawing a King and a Queen from a deck in one draw.

Independent Events

Two events are independent if one event does not affect the other.
Example: Tossing a coin twice (first toss doesn't affect the second).

Dependent Events

Two events where one event affects the probability of the other.
Example: Drawing two cards without replacement from a deck.

Complementary Events

The opposite of an event happening.

P(Not A)=1−P(A)
 Example: If the probability of rain is 0.3, the probability of no rain is 1 - 0.3 = 0.7.

Formulas

Multiplication Rule
Special Cases

Cards
Tips

1. When you see "at least one," use:

P(At least one)=1−P(None)

2. If order matters, check if it's a permutation problem.

3. If order doesn't matter, it's likely a combination problem.
4. Mutually exclusive events don’t overlap, so use direct addition.
5. If dependent events, adjust the probability after each selection.
6. For card problems, know the deck structure well.
7. Probability values always range between 0 and 1. If you get >1, it's incorrect.

Ratio
1. Ratio Definition

A ratio compares two or more numbers, showing how much of one value exists compared to
another.

Ratio=First Quantity/Second Quantity

Example: The ratio of boys to girls in a class is 3:5, meaning for every 3 boys, there are 5 girls.

2. Proportion Definition

A proportion states that two ratios are equal.

a:b=c:d or a/b = c/d

Example: If 2 pens cost ₹10, then 4 pens should cost ₹20.

2:10=4:20
Types of Ratio

Ratio Formulas
Proportion Formulas
Tips

LCM & HCF

1. Highest Common Factor (HCF)

The HCF (Greatest Common Divisor - GCD) of two or more numbers is the largest number that
divides all the given numbers exactly.

Example: HCF of 12 and 18

Factors of 12 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
Factors of 18 = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}
Common factors = {1, 2, 3, 6}
HCF = 6

2. Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

The LCM of two or more numbers is the smallest number that is divisible by all the given numbers.
 Example: LCM of 4 and 6
Multiples of 4 = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, …}
Multiples of 6 = {6, 12, 18, 24, …}
Smallest common multiple = 12
LCM = 12

2⃣ Methods to Find HCF & LCM

Method 1: Prime Factorization Method

1. Find the prime factors of each number.

2. HCF = Product of smallest power of common prime factors.

3. LCM = Product of highest power of all prime factors.

Example: Find HCF & LCM of 24 and 36

• 24 = 2³ × 3

• 36 = 2² × 3²

HCF = 2² × 3 = 12
LCM = 2³ × 3² = 72

Method 2: Division Method (For HCF Only)

1. Divide the larger number by the smaller number.

2. Take the remainder and divide it into the previous divisor.

3. Repeat the process until the remainder is 0.

4. The last divisor is the HCF.

Example: Find HCF of 48 and 72

• 72 ÷ 48 = 1, remainder = 24

• 48 ÷ 24 = 2, remainder = 0
HCF = 24

Method 3: Listing Multiples Method (For LCM Only)

1. Write multiples of each number.

2. Find the smallest common multiple.

Example: Find LCM of 5 and 7

• Multiples of 5: {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, …}

 • Multiples of 7: {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, …}
LCM = 35

3⃣ Key HCF & LCM Formulas

Example: Find HCF & LCM of 3/4 and 5/6

• HCF of 3, 5 = 1

• LCM of 4, 6 = 12

• LCM of 3/4 & 5/6 = (3×5) / 2 = 15/2

• HCF of 3/4 & 5/6 = 1/12

4⃣ Special HCF & LCM Tricks

1. If two numbers are co-prime, their HCF is always 1.

2. LCM of consecutive numbers is their product.
3. If two numbers have the same HCF and LCM, they are equal.
 4. HCF of two even numbers is always even.
5. HCF of two odd numbers is always odd.

5⃣ Shortcut Questions & Examples

Example 1: Find HCF and LCM of 18 and 24.

• Factors of 18 = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}

• Factors of 24 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}

• HCF = 6

• LCM = 72

Example 2: Find the largest number that exactly divides 72 and 108.

• HCF(72, 108) = 36
Answer = 36

Example 3: Two numbers have LCM 120 and HCF 10. If one number is 40, find the other.

Using HCF × LCM = Product of Numbers,

10×120=40×x10 \times 120 = 40 \times x10×120=40×x x=10×12040=30x = \frac{10 \times 120}{40} =

30x=4010×120=30

Answer = 30

Example 4: Find LCM of 8, 12, and 16.

• Prime Factorization:

o 8 = 2³

o 12 = 2² × 3

o 16 = 2⁴

• LCM = 2⁴ × 3 = 48
Answer = 48

Example 5: The LCM and HCF of two numbers are 96 and 8. One number is 32. Find the other.

HCF×LCM=Product of Two Numbers

8×96=32×x

x=8×96=24
 Answer = 24

6⃣ Applications of HCF & LCM

LCM Applications:
✔ Finding the least time interval for repeated events.
✔ Finding the least number of objects needed to form groups.

HCF Applications:
✔ Distributing items into equal groups.
✔ Finding the maximum possible length for cutting materials.

7⃣ Quick Recap of Formulas

Concept Formula

HCF × LCM HCF×LCM=Product of Numbers

LCM of Fractions LCM of Numerators/HCF of Denominators

HCF of Fractions HCF of Numerators/LCM of Denominators