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$. *eftr:* Aruthrnoti* Lcgic Linlt (ALU) :

The rnfijfrr clperfrtion$; pi*rformed by the ALU are

adCliticn, suLttnectisR, trtUltiplicatlon, cJivision, loqic and
c#rilpfiri$oil. i

6. Define ilutput l

-f"his i

is thn pro*es$ of producins results fnom the data

fc:r" qffittin# ils#ful infcrrnati*n.
f

7. D*fine *entrnl processing unit (CPU)

The ALU and the CrU of a computer system are jointly
known as the central processing unit (CPU). You may call
CpU as the brain of any corrputer system.
i

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8. Define INPUT DEVICES

.tt

1 . Kmyhoard
Mouse
:

2" i

3. l-ight Pen i
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4. C)ptical/n"r ag netic Scan ner
$. Touch Screen 6 tr
6. Microph,one for'voi*e as input
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f . ilr:f ine Keyboard
sA key[:*ar"d is the most common input device.
s;several kirnds of keyboards are available, but they
re$ertlhle each other with minor variations.
el-he keyboard in most common use is the QWERTY
bclard. Generally standard keyboard has 104 keys.
oln these keyboards, the cursor control keys are
clupiicated to allow easier use of the numeric pad.

i fl. {-}*firlm Pvlfirrs*

@ flXor.i$# is thfr most common input device
*A rncLise is an electro-rTrechanical, hand-held device.
mlt is used as a pointer.
olt can perform fupctions like selecting menu
ccirfl rnattcis, moving icons,'resizing wi ndows, starti ng
programs, ond chcosingi options. ':

a,i
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. Def inr: l-ight pcn I

Light Pen lsqnst common input device.

@
m A light pen is similar to a mouse except tl-rat lvith a

light pen you can move the pointer and select objects on the
clisplay scre*n by directly pointing to the objects with tlre pen.
:

1i-.Define Optical Scanner

s clpti*eel scanner is most cornmnn input device.
mTh€)st* I evi*es a[e usecj for autornatic data collectrcn.
o0
m-[t"re ds,,rlces of tffiis category corTrpletely elirninate
n']anual irrput of data.
 c[:orexample,. I
(!)bar-code 6eader
(ii)ir-nage scanner

"i
ilef ine Tcr-ich Screen
31.

CI touch Screen is most common input device.

o Touch panel displays and pads are now being

offered as alternatives to keyboard.
o Here the input can be given through the computer
screen, that accqpts the input through monitor; users touch
ulectrnnic bu"tt*ns displayed on the screen or they may use '
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Define Microphone
1/1.
*fulicrophone is an input device,
owhich takes voice as input.
',. oThe voice communication is more error-prone than
inforn:atirn th rft ugh keyboard.
w"l-hfir* are iwo types of microphones
(l) nesktop Microphone
(ll) Hand held Microphone
*lrack
1 5. D HFIN E Ba ll ,

o Track Ball is most common input device.

aTrackhall, a pointing device
s it is a nroLrse lying on its back
rrlcve ihe pninter,,you rotate the ball with your
w-l-o
thunrb, y$ur fin$er$, or the palm of your hand.
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oThere are usuallyr one to three buttons next to the ball,

unrhi,;lr ycu use just like mouse buttons.

1 6. tlef in* lv4onrtor

o rnonitor is most common output device
omonitor is perhaps the most important output
device because people interact with this device most
intensively than others. l

mComputer information is displayed, vis'ually with a

video adapter carel and monitor. lnformation processed
within the CPLi, thnt needs to be visually displayed, is sent to

eThe video adapter converts information from the

fornnat used, in tl-re same manner as a television displays
inforrnation sent to it by.o coble service.

17. Detine Fn"inter' :

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3" Dot Matrix Printer :

/&, Line Printer 1

La ser f r"iriter: r

.A l,ffsor pr"intr:r produces hiqh quality print that one

norr"nally fineJs ir"r publishing.
.lt rs; r,rxtrf;rlrely fast and quiet.
 .Moreover, tlrt* operation of a laser printer is easy with
al;tr-,.n:atic pap*r loading and no smudging or messing up of
ink ribbons.
.J-h* fastest !aser printer can print up to 200 pages per
i-rrir"iL.iL# in hl*r:k arid url'rite and up to 100 pages per rninute in

cri luu l".

'A.r"l in[<-jet printer c;eates an image directly on paper by

spraying ink through as many as 64 tiny nozzles.
'Although the image it produces is not generally quite as
s['larp e* the nutput of a, la$er printer, the quality of ink-jet
imaqe$ is stiil high. ,

. lnk-Jst Printer exciellent rniddle ground between dot

matrix and Iasci printer.,
'Like laser printer, en ink-jet printer is quiet and
convenient, but not particularly fast.
.'T-ypically, an ink-jet printer is more expensive than a dot-
rnatrix printer; hut nostsionly half as rnuch as a laser printer'.

Dmt trix []ri nter. ,:

f'vtra o
ti

.T'h* d*t rnatrix priqter was very popular at one point of

tinre.
"lt is a very versatile and inexpensive output device. ln
dct rnairix prirrter tlre prlnt head pltysically "hits" the paper
through tlre ribbon anel produces text (or images) by
corll[:inatimr:s nf dots; hence the name dot matrix printer.
.ltru spe*cl is; rrrefi$ured in character$ per second (CPS)
AlthilLJql-, it rs lr-o$s' 8xilf;nsive, i{ is louder, "slni,ver and
produces lower print quality.

Lirre Printer: :

,A line printe r is generally used with large cCImputer

systems to produce text based data processing reports
Line printers are high-speed printers with speeds
ranging anywhere from i 00 to about 3800 lines per minute.
'ln the past,print quality on line printers was not high.
Developments in,technology are improving the print quality
on line printers.
."f he$e are in the cost rflnge of lacs of Rupe*s.

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'A plotter is a special kind of output device that, like a

printe.r, produces imagep on papeI but does so in a differerrt
l.:

t r lr\r I '

'Plotters are designed tc produce large drawings or

ima$es,sucl'r fi$ cfinstrrictjon plans for builrJings or
f:lueprints for me*hanical objects.
.A pl*ttsi'cffii: L:e connected to the port normally used
by a printer i

'plotters usually come in two designs:

1. Flat Bed: Plotters of small size to be kept orr
taLrle with restriction of paper size.
2." Drur"n: Thefse plotter$ are of big siu e using rt:ll*
of pfrp'*r uf r"rnllmitsd length.
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19. Define SPeaker :

.Speakers are anrother type of output device, which

allow you to listen to voi;ce like music, and conversation with
peopl e.
?
ol

,,

!n order to perform any task,you have to give a set of

instructions in a particular sequence to the computer. These
sets of instructions are Called Programs.
,

21 . Def ine Softw3re :

$r:ftlryffir* refer* to a set of programs that makes the

hairtlwarc p*rf urit a particular set of tasks in particular orcJer.
.'

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22. Define SYstem Software

system softwares are sets of programs, responsible
for running the computer, controlling various operations of
computer systems and management of cornputer resources.
Operating System (OS) falls under this category.

23. ilnf ine opsrating sYstem

An operating system is a system software that
prcvides an interface for a user to communicate with the
computer, manages hardware devices (disk drives, keyboard,
monitor, etc), ffiorrages and maintains disk file systems and
supports application programs. some popular operatirrg
systerns are UNIX, Windiows and Linux.
r+r ..i ^.i .^ -. ri i i..r.: i l+ I _-.
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Thls l-ras le cl tc another type of system software called
"Utilities". These are programs that bridge the gap between
tlre functionality of an OF and the needs of users. Utility
programs are a broad category of software such as
compre$s (zip)/uncompress (unzip) files software, anti virus
software, split and join files software, etc.

?b. ilef ine Maehine Language:

This is the language (in the form of O's and 1's, called
binary numbers) underslood directly by the computer. lt is
machine depenCent. lt is difficult to learn and even more
difficult to write programs.
i

liu. ileiiiie Ass*fi-ibiy il-anguage.

Assotnbly languqge programming is simpler and less
tirne oonsurning ttran rnpchine level programming, it is easier
tr: locate and correct errors in assembly language than in
maclrine language prclgrams. lt is also machine dependent.
,Programmers mllst have knowledge of the machine on
which the program will run.
s
.

27. High Levml l-anguage

high level language has been evolved which uses
norrrjai f;riglish iike, easy to understand statements to solve
any problem. F{igher level languages are computer ;

independent ancl, programming becomes quite easy and

simple. ,
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