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HW 1

This document contains solutions to 10 problems from a homework assignment on linear algebra concepts. The problems cover topics such as matrix operations, matrix equations relating physical quantities, properties of orthogonal and unitary matrices, and matrix norms. Key steps and conclusions are provided concisely without full working shown.

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1K views3 pages

HW 1

This document contains solutions to 10 problems from a homework assignment on linear algebra concepts. The problems cover topics such as matrix operations, matrix equations relating physical quantities, properties of orthogonal and unitary matrices, and matrix norms. Key steps and conclusions are provided concisely without full working shown.

Uploaded by

johanpenuela
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fall 2004 AMS526: Homework 1 Due on Sep. 20, 2004 1. (Trefethen 1.

1) Let B be a 4 4 matrix to which we apply the following operations: 1. double column 1, 2. halve row 3, 3. add row 3 to row 1, 4. interchange columns 1 and 4, 5. subtract row 2 from each of the other rows, 6. replace column 4 by column 3, 7. delete column 1 (so that the column dimension is reduced by 1). (a) Write the result as the product of eight matrices. Solution: M5 M3 M2 BM1 M4 M6 M7 where 2 0 M1 = 0 0 0 0 M4 = 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 , M2 = 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 , M5 = 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 M7 = 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 , M3 = 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 , M6 = 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 , 0 1 0 0 , 1 0

(b) Write it again as a product ABC (same B) of three matrices. Solution: 1 1 0 1 A = M5 M 3 M2 = 0 1 0 1


1 2

0 0 0 , 1 0 2 0 1

0 1 C = M1 M4 M6 M7 = 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 0

2. (Trefethen 1.2) Suppose masses m1 , m2 , m3 , and m4 are located at positions x1 , x2 , x3 , and x4 in a line and connected by springs with spring constants k12 , k23 , and k34 whose natural lengths of extension are l12 , l23 , and l34 . Let f1 , f2 , f3 , and f4 denote the rightward forces on the masses; e.g., f1 = k12 (x2 x1 l12 ). (a) Write the 4 4 matrix equation relating the column vectors f and x. Let K denote the matrix in this equation. Solution: k12 k12 k12 k12 k23 K= 0 k23 0 0 0 k23 k23 k34 k34 0 0 k34 k34

(b) What are the dimensions of the entries of K in the physics sense (e. g., mass times time, distance divided by mass, etc.)? Solution: mass time2

(c) What are the dimensions of det(K), again in the physics sense? Solution: mass time2
4

(d) Suppose K is given numerical values based on the units meters, kilograms, and seconds. Now the system is rewritten with a matrix K based on centimeters, grams, and seconds. What is the relationship of K to K? What is the relationship of det(K ) to det(K)? Solution: 1kg/sec = 103 g/sec . Thus, K = 103 K and det(K ) = 1012 det(K) 3. (Trefethen 1.4) Let f1 , f2 , . . . , f8 be a set of functions dened on the interval [1, 8] with the property that for any numbers d1 , d2 , . . . , d8 there exists a set of coecients c1 , c2 , . . . , c8 such that
8 2 2

cj fj (i) = di , i = 1, ..., 8
j=1

(a) Show by appealing to Lecture 1 of the text that d1 , d2 , . . . , d8 determine c1 , c2 , . . . , c8 uniquely. Solution: Consider the map B : (c1 , . . . , c8 ) (d1 , . . . , d8 ). range(B) = C8 . Thus B is invertible and (c1 , . . . , c8 ) is uniquely determined. (b) Let A be the 88 matrix representing the linear mapping from data d1 , . . . , d8 to c1 , . . . , c8 . What is the i, j entry of A1 ? Solution: A1 = B. i,j entry of A1 is fj (i). 4. (Trefethen 2.1) Show that if a square matrix A is both triangular and unitary, then it is diagonal. Solution: Let aj be the j-th column vector of A. Then a aj = ij . Without the loss of generality, we i can assume that A is upper triangular; aij = 0 for i > j. We are done when we prove aij = 0 for j > i. min(i,j) We will prove that using induction. Note that a aj = k=1 aki akj . For i = 1, a aj = a11 a1j = 1j . 1 i Then it is easy to see a1j = 0 for j > 1. Assume that anj = 0 for j > n, n = 1, . . . , i 1. For j > i, i i1 a aj = k=1 aki akj = k=1 aki akj + aii aij . By the induction hypothesis, the rst sum is zero and i ai aj = aii aij = ij . Again it is easy to see aij = 0 for j > i 5. (Trefethen 2.2) The Pythagorean theoream asserts that for a set of n orthogonal vectors {xi },
n n

xi
i=1

=
i=1

xi 2 . x1 + x2
2

(a) Prove this in the case n = 2 by an explicit computation of x1 + x2 2 . Solution: (x1 + x2 ) (x1 + x2 ) = x x1 + x x2 + x x1 + x x2 = x x1 + x x2 = x1 + x2 2 . 1 1 2 2 1 2 (b) Show that this computation also established the general case, by induction.

Solution: We will show this by induction. We have snown this when n = 2. n1 n1 n1 2 i=1 xi + xn . Since i=1 xi and xn are orthogonal, this is equal to i=1 xi n1 n 2 2 2 By induction hypothesis, this is equal to i=1 xi + xn = i=1 xi .

n i=1 2

xi 2 = + xn 2 .

6. (Trefethen 2.3) Let A Cmm be hermitian. An eigenvector of A is a nonzero vector x Cm such that Ax = x for some C, the corresponding eigenvalue. (a) Prove that all eigenvalues of A are real. Solution: Let x = 0 and are eigen pairs such that Ax = x. Then x x = (x) x = (Ax) x = x A x = x Ax = x (x) = x x. Since x x = 0, = . (b) Prove that if x and y are eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues, then x and y are orthogonal. Solution: Let Ax = 1 x and Ay = 2 y where 1 and 2 are distinct real eigenvalues. 1 x y = (1 x) y = (Ax) y = x A y = x Ay = x (2 y) = 2 x y. Since 1 = 2 , x y = 0. 7. (Trefethen 2.4) What can be said of the eigenvalues of a unitary matrix? Solution: Let Qx = x. Since Q preserves the length of the vectors, x = Qx = x = || x . Thus || = 1. 8. (Trefethen 3.3) (a) Solution: (b) Solution: x x
2 2 2

= max |xi |2

|xi |2 = x 2 . Equality holds for x = e1 . 2


2 .

Equality holds for x = (1, 1, . . . , 1). (c) Solution: For y Cn , Ay Ay 2 A 2 y 2 A 2 n y = n A 2 y . Equality holds for A whose rst row is (1, 1, . . . , 1) and zero elsewhere. (d) Solution: Ay 2 m Ay m A y m A y 2 Equality holds for A whose rst column is (1, 1, . . . , 1) and zero elsewhere. 9. (Trefethen 3.4) (a) Solution: B can be written as a product of three matrices RAC where C Can you imagine what R and C look like? (b) Solution: 10. (Trefethen 4.1) (a) Solution: (b) Solution: 3 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 = = 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 3 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 B
p p

|xi |2 m max |xi |2 = m x

1 and R

1.

= RAC

A p.

0 (c) Solution: 0 0 (d) Solution: 1 0 1 1

2 1 0 = 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 = 1 0
1 2 1 2

0 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0

0 0 0

0 1

1 0
1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2

(e) Solution:

1 2 1 2

0 0

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2

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