Physical Science 1 Student Study Guide 2/28/2023

PHYSICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER 1 STUDY GUIDE

How to use this study guide: This study guide is an important part of this course. Each heading
corresponds sequentially with the lessons in Edgenuity. The study guide is most helpful when
you fill it out sequentially as you work through the course. Your study guide is also the key to
a successful exam score! As an academic incentive, if you turn in your completed study guide
prior to taking your exam, you may receive additional credit as long as you pass your exam
with 60% or higher.

All Study Guides are Mandatory!

Cycles of Matter
Some consumers, like lions, do not eat plants or any other producers. They only eat other animals.

How do lions obtain the carbon they need?

During the nitrogen cycle, through which structure are nitrogen compounds first absorb into the plant?

_________________

Momentum

Momentum is a measure of the _________ of an object. (weight, force, motion)

What is the momentum of a 5 kg object that has a velocity of 1.2 m/s?

a. 6.0 kg • m/s
b. 6.2 kg • m/s

The chart shows masses and velocities of four objects.

Which lists the objects in order, from least to greatest momentum?

a. Z, X, W, Y
b. Y, W, X, Z

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Conservation of Momentum
Two blocks are initially at rest with a compressed spring between them. When the spring is released, the
2m block moves to the left and the m block moves to the right. This represents an inelastic collision in a
closed system.

What best describes the blocks after the spring is released? The total momentum is ______

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s first law of motion was a giant leap forward in scientific thought during Newton’s time. Even
today, the idea is sometimes difficult at first for people to understand.

Complete the statement below that may make it hard for people to accept Newton’s first law at first.
*Statement: A rolling ball eventually does what as it comes to a stop? _____________________

An object has a mass of 5 kg. What force is needed to accelerate it at 6 m/s2? (Formula: F=ma)
(30 N or 11N)

Calculate the force. Show your work.

Gravity and Motion

Explain how planets move in orbit as supported by Newton’s first law of motion?

Introduction to Matter
List two characteristics of atoms:

Define mass

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Physical Properties
Define physical changes:

Give an example of a physical change?

Chemical Properties
Define a chemical reaction

Suppose that a substance in a beaker is heated over a burner in a science lab.

Which observation would most likely indicate that a chemical change has occurred in the substance?
a. If the substance is a solid, a change of some of the solid to liquid form would indicate a chemical
change.
b. If the substance is a liquid or solid, production of an odor would indicate a chemical change.

Elements
Define isotopes:

Where are the protons and neutrons located in the atom?

Where are the electrons located in an atom?

What is the atomic number?

Is the chemical symbol the same for all elements?

An atom of the element zinc has an atomic number of 30 and a mass number of 65. How many protons,
electrons and neutrons are with in an atom of zinc?

Scientists in a lab are working with two different samples of the element mercury. They know that the
different samples are different isotopes.
Which subatomic particles of isotopes must be different?

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Chemical Bonding
Explain the octet rule as to why atoms bond:

Define valence electrons:

Define ionic bonds and covalent bonds:

Compounds
There are several different models that represent compounds. One type of model is shown.

The drawing above is a ________________ model of a compound.

How many atoms of each element are in the chemical formula Ca(OH)2?
a. 1 calcium, 1 oxygen, and 1 hydrogen
b. 1 calcium, 2 oxygen, and 2 hydrogen

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

Define a chemical reaction:

The Statue of Liberty is made out of copper and was once shiny and copper-colored. Over the years, the
copper has gone through a process called oxidation, where it has changed into a new material.
What has occurred?

Harvey mixes two liquids a precipitate can form. Define a precipitate:

How does it look?

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Which condition must be met in order for an equation to be balanced?

Which balances the equation Mg + O2 → MgO?

a. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
b. 2Mg + 2O2 → 4MgO

Define coefficient:

Lexi is balancing equations. She is finding one equation to be very difficult to balance. Which explains
how to balance the equation ZnSO4 + Li2CO3 → ZnCO3 + Li2SO4?
a. The products both need a 3 coefficient.
b. The reactants both need a 2 coefficient.
c. Atoms in the equation are already in balance.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Which type of reaction has the general formula of AB + CD → AD + CB? __________________

Define synthesis reaction

Define decomposition reaction

Define replacement reaction

Define oxidation reaction

Which clue can be used to identify a chemical reaction as a decomposition reaction?

a. The reaction involves oxygen.
b. The reaction has a single reactant.

What are the products of the combustion of a hydrocarbon?

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Introduction to Motion

Define reference point

A toy car is placed at 0 on a number line. It moves 9 cm to the left, then 4 cm to the right, and then 6 cm
to the left. What is the total distance the toy car traveled?

a. 11 cm
b. 19 cm

Electric Charge
Which will a positively charged object attract?

Tisa makes a diagram to organize her notes about charging objects.

Which statement should she place in the region marked X (means things are similar)?
a. Electrons move between objects.
b. The objects do not touch.

The image shows the electric field lines around two charged particles.

At which position would the electric force be greatest?

a. 1
b. 4

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Stars
What is released through nuclear fusion in stars?

What is a nebula?

What will a medium-mass star become at the very end of its life cycle?

The Sun
Which elements are the main components of the Sun?

What is the solar process that results in the production of energy?

Where in the Sun does the production of energy take place?

The Solar System

How was Aristotle’s model similar to Ptolemy’s model?

What is some of the evidence used by Galileo to support Copernicus’s model and disprove Aristotle and
Ptolemy’s?

a. Each planet spins in an epicycle.

b. Planets appear to move backward.
c. Jupiter has moons orbiting it.

Galileo increase public support for Copernicus’s model by publishing his work in what language?______

Which planet is terrestrial? a. Jupiter b. Mars c. Saturn

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Planets
Complete the chart by listing characteristics about inner and outer planets. Complete the chart below:

Inner planets Outer planets

Which planet revolves slowly around the Sun, has rings, and is known for its Great Red Spot?

Gravity and Motion

When two objects are near each other, how would increasing one object’s mass affect it?
a. The shape of the object would change.
b. The weight of the object would decrease.
c. The gravitational force of the object would increase.

Which location would an object’s weight be the greatest? (on the Sun or on the moon)

Which statement explains how planets move in orbit as supported by Newton’s first law of motion?

a. Planets can change the direction of their own orbital path.

b. Planets can change orbits due to their inertia.
c. Planets in motion will have a constant speed unless acted on by an outside force.

The Earth- Sun- Moon System

About how long does it take Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun?_____________

The moon illuminated. Define illuminate:

What occurs when the moon blocks the view of the Sun?

Define a spring tide

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Define a lunar eclipse

Define a solar eclipse

Which event occurs during high tide?

Fossils

Which is the first step in the process during the formation of molded fossils?

How might an entire insect be preserved?

Which is one piece of information that fossils in samples from Earth’s crust reveal about Earth’s history?
a. changes in climate
b. number of species at a specific time
c. composition of Earth’s core
d. age of organisms when they died

Geologic Time
Which best describes eras and periods?
a. Eras have a smaller time span than periods.
b. Eras and periods are independent of each other
c. Eras and periods both appear at the start of the Cambrian period.

Which best explains a primary reason for the inability of life to exist in Earth’s early atmosphere?

a. There was insufficient energy from material collisions to change their density
b. High temperatures during Precambrian time caused surface water evaporation.
c. Volcanic eruptions and comet collisions added different gases to the atmosphere.

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Spheres of Earth
Define and give an example of cryosphere?

Define ionosphere:

A tropical rainforest includes trees, animals, insects, plants, rain, rivers, rocks, soil, and warm, moist air.
Which 3 spheres of Earth are represented in a tropical rainforest?_____________ _____________
______________

A volcanic eruption releasing rock, ash, and dust particles into the air is an example of which
interaction? ______________________________________________________________

Which spheres of Earth are directly influenced when human-caused air pollution leads to acid rain that
dissolves limestone rocks?

a. atmosphere, cryosphere, geosphere

b. cryosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere
c. geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere

Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere

Which statement describes an important role of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere?

a. Animals breathe carbon dioxide.
b. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food.
c. Carbon dioxide helps animals make proteins.
d. Carbon dioxide forms clouds that produce rain.

The image below shows a diagram explaining a concept.

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Which concept does the diagram show?

a. temperature
b. altitude
c. air density
d. air pressure

Energy on Earth
A restaurant advertises that it is environmentally friendly. It describes the solar panels it uses to
generate electricity and the locally grown produce it serves. All the meals it offers are prepared over an
open wood fire. Food is served on recycled copper plates, and drinks are served in recycled aluminum
cups.
Which correctly lists three renewable resources used by the restaurant?

Define a nonrenewable resource

Define a renewable resource

Which resource is sometimes unpredictable in terms of energy production?

a. coal
b. wood
c. gasoline
d. natural gas

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Examine the pictures.

Which resource produces the cleanest energy?

a.. gasoline
b. oil
c. wind

Hypotheses Theories and Laws

All theories are hypotheses, but not all hypotheses are theories. Francis wants to know if a specific
hypothesis he is researching is a theory.

Which describes how Francis would know the hypothesis is a theory?

a. He could restate the hypothesis as a fact and no longer an explanation

b. He could determine whether the hypothesis is based on repeated experiments.
c. He could perform the experiment and adjust data to match the desired results.

Take a look at the statement below:

Fish meal is better than artificial fertilizers.

How could this statement be revised to make it a hypothesis?

a. Fish meal is a better fertilizer than artificial fertilizer because fish meal is natural.
b. Plants that are fertilized with fish meal will grow taller than plants that receive artificial fertilizer.
c.. Plants that receive artificial fertilizer will be better than plants that receive fish meal.

Why have improvements in microscopes over time resulted in revisions in the cell theory?

a. They have revealed new information about cell structure and processes.
b. They have made microscopes easier to use.

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