Introduction and Web Development Strategies

World Wide Web:

The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Web is
a huge collection of pages of information linked to each other around the globe.

History of WWW:

 WWW is created by Sir Tim Berners Lee in 1989 at CERN in Geneva.

 In 1990, the first text only browsers were setup and CERN scientist could access hypertext
files and other information at CERN. HTML was based on a subset of the standard generalized
markup language (SGML). To transfer HTML document to remote sites a new protocol was
devised called HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).
 In the fall of 1991, conference goes around the world started hearing about the promise but sparks
still were not flying.
 In 1993, there are only about 50 websites world wide. A browser that allowed user to take
advantage of the web’s graphical capabilities was developed at the National center for Super
Computing application (NCSA). NCSA called the browser Mosaic.
Protocols Governing Web:

Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that is used to communicate applications to each

OR
A protocol is the interface required for communicating the different applications

Classification:

 HTTP
 TCP/IP
 FTP
 E-MAIL
 TELNET

 HTTP: HTTP is the primary protocol used to distribute information on the web.
Initial HTTP 0.9 does not allow for content typing and does not have provisions forsupplying
meta-information.

 Content Typing: To identify the type of data being transferred.

 Meta Information: It is supplemental data, such as environment variables that identifythe
client’s computer Current version is HTTP 1.0

 TCP/IP: It is a set of rules that an application can use to package its information forsending
across the networks of networks.
 FTP: It is used to transfer the files over networks.
 E-Mail: It is a method of exchanging digital messages across the Internet or othercomputer
networks.
 Telnet: Telnet lets you remotely log into another system and browse files and directorieson that remote
system.
Website: A website is simply a collection of interlinked web pages.

Classification:
A. Corporate Website
B. Individual website

A. Corporate Website:
i. In this, there is certain no. of persons, who develop their website for a
particular organization.
ii. The corporate website are formed when group of people have common
interest and objective.
iii. The purpose of this website is to convey the information of organization to all
over the world.

B. Individual website: It is just like profile management system. In this type of website
an individual wants to develop website for h-projection, career growth etc.

Cyber Laws: Cyber law is a term used to describe the legal issues related to use of
communication technology, particularly “cyberspace” i.e. Internet.

Indian and International Cyber Law: Cyber Laws are formed by the government to prevent the
internet crime. These crimes could be hacking, threat on internet, denial of services etc. Cyberspace
includes computer, computer networks, internet data, software etc.

o Data Protection and Privacy Law: This is due to the nature of the internet
and amount of information that may be accessed through it, such legislation is
critical to protect the fundamental rights of privacy of an individual.
o Electronic and Digital Signature Law: This is required so that uniform and
standard procedures are established for authentication of electronics records,
EDI, E-Mail.
o Computer Crime Law: due to victim of internet threats.
 o Telecommunication Law: Approve and supervise the application of fees and
rates charged for telecommunication services in accordance with the provision
of the applicable law.
o Intellectual Property Law: This includes copyright law, trademark law,
semiconductor law and patent law in relation to computer hardware and
software.

IT Act 2000 (INDIA):

 E-Governance
 Authentication of E-Records
 Digital Signatures
 Controlled certifying authorities
 Penalties for damage of computer and computer system.
Writing web Projects and Target Users:
 Write a project mission statement: Write the specific mission statement that you want to
do.
 Identify Objectives:
 Specific
 Measurable
 Attainable
 Realistic
 Time limited

 Identify your target users: The matter of a website will be determined by theusers whom
you want to visit the site. This is totally depend upon
 Market research
 Focus group
 Understanding intranet audiences
 Determine the scope: By supporting documents and client’s approval.
 Budget:
 Assumption for budgets.
 Budget categories.
 Determine hidden costs and tools.
 Planning issues:
 Discuss client’s existing information system.
 Project team and developing infrastructure.
 Where the website will place.
Comparison between traditional project and web project:

Web Projects

1. Project managers are not always client. They could be same.

2. Often beta technologies are used fortesting, often without tech support.
3. Pricing model for web projects does not exist.
4. Team roles are less specialized.
5. Clients are often unwilling to bear thecost of web development.
6. Standards for web projects do not exist.
7. Project manager’s responsibilities are very broad.

Traditional Projects
1. They are always different.
2. It is not applicable in this case

3. It do exist for traditional projects.

4. More specialized.

5. Difficult of traditional projects.

6. Standards for web projects exist.

7. Not true for these projects.

Internet Services and tools

Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of information such as text, graphics, sound and software over the
internet. Following diagram shows the four different categories of Internet Services.

Communication Services
There are various Communication Services available that offer exchange of information with individuals or groups. The
following table gives a brief introduction to these services:

S.N. Service Description

1 Electronic Mail
Used to send electronic message over the internet.

2 Telnet
Used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to internet.

3 Newsgroup
Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests.

4 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

Allows the people from all over the world to communicate in real time.

5 Mailing Lists
Used to organize group of internet users to share common information through e-mail.

6 Internet Telephony (VoIP)

Allows the internet users to talk across internet to any PC equipped to receive the call.

7 Instant Messaging
Offers real time chat between individuals and group of people. Eg. Yahoo messenger, MSN messenger.
Information Retrieval Services
There exist several Information retrieval services offering easy access to information present on the internet. The following
table gives a brief introduction to these services:

S.N. Service Description

1 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Enable the users to transfer files.

2 Archie
It’s updated database of public FTP sites and their content. It helps to search a file by its name.

3 Gopher
Used to search, retrieve, and display documents on remote sites.

4 Very Easy Rodent Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Achieved (VERONICA)

VERONICA is gopher based resource. It allows access to the information resource stored on gopher’s
servers.

Web Services
Web services allow exchange of information between applications on the web. Using web services, applications can easily
interact with each other.
The web services are offered using concept of Utility Computing.

World Wide Web (WWW)

WWW is also known as W3. It offers a way to access documents spread over the several servers over the internet. These
documents may contain texts, graphics, audio, video, hyperlinks. The hyperlinks allow the users to navigate between the
documents.

Video Conferencing
Video conferencing or Video teleconferencing is a method of communicating by two-way video and audio transmission with
help of telecommunication technologies.
Modes of Video Conferencing

Point-to-Point
This mode of conferencing connects two locations only.

Multi-point
This mode of conferencing connects more than two locations through Multi-point Control Unit (MCU).
Introduction to client server computing
In client server computing, the clients requests a resource and the server provides that resource. A server may serve multiple
clients at the same time while a client is in contact with only one server. Both the client and server usually communicate via a
computer network but sometimes they may reside in the same system.
An illustration of the client server system is given as follows −

Characteristics of Client Server Computing

The salient points for client server computing are as follows:

 The client server computing works with a system of request and response. The client sends a request to the server and
the server responds with the desired information.
 The client and server should follow a common communication protocol so they can easily interact with each other. All
the communication protocols are available at the application layer.
 A server can only accommodate a limited number of client requests at a time. So it uses a system based to priority to
respond to the requests.
 Denial of Service attacks hindera servers ability to respond to authentic client requests by inundating it with false
requests.
 An example of a client server computing system is a web server. It returns the web pages to the clients that requested
them.

Difference between Client Server Computing and Peer to Peer Computing

The major differences between client server computing and peer to peer computing are as follows:

 In client server computing, a server is a central node that services many client nodes. On the other hand, in a peer to
peer system, the nodes collectively use their resources and communicate with each other.
 In client server computing the server is the one that communicates with the other nodes. In peer to peer to computing,
all the nodes are equal and share data with each other directly.
 Client Server computing is believed to be a subcategory of the peer to peer computing.
Advantages of Client Server Computing
The different advantages of client server computing are −

 All the required data is concentrated in a single place i.e. the server. So it is easy to protect the data and provide
authorisation and authentication.
 The server need not be located physically close to the clients. Yet the data can be accessed efficiently.
 It is easy to replace, upgrade or relocate the nodes in the client server model because all the nodes are independent
and request data only from the server.
 All the nodes i.e clients and server may not be build on similar platforms yet they can easily facilitate the transfer of
data.

Disadvantages of Client Server Computing

The different disadvantages of client server computing are −

 If all the clients simultaneously request data from the server, it may get overloaded. This may lead to congestion in the
network.
 If the server fails for any reason, then none of the requests of the clients can be fulfilled. This leads of failure of the
client server network.
 The cost of setting and maintaining a client server model are quite high.