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Experiment No. 8

The document outlines an experiment focused on the hardware implementation of Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) modulation and coherent demodulation. It details the apparatus used, theoretical concepts of BFSK, and the procedures for both modulation and demodulation, including circuit designs and analysis of results. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper connections and observations during the experiment.

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Kanishq Malhotra
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14 views4 pages

Experiment No. 8

The document outlines an experiment focused on the hardware implementation of Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) modulation and coherent demodulation. It details the apparatus used, theoretical concepts of BFSK, and the procedures for both modulation and demodulation, including circuit designs and analysis of results. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper connections and observations during the experiment.

Uploaded by

Kanishq Malhotra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

: 08

1 Aim
1. Hardware implementation of BFSK modulation and its coherent demodulation.

2 Apparatus Used
ICs: XR-2206 (Monolithic Function Generator) LM741 (Op - Amp) LM393 (Voltage Comparator)
1N4007 (Diode) Capacitor Connecting wires
DSO Probe Breadboard DC power supply
Digital Storage Oscilloscope Function Generator

3 Theory
3.1 BFSK Modulation (Binary Frequency Shift Keying)
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) refers to a form of frequency modulation that utilizes two unique
frequencies to convey binary information (0s and 1s). Each bit within the data stream is assigned to one
of the two frequencies, with one frequency representing a logic 1 and the alternate representing a logic 0.

Basic Concept:

• In BFSK, two different frequencies f1 and f2 are used to transmit binary data.
• A binary 0 is represented by frequency f1 , and a binary 1 is represented by frequency f2 .
Mathematical Representation:
(
A cos(2πf1 t) for bit ’0’
s(t) = (1)
A cos(2πf2 t) for bit ’1’

where:
• A is the amplitude of the signal.

• f1 and f2 are the frequencies used to represent binary 0 and 1, respectively.


• The signal switches between f1 and f2 according to the bits of the data stream.
Frequency Separation:
• For BFSK, the two frequencies, f1 and f2 should be sufficiently separated to ensure clear differen-
tiation at the receiver, often by a factor known as the ”frequency separation” ∆f . This is given
by:
∆f = |f2 − f1 | (2)
A larger ∆f helps in reducing errors, especially in noisy environments.

Bandwidth Considerations:
• The bandwidth of the BFSK signal depends on the frequency separation ∆f, Base band signal
frequency fm , and the modulation index. The bandwidth can be approximated as:
BWBF SK ≈ ∆f + 2fm (3)
3.2 Non-Coherent Demodulation of BFSK
Non-coherent demodulation describes a technique in which the receiver does not require any prior knowl-
edge of the carrier phase, meaning there is no synchronization regarding the carrier’s phase between the
transmitter and receiver. This approach is advantageous in real-world systems where achieving phase
synchronization can be challenging or expensive.

3.3 FSK Modulator circuit and Block diagram of FSK Demodulation

Figure 1: FSK Modulator circuit

Figure 2: Block Diagram of FSK Demodulation

3.4 Band Pass Filter Circuit and Designing Equations

C1 = C2 = C = 0.01uF; BWBP F =500Hz


Q Q
1. R1 = 3. R3 = 5. Af < 2Q2
2πfc CAf πfc C
Q fc R3
2. R2 = 4. Q= 6. Af =
2πfc C(2Q2 − Af ) BW 2R1

Table 1: BPF Designing Equations

Page 2
Figure 3: Band Pass Filter

3.5 Envelope Detector Circuit

Figure 4: Envelope Detector Circuit

4 Procedure
(FSK Modulation)

1. Read IC data sheet (XR-2206), and then choose Suitable Circuit for FSK Modulation.

2. Connect the FSK Modulator circuit shown in Figure 1 and Give Square wave signal of 200 Hz and
2.5 Vpp as input.
3. As the formula given in the data sheet calculate R1 and R2 with the given carrier signals frequencies,
f 1 = 2 KHz and f 2 =5.2 KHz.

4. Observe the time and frequency domain wave forms of FSK modulator output. Draw the output
and analyze it in both domains.

(FSK Demodulation)

1. Design the Band pass filter for different carrier frequencies and envelope detector circuit. Connect
as shown in Figure 2.
2. Give a FSK Modulated signal as input.
3. Observe FSK Demodulated output and draw it in your copy, compare it with message signal.

Page 3
5 Analysis of Results
6 Conclusions
Precautions
1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. Observation should be taken properly.

IC’s Pin Diagrams

Figure 5: Pin Diagrams

Page 4

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