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Computerized Engine Controls 8th Edition Steve V.
Hatch Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Steve V. Hatch
ISBN(s): 9781428399969, 1111041288
Edition: 8
File Details: PDF, 11.06 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
 COMPUTERIZED
ENGINE CONTROLS
Eighth Edition

Steve V. Hatch
Lincoln College of Technology, Denver Campus
Formerly
Denver Automotive and Diesel College

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
 Computerized Engine Controls, © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Eighth Edition
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Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 XXX 11 10 09
 Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Chapter 1: A Review of Electricity Chapter 3: Common Components for

and Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Computerized Engine Control Systems 71
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Common Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Electrical Circuits versus
Sensing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Electronic Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Electron Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . . 96
Electrical Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Electrical Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Circuit Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Integrated Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 4: Common Operating
The Digital Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Principles for Computerized Engine
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Electronic Fuel Injection System
Chapter 2: Computers in Cars . . . . . . 43 Operating Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Ignition System Operating Principles . . . 116
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Emission-Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Why Computers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Variable Valve Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
How Computers Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 42-V Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Functions of the Engine Computer . . . . . . 61 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Controlling Exhaust Gasses . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Closed Loop and Open Loop Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
The PCM and Exhaust Emissions . . . . . . 66 Chapter 5: Diagnostic Concepts . . . . 135
Attitude of the Technician . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . . 66 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Types of Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
iii
iv Contents

Diagnostic Trouble Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Monitoring Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Data Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Setting DTCs and Turning on the Mil . . . 214
Functional Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Diagnostic Management Software . . . . . 215
Technical Service Bulletins . . . . . . . . . . . 139 OBD II Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Pinpoint Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Cold Start Emissions Reduction . . . . . . . 225
Flowcharts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Diagnostic Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Electrical Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Other General Diagnostic Concepts . . . . 146 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Chapter 9: Multiplexing Concepts . . . 231
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Chapter 6: Diagnostic Equipment . . . 149 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Multiplexing Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Multiplex System Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Scan Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Multiplexing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Breakout Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Communication on a J1850 VPW
Non-Powered Test Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Data Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Logic Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Communication on a CAN Data Bus . . . . 240
Digital Volt-Ohmmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Multiplexing Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Digital Storage Oscilloscopes . . . . . . . . . 166 Other Bosch Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Safety Considerations When Diagnosis of Multiplexed Circuits . . . . . . 243
Using a DVOM or DSO . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Gas Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Diagnostic Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Chapter 10: General Motors’
Chapter 7: Exhaust Gas Analysis . . . 185 Electronic Fuel Injection . . . . . . . . . . 247
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Theory of Gas Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Powertrain Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Measured Gasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Gas Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Diagnosing with the Gasses . . . . . . . . . . 195
Body Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 279
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Chapter 8: OBD II Self-Diagnostics . . 201
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Chapter 11: General Motors and
CARB/EPA/SAE/OBD Background . . . . . 201 Port Fuel Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Why OBD II? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
What Does OBD II Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Powertrain Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . 290
 Contents v

Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Chapter 14: Ford’s Electronic Engine

Fuel Supply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Control V (EEC V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Throttle Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Non-PCM Emission Controls . . . . . . . . . 296 Engine Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 328 Emissions Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Advanced Ford Computer System
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 465
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Chapter 12: Advanced General Motors Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Engine Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Chapter 15: Chrysler Corporation
Northstar Engine Overview . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Fuel Injection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Northstar Inputs/Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Cadillac LH2 Northstar Upgrades . . . . . . 353 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Cadillac HFV6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Powertrain Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . 472
GM Generation III Small-Block V8s . . . . 357 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
GM Generation IV Small-Block V8s . . . . 360 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
GM Active Fuel Management Chrysler Multiplexing Systems . . . . . . . . 500
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Advanced Chrysler Electronic
Flywheel Alternator Starter System . . . . . 362 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Belt Alternator Starter System . . . . . . . . . 367 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 504
GM Voice-Recognition/Navigational Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 368 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Chapter 16: European (Bosch)
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Engine Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . 511
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Chapter 13: Ford’s Electronic Engine Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Control IV (EEC IV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Continuous Injection System . . . . . . . . . 515
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Pulsed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Powertrain Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Motronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Electronic Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 427 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Bosch OBD II Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 536
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
vi Contents

Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 Honda Insight, Civic, and Accord

Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Toyota Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Chapter 17: Asian Computer Control Ford Escape Hybrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Fuel Cell Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Flexible Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 601
Nissan: Electronic Concentrated Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 555 Appendix A: Approach
Toyota Computer-Controlled System . . . 555 to Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Narrowing Down the Area of
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 566 Pinpoint Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Honda: Programmed Fuel Injection . . . . 568 Additional Information Concerning
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Soft Fault Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Honda’s VTEC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 581 Appendix B: Terms and Acronyms . . 615
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 Appendix C: Automotive-Related
Web Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Chapter 18: Alternative Power
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
 Preface

The application of the microprocessor with its understands the system’s purpose, operation,
related components and circuits has made auto- and diagnostic approach, the diagnostic proce-
motive technology exciting, fast paced, and more dures in the service manual will put the system
complicated. Recent technological developments back in its proper perspective as an integral part
and those that will follow require entry-level au- of the engine’s support system.
tomotive service technicians to be well trained in Computerized Engine Controls presents each
the principles of automotive technology and to popular, multifunction computer control system in
be career-long students. Those who respond to a separate chapter. Each system is fully covered,
this requirement will find the task challenging but with enough specific information and detail to en-
achievable and rewarding. able the reader to get a complete and clear picture
This text was written in response to a widely of how the system works. This text is written with
recognized need within the industry: to help the premise that understanding how the overall
student-technicians get a commanding grasp of system works, and what it should be doing, not
how computerized engine control systems work only makes the diagnostic process easier, but
and how to diagnose problems within them. also makes the diagnostic literature much easier
The student-technician who studies this text will to understand. Correctly interpreting directions
soon come to realize that no single component for diagnostic procedure is often a problem if the
or circuit on any given computerized engine technician is not aware of what the procedure is
control system, other than the computer itself, is trying to measure, what normal readings or re-
complicated. sponses should be, or what conditions will cause
Computerized Engine Controls is written with abnormal readings or responses.
the assumption that the reader is familiar with the The chapters of this edition contain:
basic principles of traditional engine, electrical
system, and fuel system operation. Although ev- • Objectives. Objectives are provided at
erything here is within the grasp of a good techni- the beginning of each chapter to help the
cian, this is not a beginner’s book. reader identify the major concepts to be pre-
A computerized engine control system does in sented.
fact become an integral part of an engine’s electri- • Key Terms. Terms that are unique to comput-
cal and fuel system, but it is much too significant erized engine control systems are provided at
and complex to be taught as just a single unit in the beginning of each chapter as Key Terms
an engine performance textbook or class. For and then appear in boldface type at their
purposes of instruction, we have taken this topic first use in the chapter. These Key Terms are
out of context and examined it as a stand-alone also provided in the Glossary, along with their
control system. Once the student-technician fully definitions.

vii
viii Preface

• Diagnostic & Service Tips. These tips offer New to This Edition
helpful advice for the technician on diagnos-
ing and servicing vehicles, as well as ad- In accordance with several reviewers’ re-
dressing customer concerns. quests, the original introduction has been trans-
• Chapter Articles. Chapter Articles give addi- formed into the new Chapter 1 with chapter ques-
tional nice-to-know information about techni- tions following. This chapter has been updated in
cal topics covered in the chapter. several areas so as to help electrical concepts
• Summary. Each chapter contains a Summary come alive for the reader. With Chapter 1 having
near the end to review the major concepts laid the foundation for understanding semicon-
presented in that chapter. ductors, Chapter 2 now includes a discussion of
• Diagnostic Exercise. A Diagnostic Exercise is logic gates so as to help take the magic out of the
provided near the end of each chapter, apply- computer.
ing a real-life scenario to one of the concepts Countless other changes have also been
covered in that chapter. made throughout this textbook. The chapters with
• Review Questions. Review Questions are the most changes are the generic chapters—Chap-
provided at the end of each chapter to help ters 1 through 9 and Chapter 18—although some
a reader assess his/her recall and compre- information was updated in the manufacturer-
hension of the material read in each chapter, specific chapters as well, particularly Chapters 12,
as well as to reinforce the concepts covered 14, and 17. Appendix A has been revised to flow
in each chapter. Without exception, all of more efficiently for the reader. And one more ap-
these Review Questions have been written pendix has been added, Appendix C, with a list of
in a multiple-choice format, the type of ques- some automotive-related web addresses. These
tion that would be found on an ASE test. changes and additions have been made so as to
make this textbook the most comprehensive auto-
Personal safety concerns peculiar to specific motive textbook that you will read this year.
computerized engine control systems are high-
lighted where applicable. The book follows the
industry standards for how to use the following SUGGESTIONS ON HOW
terms: TO USE THIS TEXT
• Warnings indicate that failure to observe The reader should begin by reading Chap-
correct diagnostic or repair procedures could ters 1 through 9, preferably in the sequence
result in personal injury or even death. they exist in the textbook, as they contain in-
• Cautions indicate that failure to observe cor- formation that pertains to all makes of vehicles.
rect diagnostic or repair procedures could Reading these chapters will also provide some
result in damage to tools, equipment, or the background that will make understanding spe-
vehicle being serviced. cific system designs and diagnostic strategies
easier when reading the product-specific chap-
Each student should be aware that while ters of this book. The remaining chapters, which
working with computerized controls is not inher- are specific to individual systems, can be read in
ently dangerous, failure to observe recognized any order, though most students will find it much
safety practices is. There are, unfortunately, many easier to read a manufacturer’s set of chapters
more injuries and accidents in the automotive re- in chronological sequence, the way they appear
pair business than there should be. Good safety in the book. Generally, systems become more
practices, if learned early in a student’s career, complex over time. The newer, more complex
literally can be lifesaving later on. systems become easier to understand if the
 Preface ix

reader has proficient background knowledge of approach, should be read to help the reader
the earlier, simpler systems. Many students may apply the information contained within the chap-
not wish to study each specific chapter, or their ters of this book to a live vehicle. “Appendix B:
instructors may not choose to assign the study Terms and Acronyms” provides a central location
of each chapter. We suggest, however, that at where the reader can look up many of the terms
least three of the specific system chapters be se- and acronyms that relate to automotive electronic
lected for study. Remaining chapters can then be systems. And, as noted earlier, the new Appen-
skimmed or serve as a reference for future use. dix C contains a list of automotive-related web
Finally, “Appendix A: Approach to Diagnos- addresses.
tics,” which offers a strategy-based diagnostic
This page intentionally left blank
 Acknowledgments

I am very honored to be able to present a And finally, many thanks to the following for
textbook of such magnitude as this. But there are their critical reviews and/or answers to questions
those around me that I depend on greatly and concerning this text:
without whom this textbook would not be the suc-
cess it is today. Kevin Uhler
Many thanks to my family, my friends, and Southeast Community College
my colleagues who have so encouraged me. Milford, NE
And many thanks to my students who, while they Michael Malczewski
were in my classes over the years, asked the College of DuPage
right questions that encouraged me to “find the Glen Ellyn, IL
answer.”
I would like to thank the following people for David Christen
their efforts on the behalf of this textbook: University of Northwestern Ohio
Lima, OH
• My colleague, Kevin Dowell, who took the
time out of his busy schedule to offer me Ken Mays
technical advice in his area of expertise (and Central Oregon Community College
also took the time to gather some waveforms Bend, OR
for me). William Roche
• My colleague, Larry Wilkinson, who volun- Danville Community College
tarily provided some research materials to Danville, VA
me.
• My brother, Terrence J. Hatch, who volun- Lance David
tarily spent some time to help me research a College of Lake County
couple of the topics that I updated. Grayslake, IL
• William K. Bencini, who allowed me to use
several of his photos in the Honda i-VTEC The publisher would like to thank the author,
portion of Chapter 17. Steve V. Hatch, for providing the photographs
used throughout this edition of the textbook.
I would also like to thank my wife, Geralyn,
for her continued patience with the many hours
that this effort has required of me.

xi
This page intentionally left blank
 Chapter 1

A Review of Electricity and Electronics

KEY TERMS
OBJECTIVES
Amp or Ampere
Upon completion and review of this chapter, you should be able to: Amperage
❑ Understand the conceptual differences between the terms electri- Armature
cal and electronic. Clamping Diode
❑ Understand how a compound is different from an element. Compound
❑ Define the difference between an element and a compound. Diode
Dual In-Line Package (DIP)
❑ Describe the importance of an atom’s valence ring as it pertains to
Electrical
electrical theory. Electromotive Force
❑ Understand the relationship between voltage, resistance, and Electronic
amperage. Element
❑ Define circuit types in terms of series circuits and parallel circuits. Free Electrons
❑ Understand the construction and operation of semiconductors H-Gate
such as diodes and transistors. Integrated Circuit (IC)
❑ Define the difference between an analog voltage signal and a Molecule
digital voltage signal. Negative Ion
❑ Describe the relationship between a variable frequency, variable Ohm
duty cycle, and variable pulse width. Ohm’s Law
Permeability
Positive Ion
Reluctance
Resistance
Semiconductors
The earliest automobiles had little in the way Solenoid
of electrical systems, but as the automobile has Transistor
become more complicated and as more accesso- Valence Ring
ries have been added, electrical and electronic Volt
systems have replaced mechanical methods of Voltage or Voltage Potential
control on today’s vehicles. Additional electronic Voltage Drop
control systems have made and will continue to
make the automobile comply with government
standards and consumer demands. Today, most This increased use of electrical and electronic
major automotive systems are controlled by systems means two things for the automotive ser-
computers. vice technician: First, to be effective, all service
1
2 Chapter 1 A Review of Electricity and Electronics

technicians need skills in electrical diagnosis more recent years. For example, interior lighting
and repair, almost regardless of the technician’s circuits began on the automobile as simple elec-
service specialty; second, technicians with such trical circuits and without any electronic control.
skills will command significantly greater financial But, more often than not, interior lighting systems
rewards and will deserve them. on today’s vehicles are controlled electronically
There are several principles by which electri- by a computer.
cal systems operate, but they are all fairly simple; Even though the use of solid-state compo-
learning them is not difficult. As each principle is nents may often be used as a criterion to iden-
introduced to you through your reading or in class, tify an electronic circuit, solid-state components,
ask questions and/or read until you understand it. such as a power transistor, may also be used in
Review the principles frequently and practice the an electrical circuit. A power transistor is a type
exercises that your instructor assigns. of transistor designed to carry larger amounts of
amperage than are normally found in an elec-
tronic circuit. A power transistor is essentially a
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS VERSUS highly reliable relay.
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Ultimately, an electrical circuit is a circuit that
performs work through a load device. An elec-
The differences between electrical circuits tronic circuit is used to intelligently control an
and electronic circuits are not always clear-cut. electrical circuit. Therefore, an electrical circuit
This has led to some confusion about the use of may or may not be under the control of an elec-
terms and how an electronic system differs from tronic circuit.
an electrical system. Perhaps the comparisons in It should also be noted that a component
the following table will help. identified as an electronic device always needs
Think of electrical circuits as the muscle and a proper power (positive) and ground (negative)
electronic circuits as the brain. Electrical circuits just to power up properly, whether it is a small
have been used in the automobile since the first integrated circuit (IC) chip or a complex, sophis-
one came off the assembly line, but electronic ticated computer. If either one is lacking it cannot
circuits have been added to the automobile in do its assigned job properly.

Electrical Circuits Electronic Circuits

Do physical work: heat, light, and electro- Communicate information: voltages or on/off
magnetism used to create movement. signals.
Use electromechanical devices: motors, Use solid-state devices (semiconductors) with no
solenoids, relays. moving parts, such as transistors and diodes.
Operate at relatively high current or amperage. Operate at relatively low current or amperage.
Have relatively low resistance (ohms). Have relatively high resistance (ohms).
May or may not be controlled by an electronic Are used to control electrical circuits.
circuit.
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“We needn’t stir until it clears off,” said Joel Runnell.
“That will give Joe a chance to mend.”

Breakfast was late, and they took their own time in

eating the fish and potatoes that had been prepared.
After this they gazed out of the window for a while, and
then sat down to play at dominoes and checkers, both
games having been brought along by Fred for just such
an emergency.

Yet with it all the day passed slowly, and the boys were
not sorry when, at nightfall, the snowing ceased, and
the wind also fell.

“It’s going to be a clear day to-morrow,” the old hunter

predicted. “We ought to have some fine sport.”

It was not yet nine o’clock when the boys and the old 93
hunter retired for the night. The fire was fixed with
care, so that no sparks might set fire to the lodge.

It did not take long for the boys to get to sleep. Each
occupied a separate bunk in the sleeping apartment,
while old Runnell stretched himself on the floor in the
living-room.

Fred had been asleep about an hour, when he awoke

with a start. What had aroused him he could not tell,
until a peculiar sensation along one of his lower limbs
attracted his attention.

“What in the world can that be?” he asked himself. “Am

I getting a chill, or is it rheumatism?”

He caught his breath, and on the instant his heart

almost stopped beating from fright. Something was in
the bunk; something that was crawling over his lower
limbs and up to his breast!

“It’s a snake!” he thought. “It’s a snake! If I dare to

move it will sting me! Can it be a rattler?”

He was on the point of screaming, but could not bring 94

himself to do it. The cold beads of perspiration stood
out on his forehead. In those few seconds he lived an
hour of anguish. Then he made a swift clutch at the
object through the blanket, and leaped out upon the
floor.

“A snake! A snake!” he yelled. “Help me! Shoot him,

somebody! A snake has me by the leg! He’s stinging me
this minute! I’m a dead boy!”

95
 CHAPTER IX
AT A DEER HUNT

In a moment there was a wild commotion throughout

the lodge. All of the others sprang up, and reached for
their weapons.

“What is it, a bear?” gasped Harry.

“A snake! a snake!” screamed Fred. “Save me, before he

stings me!”

The lantern had been turned low. Now Joe turned it up,
while Joel Runnell kicked the fire into a blaze. In the
meantime, Fred pulled both the blanket and the reptile
from him, and cast them upon the floor.

“Let me get at him,” said old Runnell, and he stepped

into the sleeping room as the snake crawled from under
the blanket and started across the floor for a hole in the
corner.

Bang! it was a hasty shot, and in that confined space it 96

made the ears of all the boys ring. For the time being,
the smoke was so thick nobody could see, and more
than one began to cough.
“Did you—you fetch him?” faltered Fred. He felt so weak
in the lower limbs that he had to rest on the edge of a
bunk for support.

“Think I did,” was the laconic reply of the old hunter. He

held the double-barreled gun ready for a second shot.

But this was unnecessary, for as the smoke cleared

away it was seen that the snake had been literally cut to
pieces by the dose of shot. The tail still whipped over
the floor, and, catching it up, the old hunter threw it on
the back of the fire, and a moment later the head and
the bits of body followed.

“Was it a rattler?” questioned Harry.

“No, it was only an ordinary everyday snake,” answered

Joel Runnell. “I reckon the heat warmed him into life.
But he scared you, didn’t he, Fred?”

“Well-er—it wasn’t very pleasant,” answered the stout

youth. “I don’t want another such bunkmate.”

“I guess none of us do,” came from Joe. “Ugh! it makes 97

one shiver to think of it.”

“I’m going to search around for more,” said Harry, and

took up the lantern. The others helped him, but no
more snakes were to be found.

As Joel Runnell had predicted, New Year’s day proved

clear, and the bright sun, shining on the snow, was fairly
dazzling.

“We’ll go out after dinner,” said the old hunter. “The sun
will soon make the top of the snow right for snow-
shoeing,” and so it proved.
The boys were anxious to try the snowshoes, or skis, as
they are called in certain parts of the country. They had
already tried them around the yard at home, with
varying success. Joel Runnell was an expert in using
them, and he gave them all the advice he deemed
necessary.

“Take your time, and make sure of what you are doing,”
he said. “If you try to hurry at the start, you’ll surely
take a tumble. Swiftness comes only with practice.”

It had been decided that they should cross to the 98

mainland on a hunt for deer. About two miles and a half
away was a cove to which the deer came regularly at
certain seasons of the year. This was known, however,
to nobody but Joel Runnell, and he took good care to
keep the fact to himself.

An early dinner was had, and they started off about

midday, after closing up the lodge and putting a wooden
pin through the hasp of the door. A rough board was
nailed over the open window, so that no wild animal
might leap through to rummage their stores.

“Now for a nice deer apiece!” exclaimed Joe, as they

made their way to the lake shore.

“I must say you don’t want much,” said Harry. “I guess

we’ll be lucky if we get one or two all told.”

“Nothing like hoping for the best,” grinned old Runnell.

“It might be that we’d get two each, you know.”

“I want a good picture of a deer as much as anything,”

went on Harry, who had his camera swung from his
shoulder.
“Humph! that’s all well enough, but we can’t live on 99
photos,” grumbled Fred. “A nice juicy bit of venison will
just suit me to death after such a tramp as this is going
to be.”

As soon as the thick undergrowth was left behind, they

stopped and donned their snowshoes. Out on the lake
the snow lay in an unbroken mass for miles. Over this
they found snowshoe walking to be comparatively easy.

“Snowshoes are all right on a level,” old Runnell

explained. “It is going up-hill and coming down that
tests one’s skill.”

“Oh, I think this is lots of fun!” cried Harry, and started

to run. All went well for fifty yards, when he struck an
extra high drift of snow and pitched into it headlong.

“Oh, for a snap-shot!” sang out Joe, merrily. “Harry, lend

me the camera until I press the button on you.”

“Not much!” spluttered his brother. “Wuow! But that was 100
a cold plunge!” he added, as he freed himself of the
snow. “Tell you what, there is more science in using
these things than one imagines.”

The edge of the cove was covered with pines and

spruces, all hanging low with their weight of snow. Back
of this fringe was a small opening, filled with young
saplings.

“The deer have been around here, that’s certain,” said

Joel Runnell, as he pointed to the saplings. “See how
they have been peeling off the bark.”

He told them to look to their firearms, and they did so,

while Harry made certain that his camera was ready for
use. Then they continued their journey, with eyes and
ears on the alert for the first appearance of any game.

It was all of an hour before the old hunter called a halt.

He pointed to a track in the snow just ahead of them.

“Deer!” he said, in a half whisper. “Five of ’em. Go slow

now, and make no noise.”

At this announcement the heart of each of the youths

began to flutter, and they clutched their guns tightly,
while Harry brought his camera around to the front.

There was a slight rise of ground in front of them, at 101

the top of which was a belt of brushwood. To the right
was a hollow, and to the left something of a cliff.

The brushwood gained, Joel Runnell, who was in the

lead, motioned for the boys to crouch low. They did as
ordered, and came up to him as silently as so many
ghosts.

The sight that met their gaze thrilled them to the core.
The five deer were just beyond, feeding on the tender
bark of the young trees in that vicinity. They were knee-
deep in the snow. A magnificent old buck was leader of
the herd.

“Let me take a picture first!” whispered Harry, and

swung his camera into position. The sun was shining
directly on the game, and the grouping could not have
been better. Click! and the snap-shot was taken. Then,
to make sure of a picture, he took a second shot from a
slightly different position.

As the second click was heard, the old buck raised his
head to look around and listen. The wind was blowing
from the deer toward the hunters, so the buck scented
nothing unusual.

“Joe, take the one on the left; Harry, try for that on the 102
right; Fred, shoot the one near the big rock. I’ll take the
buck,” whispered Joel Runnell.

All agreed, and the firearms were brought into position.

Fred was trembling as with “buck fever,” and Harry was
equally excited.

“When I count three, fire,” said the old hunter. “Ready?

One, two, three!”

Crack! crack! bang went the rifles and the shotguns, in

a scattering fire. On the instant the old buck bounded
into the air and fell lifeless, with a bullet through his left
eye. The deer Joe had aimed at was mortally wounded,
and fell where it had stood, kicking and plunging, and
sending the snow and ice flying in all directions.

Harry and Fred had not been so fortunate, although

each had “nipped” his mark, Fred landing some shot in
the deer’s side, and Harry striking in the hind quarter. In
the meantime, the fifth deer turned, and sped from
sight with the swiftness of the wind.

“Hurrah! we’ve got two at least!” shouted Joe, and ran 103
forward to finish his prize. This was an easy matter, and
a second shot caused the deer to stop struggling at
once.

“Look out for those other chaps!” yelled Joel Runnell,

suddenly. “They are going to attack us!”

He was right. The two wounded deer were hurt enough

to turn ugly, and now each came on with eyes that were
full of fight. One sprang at Joe, and with a well-directed
blow sent that youth sprawling headlong over the game
he had brought low. The second charged on Fred,
knocking the stout youth over likewise and then
preparing to gore him with all the power of those cruel-
looking prongs.

104
 CHAPTER X
AMONG THE WOLVES

It was a moment of extreme peril, and each of the party

realized it fully. A wounded deer is an ugly creature to
deal with at the best, and these animals were both
wounded and half starved, for the recent heavy falls of
snow had cut them off from nearly all of their food
supplies.

“Jump, Joe!” screamed Harry, in terror. “Jump, or you

will be killed!”

“Save me!” screamed Fred. “The deer is going to bore

me through!”

The words had scarcely been uttered, when Joel

Runnell’s rifle rang out, and the deer that had attacked
Fred fell over, paralyzed from a bullet through its
backbone. Then Fred scrambled up, and ran for dear life
down the slope leading to the lake.

“Come on!” he yelled. “Come on! I’ve had enough of 105

deer hunting! Come on, before all of us are killed!”

Harry could not bear to see Joe in such dire peril, and
leaping up to the side of the deer he discharged the
second barrel of his shotgun with all possible speed.
The aim was none of the best, but some of the shot
penetrated the animal’s hind leg, and caused it to start
back limping. At this, Joe tried to scramble up, but
found himself too weak to do so. The deer then turned
upon Harry, and that youth met the onslaught by hitting
the game over the head with his gun-stock.

“That’s the way to do it!” shouted Joel Runnell, who was

coming up as fast as he could, hunting knife in hand.
“Don’t let him get away to buck you. Crowd him up!”
And Harry crowded the deer that was now inclined to
flee. A moment later the old hunter was at hand, and,
catching the game by one prong, plunged the keen
knife into the upturned throat; and then the brief but
fierce fight came to an end.

“Say, but that was hot!” gasped Joe, when he at last 106
arose. “I was afraid I was a goner, sure!”

“Where is Fred?” asked old Runnell, looking around as

he reloaded.

“He ran away,” answered Harry. He raised his voice:

“Fred, where are you? Come back, the fight is over.”

“Are those deer dead?” came in a trembling voice from

a distance.

“Yes.”

At this news the stout youth came limping back, one

snowshoe on and the other under his arm. He looked
rather sheepish.

“Thought you’d leg it, did you?” said old Runnell,

quizzically. “Can’t say I blame you much.”
“I—I guess I was looking for that other deer,” answered
Fred, lamely. His companions could not help but smile,
but they did not let the stout youth see it.

“Well, we got one apiece, after all,” said Joel Runnell, 107
after a pause, during which they made sure that all of
the game were dead. “Boys, I can tell you that we’ve
been lucky. It isn’t likely that we’ll make a better haul
than this all the time we are out.”

“Excepting we get on the track of a moose,” said Joe.

“So far as I know, there are no longer any moose in this

vicinity. I haven’t shot one for four years. As for meat,
there is nothing better than the deer we have just
brought down.”

How to get the game to the lodge was the next

problem, and after a conference it was decided to pile
two of the deer on a drag, and take them over at once.
The others were hung high in a tree, so as to protect
them from other wild animals.

“I reckon we’ve had sport enough for one day,” said Joel
Runnell. “By the time we get these two deer to the
lodge everybody will be fagged out.”

For drags they cut long sweeps of pine. On these the

deer were tightly bound with ropes, and while the old
hunter and Fred pulled one, Joe and Harry pulled the
other.

As they reached the edge of the lake Joe caught sight of 108
some game in a nearby tree. They were partridge, and
he and old Runnell brought down six. The others flew
away with a rush that was exceedingly noisy.
“Now we can have a potpie worth eating!” exclaimed
Joe. “I’ll make one just like Grandma Anderson’s.”

To Harry, who was tired out, the walk over the lake
appeared endless, but just as the sun was setting they
came in sight of the lodge.

“Home again!” sang out Joe. “Home again, and glad——

Hello!”

He stopped short, and looked at the snow before him.

There were prints that filled him with wonder.

“What is it, Joe?” asked Fred.

“Unless I am mistaken these marks were made by the

hoofs of a horse!”

“They were,” said Joel Runnell, after an examination.

“Somebody has been around here on horseback.”

“Perhaps we’ve got a visitor,” suggested Harry. “Let’s

hurry up and see.”

Increasing their speed they soon reached the lodge. The 109
hoof prints were there, and they could plainly see where
somebody had leaped from the horse and entered the
building.

“Hope it wasn’t a thief,” said Joe.

The door was fastened just as they had left it, and
inside of the lodge nothing appeared to be disturbed.
But on the table was a note, pinned down by a fork
stuck in the crack of the boards. The note ran as
follows:
 “You ain’t wanted here, and you had better clear
out before Hiram Skeetles has the law on you.

“Daniel Marcy.”

“Well, listen to that!” ejaculated Joe. “What right has

Dan Marcy to leave such a message as this?”

“Evidently Hiram Skeetles got him to do it,” said Joel

Runnell. “Remember, Skeetles claims to own the island.”

“But he doesn’t own it,” answered Joe, warmly. “And I,

for one, shan’t budge.”

“Nor I,” added Harry.

“So say we all!” sang out Fred. “Just let Marcy or old
Skeetles show himself, and we’ll give him a piece of our
mind, eh, fellows?”

“Nobody ever tried to stop my hunting here before,” 110

said Joel Runnell. “As I told you before, so far as I
know, the island is under the care of Sheriff Clowes. As
to who owns the island, that is for the courts to decide.”

“Then we’ll quit on notice from the sheriff, and not

before,” said Joe.

“It’s a wonder Dan Marcy didn’t steal something,” put in

Harry. “I don’t think he’d be above doing such a thing.”

“Oh, don’t paint him any blacker than he is, Harry,”

returned his brother; nevertheless, all looked around the
lodge with interest, to make sure that nothing was
missing.
“I suppose Marcy has gone to old Skeetles to report,”
said Joel Runnell, later on, while they were broiling a
choice cut of deer meat. “And if that’s so we’ll hear from
him again before long.”

The hunt had given everybody a good appetite, and

they sat over the well-cooked venison a long time,
praising the meal and talking over the prospects for
more sport. There was a good deal of enthusiasm, and,
in the midst of this, Marcy and Hiram Skeetles were for
the time being forgotten.

It being New Year’s night they did not go to bed as 111

early as usual, but instead sat up eating nuts and
listening to several good hunting stories old Runnell had
to tell. They also talked of home, until Harry grew just a
bit homesick and changed the subject.

With nothing to make them get up early, all hands slept

the following morning until after eight o’clock. The old
hunter was the first to arise, and he had the breakfast
well under way before the others rolled out.

“I’ve been a-thinking it over,” said old Runnell. “Perhaps

one of us had better stay at the lodge while the others
go for that other deer meat. Then, if Marcy comes, or
Hiram Skeetles, there will be somebody here to talk to
him.”

“I’d just as lief stay,” said Fred, who did not relish
hauling the load of meat to Snow Lodge.

“Supposing you and Runnell both stay,” suggested Joe. 112

“I am sure Harry and I can get the deer over without
much trouble.”
The matter was discussed while they were eating
breakfast, and Joe’s plan was adopted. A little later he
and Harry set off, each with his gun, and Harry with his
ever-present camera in addition. So far Harry had taken,
besides the game, several pictures of the lodge and its
surroundings, and had already laid away a strip of six
films for development when he should get home.

“I hope we’re able to bring down something on this

trip,” said Harry, as they trudged along over the lake.

“We can’t expect to bring in something every trip we

make, Harry. If we did we’d be the greatest Gun Club in
the United States. Many a hunter goes out all day and
doesn’t so much as see a squirrel.”

“Oh, I know that. I really think that so far our luck has
been remarkably good.”

“It won’t keep up. Our shooting in this vicinity will scare
the game away from the lodge. As the days go by we’ll
have to go farther and farther away for something
worth bringing down.”

The journey across the lake was made without incident, 113
but scarcely had they struck the mainland when a
distant howl greeted their ears.

“What is that?” came from Harry.

“It’s the howl of a wolf,” answered his brother. “I

shouldn’t wonder but what he has scented the deer
meat.”

“If he has we may have some trouble in getting the

deer home.”
“Oh, I guess we can easily take care of one wolf.”

“But there may be more, Joe. Wolves generally travel in

packs, you know.”

“Yes, but I don’t hear any others.”

“He may be calling his mates.”

They moved forward up the rise, and presently came in

sight of the game. Under the tree where the deer was
strung up sat two wolves, gazing wistfully at the meat.

“Two of them here, and one below!” cried Joe. “That

makes three.”

“Wait! let me get a picture!” whispered Harry, and 114

brought his camera into use without delay. It certainly
made a good scene, and he got as close as he could ere
he pressed the button. Then he took up his shotgun and
blazed away, and Joe did the same.

Neither of the wolves was much hurt, and both limped

into the woods growling savagely. The growl was
answered from a distance, and in a very few minutes
four other wolves appeared, ranging themselves in a
semicircle at what they considered a safe distance.

“The impudent beggars!” murmured Joe, and, bringing

his shotgun up, he let drive at the nearest wolf. This
time his aim was true, and the wolf leaped up, to fall
dead. Instantly the other wolves fell upon their dead
companion, rending the carcass limb from limb.

“I must say I don’t like this,” declared Harry, in

something of a nervous voice. “It looks as if they meant
business. As soon as that wolf is gone they’ll turn on us
again.”

“Here comes a whole pack of wolves!” shouted Joe.

He was right, a distant yelping and howling proclaimed 115
their approach. Soon they burst into view, at least
twenty strong, and in a twinkling the two young hunters
found themselves completely surrounded!

116
 CHAPTER XI
CONFRONTED BY THE ENEMY

Fred had broken one of his snowshoes while running

away from the deer, and Joel Runnell’s first work after
Harry and Joe had left Snow Lodge was to repair this.

“You want to be more careful in the future,” said the old

hunter, when the job was finished. “So far you have
tumbled into nothing worse than a snowbank. If you
should slide over a cliff and land upon the rocks, you
might get badly hurt.”

“I intend to be careful in the future,” answered the

youth. “I am sorry I ran away—now,” he added,
regretfully.

“Well, lad, as to that, it’s often much safer to run than 117
to stand your ground. I dodged an old buck once for
half an hour, and then escaped only by the skin of my
teeth. Something got the matter with my gun, and it
wouldn’t go off.”

“Did you kill him?”

“Yes, two days later. I made up my mind I’d have him,

and I traveled nigh on thirty miles to lay him low.”
After the necessary work around the lodge was
concluded time hung heavily on Fred’s hands, and he
decided to try his luck once more at fishing.

“It’s better than doing nothing,” he said.

“Well, it’s all right, only don’t fall into the hole, and get
drowned,” cautioned Joel Runnell. And then Fred
disappeared with his outfit, whistling merrily.

Left to himself, Joel Runnell proceeded to split some

more wood, and pile it up in a corner of the living-room.
To his experienced eye he could see that another
snowstorm was not far off, and how long it would last
there was no telling.

“We’ve got meat enough,” he reasoned to himself. “And

so long as we have wood, too, there will be no cause to
worry.”

The thermometer had gone down once more, and he 118

had to work at a lively rate to keep warm. He wondered
how Fred was making out with his fishing, and grinned
to himself.

“Wager he won’t stay there long,” he muttered. “If he

does, he’ll be frozen stiff.”

The old hunter had just carried in his sixth armful of

wood, when a shadow crossed the open doorway, and
looking up he found himself confronted by Hiram
Skeetles.

The real estate dealer was a tall, thin man, with a

leathery face and broken snags of yellowish teeth. He
chewed tobacco constantly, and the corners of his
mouth were much discolored in consequence.
“So ye hain’t taken my warnin’, I see,” snarled Skeetles.

“Hello, Skeetles; what brings you?” demanded Joel

Runnell, as cheerily as he could.

“Ye know well enough what brung me, Joel Runnell.

Didn’t I warn ye not to trespass on my property?”

“I’ve told you that I don’t know as it is your property. So 119

far I think it belongs to the old Crawley estate, and it’s
in the sheriff’s care.”

“It ain’t so; it’s mine, every foot of it.” Hiram Skeetles’
eyes blazed. “I want for you to git out, an’ be quick
about it.”

“And I ain’t a-going,” answered Joel Runnell, doggedly.

“You ain’t?”

“No.” The old hunter sat down by the fire, with his gun
across his knees. “Now, what are you going to do about
it?”

“Did you see the notice I had Dan Marcy leave?”

“I did; but that counts for nothing with me.”

“I’ll have the law on ye!”

“Perhaps you will, and perhaps you won’t, Hiram.”

“Don’t Hiram me, Joel Runnell. I don’t put myself on a

level with a vagabond o’ a game stealer like you. If——”

“Hold on there, Skeetles. I am no game stealer, and if

you say so——” The old hunter had leaped up, gun in
hand.
“Don’t—don’t ye shoot me!” howled the real estate 120
dealer.

“Then don’t say such things again. Every bit of game I

bring in I come by honestly.”

“Where are those Westmore chaps?” questioned Hiram

Skeetles, deeming it best to shift the subject.

“They have gone out to bring in some game we shot

yesterday.”

“Did they see the notice?”

“They did, and they care for it as little as I do.”

“Think they can ride over me, eh?” Hiram Skeetles took
a turn up and down the apartment. “Must say the lot of
ye are carryin’ matters with a high hand.”

“What did you do with Dan Marcy?” asked Joel Runnell,

suddenly.

“That’s my business.”

“If you brought him along to worry us you did a very

foolish thing,” went on the old hunter. “I haven’t
forgotten how he tried to run down my girl with his ice
boat.”

“Your gal had a right to git out o’ the way.”

“I won’t argue the point. But if Marcy worries me any 121

more he’ll get something he won’t like.”

“We’ll see about this. I’ll call on the sheriff,” said Hiram
Skeetles; and without another word he passed out of
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