NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING

COURSE TITLE: ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING DRAWING & WORKSHOP

GROUP MEMBERS:
ARHAM AMIR (EL - 117)
M. AAYAN BAKSHI (EL - 118)
S. M. SHEHZER NAQVI (EL - 127)
WARDAN AHMED SALAR (EL - 132)
OMAIMA AHMED (EL - 115)

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 OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORT
TASK
Our task is to design a simple PCB-based electronic circuit to present a
complete understanding of PCB design. Therefore, we chose to design a
simple touch sensor.

TOUCH SENSOR

APPROACH
PCB layout can be done using multiple software’s, the one we use is OrCAD.
OrCAD is a complete suite for PCB design and simulation.

FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS:
The list of components used in our project are:

NE 555 Timer IC:

The NE 555 timer can operate in various modes (astable, monostable, or
bistable). It is often used for generating precise timing delays, pulse
generation, and oscillator functions.

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1M Resistor:
In an astable configuration, the 1M resistor typically determines the timing
interval (frequency and duty cycle) of the output signal.

270-ohm Resistor:
This resistor is often used in series with the LED to limit the current
flowing through it. It prevents the LED from drawing too much current and
burning out.

LED (Light Emitting Diode):

The LED serves as an indicator, lighting up when the NE 555 output is high,
providing a visual representation of the timer's output signal.

9V Power Supply:
The power supply provides the necessary voltage and current to operate
the NE 555 timer and the connected components, ensuring they function
correctly.

OVERALL FUNCTIONALITY
In a typical application, these components can work together to create a
blinking LED circuit, where the LED turns on and off at a frequency
determined by the values of the resistors and any capacitors used in the
circuit.

PROJECT DETAILS:
PCB making is accompanied by the following basic steps:
• Schematic.
• Net-Listing.
• Creating Footprints.
• Layouting.
• Gerber File.
• Etching PCB.
• Drilling.
• Placing components in PadStack.

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 • Soldering.
• Running the Circuit.
The previous-mentioned processes are briefly explained here:

DESIGNING A PCB LAYOUT

Steps to create PCB layout in OrCAD involve:

SCHEMATIC:
Schematic is the graphical representation of the model you design, simply
called the circuit you are implementing. In OrCAD, CAPTURE CIS is the tool
for implementing the schematic. The schematic of our circuit is given
under:

NET LISTING:
The netlist defines electrical connections between circuit components and
is used to verify alignment between schematic and layout data.

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CREATING FOOTPRINTS:
It is a physical interface between electronic components and the circuit
board. It is a pattern for an electronic component that will be soldered. In
OrCAD, footprint designing is done through LAYOUT. These footprints are
then nested in the schematic.
The footprint of components used in our model are:

IC FOOTPRINT

CONNECTOR FOOTPRINT

RESISTOR FOOTPRINT

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 LED FOOTPRINT

LAYOUTING:
The layout is a CAD (Computer aided design) drawing locating the position
of all elements that will appear on the
PCB. This includes all components and
copper that will be shown on either side
or both sides of a PCB. Setting up the
design tool, creating a board outline,
importing a netlist, component
placement, routing either manually or
automatically, DRC checking, finally
generating a Gerber file are all part of
the PCB layout.
Other than footprinting PCB Layouting is also accomplished using LAYOUT
in OrCAD.

GERBER FILE:
The last step of PCB designing is the creation of a Gerber file. To transform
the specifics of the layout design into the physical characteristics of the
PCB, PCB makers employ a Gerber file. Gerber files are also created using
the LAYOUT.
We then exported the .GTL file (Top layer), created because of gerbing to a
software named GERB VIEW to get it printed on photopaper.

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The Gerber file of our PCB design is given under:

Etching PCB:
For etching a PCB, you first need to iron the printed Gerber onto the copper
board alternatively you can pour spirit over the Gerber file faced down on
the copper board and rub it gently. Both methods, aid in etching the PCB.
Finally shower ferric chloride or any other chemical that reacts with the
conductor and does not affect insulators, on the copper board. Since the ink
of the printer acts as an insulator, ferric chloride will not react with it, and
only wipes out the excess copper from the plate. This technique will retain
the connections and wirings on the PCB. Finally, rub the PCB using a
scouring pad to remove the insulation and you will get copper wirings on
the PCB This is where the etching process completes.

DRILLING:
The next step of PCB designing involves drilling the pad stacks. We use a
drill machine with 40 mills pin to drill.

PLACING COMPONENTS IN PADSTACK:

Place all the components in the appropriate pad stack. Use the PCB layout
image for better proximity.

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SOLDERING:
Solder is an alloy of tin and leads that melts at 200°C. It serves as precise
wires for electronic current transmission. Metal pieces are joined using the
soldering technique to create a mechanical or electrical link.

RUNNING THE CIRCUIT:

After soldering connect a battery to the circuit and check for smooth
upcoming output and you'll be done with PCB making.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
PCB DESIGNING:
Firstly, as an Electronics engineering trainee, all the members of the team
experience the hard work and precision of PCB designing as a minor
mistake would result in the failure of model outcomes and eventually, the
loss of time, effort and money.

TEAMWORK:
Most importantly, the teamwork benefited us a lot. The collaboration and
interaction of different mindsets result in effective working. Furthermore,
teamwork produces a sensation of unity and strengthens bonds among the
group mates. It helps in building leadership qualities and developing
communication skills as well.

TIME MANAGEMENT SKILLS:

In the rushing semester with lots of assignments, projects, and quizzes,
giving time to the OPEN-ENDED LAB induced time management skills
greatly among all of us.

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 Conclusion
Through the successful design and implementation of a basic PCB-based
touch sensor, we were able to obtain a thorough understanding of the PCB
design process. To guarantee a working circuit, every stage was
painstakingly finished, from designing the footprint, layout, and
manufacture to creating the schematic and listing the net. Our technical
proficiency in PCB design, soldering, and circuit testing was improved by
this practical experience, which also improved our ability to operate in a
team, manage our time, and solve problems. All things considered, the
project demonstrated the value of accuracy and teamwork in engineering
assignments, offering priceless insights for upcoming electronics design
initiatives.