GRADE 10

SOCIAL SCIENCE
ACADEMIC SESSION 2025-26
CHAPTER – DEVELOPMENT (ECONOMICS)

Concept Map :

Keywords

1. development
2. per capita income
3. income inequalities
4. literacy
5. infant mortality
6. net attendance ratio
7. body mass index
8. public facilities
9. human development
10. sustainable development

Key Definitions:
1. Development: The process of positive change or progress over time, often aimed at
improving living standards, economic prosperity, and social well-being.
2. National Income: The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's
borders, including income generated from abroad through factors like exports and
investments.
1. Per Capita Income : It is the average income of the people of a country in a definite period.
It is obtained by the population of the county

Per Capita Income Formula

PCI = Total income/population of the Area

Other factors, such as the equitable distribution of income, should also be taken into consideration
when comparing the per capita income of different countries.

2. Developed Economies: Those economies which are characterized by high level of per capita income of
US dollars and high standard of living. For examples USA, Japan, Germany, UK etc.

3. Developing Economies: Those economies which are passing through the stages of growth and
development. In such economies, importance of agriculture tends to decline where as the industrial sector
grows sharply. For examples India, Indonesia, Malaysia etc.

4. UNDP: United Nations Development Programmes

5. CSO: Civil Society Organisation( Community or Non- Government)

6. HDI: Human Development Index

7. BMI: Weight of the person in Kg and height in meters. Divide the weight by the square of height.
 Factors Important for Development (other than Money Income): Freedom, equal treatment,
security, peace, respect for others, a hygienic environment, access to the best medical facilities,
etc., are all crucial factors for overall well-being and development.
8. Literacy Rate: The literacy rate measures the proportion of the population aged 7 and above
who can read and write.
9. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): The infant mortality rate is the number of children that die before
reaching the age of one year per 1000 live births in a given year.
10. Public Distribution System (PDS) or Ration Shops: The Public Distribution System (PDS), or
ration shops, ensure the availability of essential commodities such as wheat, rice, sugar, edible
oils, and kerosene to consumers through a network of outlets or fair price shops. It stabilises
prices through government-fixed pricing.
11. Life Expectancy at Birth: Life expectancy at birth indicates the average number of years a
newborn is expected to live.
12. Gross Enrollment Ratio: The gross enrollment ratio refers to the enrollment ratio for primary
schools and higher education beyond secondary schools.
13. Sustainable Economic Development: Sustainable economic development means that
development should occur without causing damage to the environment and that the needs of
future generations should not be compromised by present development.

Key Questions:

1. Define GDP.
2. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries?
3. Define the term “National Income.”
4. Which state in India has the lowest infant mortality rate?
5. Name the report published by UNDP that compares countries based on the educational levels of
their people, their health status, and their per capita income.
6. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
7. Besides the size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in
comparing two or more societies?
8. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your examples
related to development.
9. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.

Key Links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fNtmvmQDAw&t=39s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AKAPfWTnRc&t=117s
Flow Chart

Points to remember:

1. Development refers to a positive change, improvement, or progress in people’s lives or

well-being, which can be economic, social, or political. It enshrines economic, social, political,
cultural, and environmental dimensions, thus having a significant and positive effect on one’s
life.
2. Major aspects of development are: Development for anyone can be destructive for others.
Different people have different goals in life.
• Development is defined as the people’s economic growth along with the growth of their
basic needs like education, health, lifestyle, etc.
• The main aim of development is to update as per the demands of time.
For example, to generate electricity, a dam is constructed over a river where a nearby
mass is considered for construction, resulting in the development of society and the country.
• It destroys farmers and the lives of people living nearby.
 GRADE 10
SOCIAL SCIENCE
ACADEMIC SESSION 2025-26
CHAPTER – DEVELOPMENT (ECONOMICS)
NOTES

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

➢ Development is the sum total of income plus the quality of life like equal treatment,
freedom, security, respect of others etc.
➢ Everyone has its own aspirations and desires about what he would like to do and how
he/she would like to spend life. People want regular work, better wages, and decent price
for their crops or other products.
➢ Different people can have different developmental goals. For example, An urban
unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job, promotions etc, and on the other
hand, a rural unemployed youth would want better job opportunities in the village,
dignity of labour etc.
➢ To make a comparison between various countries, their national income and per capita
income is considered as a base point. Individuals seek different goals and thus, their
notion of national development is also likely to be different.
➢ The World Bank considers only the per capita income as the indicator of the development
as the UNDP considers health, educational levels and per capita income of the citizens as
the indicators of the development.
➢ The other criteria for comparing two states or countries are their Infant Mortality Rate,
Literacy Rate, Net Attendance Ratio, Human Development Index, available facilities etc.
➢ Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate and High Literacy Rate as it has adequate
provisions of health care and educational facilities.

PUBLIC FACILITIES

➢ Public facilities are that which provides by the government to the people. Public facilities
plays an essential role in providing support services to create viable, sustainable, healthy
communities, overcoming social barriers and increasing achievements. Money alone
cannot buy all the goods and services that one may need to live.
➢ Government has to provide certain essential facilities like healthcare, sanitation,
electricity, public transport and educational institutions.
➢ In some states the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well. If a PDS shop i.e.
rations shop, does not function properly at any place, the people they are able to get the
problems rectified.
 ➢ Through Human Development Index is the quality of life-Index prepared by UNDP. It
has mainly three indicators.
(i) Life Expectancy at Birth: It denotes the average expected length of life of a
person at the time of birth.
(ii) Gross Enrolment Ratio: It shows enrolment ratio in primary schools, secondary
schools and in higher education.
(iii) Per Capita Income: It is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be
compared.

SUSTAIANABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

➢ Sustainable development is all about the judicious use of resources at present, keeping in
mind the future requirements of the coming generation e.g. groundwater.
➢ Groundwater is overused for agriculture, since water is a renewable resource; we must
help in replenishing water.
➢ Sustainable development is important for the economic growth because environment
must be conserved while development is taking place. Resources must be used in such a
way that they are conserved for the future generations. The standard of living of all
people must be raised.
➢ Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.
➢ Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which
scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.
 GRADE 10
SOCIAL SCIENCE
ACADEMIC SESSION 2025-26
CHAPTER – DEVELOPMENT (ECONOMICS)

QUESTION – ANSWERS

1. What are the main criteria used by the World Bank in classifying different countries?
What are the limitations of this?

ANSWER

The World Development Report 2012, brought out by the World Bank has given the following
criteria in classifying countries:

1. Countries with per capita income of US dollar 12,476 per annum and above in 2016, are
called rich countries.
2. The countries with the per capita income of US dollars 1,025 or less, are called low
income countries.
3.India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2016,
was just US dollars 1340.4 per annum. The rich countries excluding countries of Middle East and
certain other small countries, are generally called the developed countries.
Limitation:
1. It covers only the economic aspect ignoring peace, health, environment, education etc.
2. The method does not provide us the distribution of income.

Q2. In what respect is the criteria used by the UNDP for measuring development different
from the one used by the World Bank?

ANSWER

1. UNDP: (i) UNDP has taken education, health, life expectancy and other important
components as the base for development. (ii) It is a broad concept as it takes into account all
the important components of human development. (iii) It has ranked the different
components of development. For example, India has been awarded 130 ranks.
2. World Bank: (i) It has taken per capita income as the base of economic development. (ii) It
is a narrow concept as it takes into account only the income as the base. (iii) It has divided
the countries into low, upper and high income countries. India comes under lower middle
income group.
Q3. Why do we use averages? Are they any limitations to their use? ILLustrate your own
examples related to the development.

ANSWER

Averages are used to compare different countries, states or regions. These have many
limitations.

1. These don’t give us true picture regarding the distribution of income. They don’t give us any
information regarding the non-materialistic goods and services.
2. While they are useful for comparison but they also hide disparities. It does not tell us hoe
income is distributed among the people.

Q4. Kerala with a lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than
Punjab. Hence, the per capita income is not a useful criterion at all, and should not be used to
compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
ANSWER. The per capita income is one of the most important components of Human
Development. No country of the world can ignore this. Increasing national income and the per
capita income are the two main goals of all the developing as well as developed countries. So we
cannot ignore the per capita income.

Q 5. Why is the issue of Sustainability important for development?

ANSWER

1. It cares for the needs of the future generations.

2. It promotes an efficient use of natural resources.
3. It lays emphasis on quality life.
4. It provides long term solutions.

Q 6. “The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the
greed of even one person.” How is this statement relavant to the discussion of
development? Discuss.

ANSWER

1. Groundwater is a renewable resource but its overuse in some regions is lowering the water
table.
2. Use of coal for production of energy leads to development, but its overuse degrades the
environment.
3. Industrialisation leads to development, but it is also degrades the environment.
Q7. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around
you.

ANSWER

1. Construction of dams
2. Deforestation
3. Burning of coal and mineral oil
4. Use of fertilizers and pesticides
5. Soil erosion
ACTIVITY
Make a Chart on Per Capita Income from any five countries along with India in SST
Notebooks.