Architecture and pin

diagram of microprocessor
8085
Unit 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
8086 Microprocessor
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Unit 1 : Fundamentals of
Microprocessors
Objectives
• To understand:– Types of different Computers
– Evolution of Microprocessors

2
Types of Computers
• Mainframe
• Super Computer
• Mini Computer
• Micro Computer

3
Mainframe
• The largest and most powerful computer, designed
to work at very high speed
• Large data words, typically 64 bits or greater
• They have massive amount of memory
• Used in military defense control, business data
processing, computer graphic display.
• Example: IBM 4381

4
Super Computer
• Fastest and most powerful mainframes are
called Super Computers
• Example: Cray Y-MP/ 832
• Used by largest firms, government agencies
and universities

5
Mini Computer

• Scaled-down versions of mainframe

Computer, runs slowly and works with
smaller data word
• Does not have as much memory as mainframe
• Used in scientific research and industrial
control

6
Micro Computer
• Small computer
• CPU is usually a single microprocessor
• Example: Desk top, Lap top, Pam top

7
Overview of Microcomputer Structure
Data Bus
Input
Device

I/O
Ports

CPU

Memory
ROM RAM

Output
device

Address Bus

8
Major Parts
•
•
•
•

CPU
Memory
Input / Output
Buses:
– Address bus
– Data bus
– Control bus

9
Central Processing Unit
• It controls the operation of computer
• The CPU fetches binary-coded instructions from
memory
• Decodes the instructions into a series of simple
actions
• Carries out these actions in a sequence of steps
• Important components: IP, General purpose
register and control bus signal generating circuits

10
Memory
•
•
•

It stores the binary codes for the sequences

of instructions
It stores binary coded data
Example: ROM, RAM, magnetic / optical
disks

11
Input / Output

• They are used to take in data from outside world

or send data to the outside world
• I/O devices are connected with microprocessor
through I/O ports
• Example: Keyboards, video display terminals,
printers, modems

12
System Bus

13
Address Bus
• It consists of 16, 20, 24, 32 or 36 parallel
unidirectional signal lines
• On these lines the CPU sends out the
address of the memory location or I/O port
that is to be written to or read from
• The number of locations that the CPU can
address is determined by the number of
address lines

14
Data Bus
• Data bus consists of 8, 16, 32 parallel
bidirectional signal lines
• Many devices in the system will have their
output connected to data bus, but only one
device at a time will have its output enabled

15
Control Bus
• The control bus consists of 4 to 10 parallel
signal lines
• The CPU sends out signals on the control bus
to enable the outputs of addressed memory
devices or port devices
• Example of control signals: Memory read,
Memory write

16
Hardware
• The name given to the physical devices and
circuitry of the computer.
• Example:
Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse etc

17
Hardware Examples

18
Software
Refers to the programs written for the
computer
Example:
• Operating System (WNDOWS)
• Application Programs (like WORD)

19
Examples of Software

20
Firmware
• The term given to the programs stored in
ROMs or in other devices which permanently
keep their stored information.
Example:

BIOS programs

21
What is a Microprocessor?
• Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor
device (IC) which fetches (from memory), decodes and
executes instructions.
• It is used as CPU (Central Processing Unit) in computers.

22
Microprocessor Evolution
First Generation
• Between 1971 – 1973
• PMOS technology, non compatible with TTL
• 4 bit processors  16 pins
• 8 and 16 bit processors  40 pins
• Due to limitations of pins, signals are multiplexed

23
Second Generation
• During 1973
• NMOS technology  Faster speed, Higher density, Compatible with
TTL
• 4 / 8/ 16 bit processors  40 pins
• Ability to address large memory spaces and I/O ports
• Greater number of levels of subroutine nesting
• Better interrupt handling capabilities

• Intel 8085 (8 bit processor)

24
Third Generation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

During 1978
HMOS technology  Faster speed, Higher packing density
16 bit processors  40/ 48/ 64 pins
Easier to program
Processor has multiply/ divide arithmetic hardware
More powerful interrupt handling capabilities
Flexible I/O port addressing

Intel 8086 (16 bit processor

25
Fourth Generation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

During 1980s
Low power version of HMOS technology (HCMOS)
32 bit processors
Physical memory space 224 bytes = 16 Mb
Virtual memory space 240 bytes = 1 Tb
Floating point hardware
Supports increased number of addressing modes
Intel 80386

• Fifth Generation Pentium

26
Classification of Microprocessor
Microprocessors are classified according to
the length of data handled by its ALU at a time
Example:
4 – bit, 8 – bit, 16 – bit
and 32 – bit microprocessor.

27
4-Bit Microprocessor
4004:
• 4 bit microprocessor
• Able to address 4096 4 bit wide memory
• Instruction set contained only 45 instructions
• It was fabricated using a PMOS technology
• Instruction execution rate was 50 KIPs
28
8 Bit Microprocessor
• 8008: 8 bit microprocessor, 16 K bytes memory, 48
instructions.
• 8080: 500,000 IPS, 64 K bytes memory,
• 8085:
• In 1977, Intel Corporation introduced the last 8 bit
microprocessor.
• Execution rate 769,230 per second.
• Main advantage was internal clock and higher clock
frequency.
29
16 Bit Microprocessor
• 8086/8088:
• 2.5 MIPs, 1 M byte memory
• 6 byte instruction cache or queue that
prefetch a few instructions before execution
• 80286:
• 4 MIPs, 16 M byte memory
• Almost identical to 8086.
30
32 bit microprocessors
80386
• First 32 bit microprocessor.
• 32 bit data and 32 bit memory address.
• 4 G bytes memory
• It included hardware circuitry for memory management.
80486
• 8 K byte cache memory
• Half cycle instruction execution.
31
64 bit microprocessors
Pentium
• Data bus 64 bit
• 4 G byte memory
• 8 K byte data cache and 8 K byte instruction cache
• Multimedia execution instructions or MMX
• Dual integer processors
• The Pentium simultaneously executes two independent
instructions using superscalar technology
• Floating point processor processes floating point data
32
Pentium Pro
• 21 million transistors, 3 integer units, one floating
point unit
• 16 K byte level 1 cache (8 K byte for data and 8 K
byte for instructions) and 256 K level 2 caches
• 3 execution engines can be configured for 64 G byte
memory and it is used with Windows NT operating
system for server applications.

33
Microprocessor data
• Bit:
– smallest unit of information
– It represents either 1 or 0

• Byte:
– 8 – bits of data

• Word:
– Data that is handled by a microprocessor at a time
– Ex: 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit word
34
Reference Books
1. Douglas V. Hall, “Microprocessors and

Interfacing ”

2. Barry B. Brey, “The Intel Microprocessors”

35
Thank You…

36