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Unit 2

The document explains the architecture and functionality of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), detailing its components such as data input, storage, manipulation, output, and user interface. It also discusses the importance of Database Management Systems (DBMS) in GIS for data organization, integrity, sharing, security, and performance optimization. Additionally, it differentiates between vector and raster data, and outlines the process of linking GIS with DBMS for effective spatial data management and analysis.

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13 views4 pages

Unit 2

The document explains the architecture and functionality of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), detailing its components such as data input, storage, manipulation, output, and user interface. It also discusses the importance of Database Management Systems (DBMS) in GIS for data organization, integrity, sharing, security, and performance optimization. Additionally, it differentiates between vector and raster data, and outlines the process of linking GIS with DBMS for effective spatial data management and analysis.

Uploaded by

sanket pvt
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 2

1. Explain the GIS architecture and functionality using a suitable diagram./Explain the
functional components of GIS architecture and functionality with the help of a suitable
diagram.
●​ GIS Architecture:
○​ GIS architecture refers to the structure and organization of a GIS system, including its
hardware, software, data, and users.1
○​ A typical GIS architecture consists of several functional components that work
together to enable spatial data management and analysis.2
●​ Functional Components:
○​ Data Input: This component involves capturing and converting geographic data from
various sources into a digital format.3 This includes digitizing maps, scanning images,
and importing data from GPS devices.4
○​ Data Storage and Management: This component is responsible for organizing and
storing geographic data in a database. It includes creating and managing spatial
databases, ensuring data integrity, and providing efficient data retrieval.5
○​ Data Manipulation and Analysis: This component performs spatial analysis
operations, such as overlay analysis, network analysis, and spatial statistics. It allows
users to extract meaningful information from spatial data.
○​ Data Output and Visualization: This component generates maps, reports, and
other visual representations of geographic data. It includes creating maps, charts,
and 3D visualizations.
○​ User Interface: This component provides a user-friendly interface for interacting
with the GIS system.6 It includes menus, toolbars, and dialog boxes.7
●​ Diagram:

+-----------------+​
| Data Input |​
+--------+--------+​
|​
+--------v--------+​
| Data Storage & |​
| Management |​
+--------+--------+​
|​
+--------v--------+​
| Data Manipulation|​
| & Analysis |​
+--------+--------+​
|​
+--------v--------+​
| Data Output & |​
| Visualization |​
+--------+--------+​
|​
+--------v--------+​
| User Interface |​
+-----------------+​

2. Explain the various reasons for using DBMS in GIS.


●​ Data Organization and Management:
○​ DBMS provides a structured way to organize and manage large volumes of
geographic data.8 This ensures data consistency and reduces redundancy.
●​ Data Integrity:
○​ DBMS enforces data integrity constraints, such as data types and validation rules, to
ensure data accuracy and reliability.9
●​ Data Sharing and Access:
○​ DBMS enables multiple users to access and share geographic data simultaneously.
This facilitates collaboration and data dissemination.
●​ Data Security:
○​ DBMS provides security features, such as user authentication and access control, to
protect sensitive geographic data from unauthorized access.10
●​ Data Query and Retrieval:
○​ DBMS allows users to query and retrieve geographic data efficiently using SQL and
other query languages.11
●​ Spatial Data Integration:
○​ DBMS can store both spatial and attribute data, allowing the two to be linked.12 This is
very important for Spatial Analysis.
●​ Performance Optimization:
○​ DBMS is optimized for data storage and retrieval, which improves the performance of
GIS applications.
3. Differentiate between Vector data and Raster Data.

Feature Vector Data Raster Data

Representation Points, lines, and polygons Grid of cells (pixels)

Data Structure Coordinates and topology Cell values

Storage Stores coordinates and attributes Stores cell values

Spatial Analysis Complex spatial analysis (e.g., Simple spatial analysis (e.g.,
network analysis, overlay cell-based calculations)
analysis)

Data Volume Smaller for simple features, larger Larger for high-resolution data
for complex features

Examples Road networks, political Satellite imagery, digital elevation


boundaries, land parcels models, aerial photographs

Accuracy High accuracy for discrete Accuracy depends on cell size.


features

Visualization Sharp lines and polygons Pixelated images

4.Explain the process of linking GIS and DBMS.


●​ Data Integration:
○​ GIS and DBMS are linked to integrate spatial data (geometry) with attribute data
(descriptive information).13
●​ Spatial Database Management:
○​ DBMS is used to manage spatial databases, which store both spatial and attribute
data.14
●​ Spatial Queries:
○​ Spatial queries combine spatial and attribute criteria to retrieve specific geographic
features.15 For example, "find all parks within a city with an area greater than 10
hectares."
●​ Data Linking Methods:
○​ Unique Identifiers: A common method is to use a unique identifier (e.g., a feature
ID) to link spatial features with their corresponding attribute records in the DBMS.
○​ Spatial Database Extensions: Some DBMS systems have spatial database
extensions that provide native support for spatial data types and spatial operations.16
○​ ODBC/JDBC: Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) and Java Database Connectivity
(JDBC) are standard interfaces that allow GIS software to access and interact with
various DBMS systems.17
○​ Spatial Data Formats: certain spatial data formats, like GeoPackages, contain both
the spatial and attribute data inside of one file.18
●​ Process:
1.​ Establish Connection: The GIS software establishes a connection to the DBMS.19
2.​ Data Retrieval: The GIS software retrieves spatial and attribute data from the DBMS
using spatial queries or standard SQL queries.20
3.​ Data Linking: The GIS software links the spatial features with their corresponding
attribute records using unique identifiers.21
4.​ Spatial Analysis and Visualization: The GIS software performs spatial analysis and
creates maps and visualizations based on the linked data.22
5.​ Data Updates: Changes to spatial or attribute data in the GIS software can be
synchronized with the DBMS.

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