Python

1.​ What are Python's built-in data types?

2.​ Explain the difference between lists and tuples.
3.​ What is PEP 8 and why is it important?
4.​ How does Python manage memory?
5.​ What are decorators and how are they used?
6.​ What is the purpose of the self keyword in class methods?
7.​ How do you handle exceptions in Python?
8.​ What is list comprehension, and can you give an example?
9.​ Explain the difference between deep copy and shallow copy.
10.​What are Python generators, and how do they differ from regular functions?

Data Types: What are the different data types in Python? Explain their use cases.
Variables: How are variables declared and assigned values in Python?
Control Flow: Explain the use of if, else, elif, for, and while statements in Python.
Functions: How do you define and call functions in Python? Explain the concept of arguments
and return values.
Lists: What are lists in Python? How can you access, modify, and manipulate elements in a list?
Dictionaries: Explain the concept of dictionaries in Python. How do you create, access, and
modify key-value pairs?
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Discuss the key concepts of OOP in Python, including
classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Modules and Packages: How do you import and use modules and packages in Python?
Exceptions: Explain how exceptions are handled in Python using try, except, and finally
blocks.
File I/O: How do you read from and write to files in Python?

Java
1.​ What are the main principles of Object-Oriented Programming?
2.​ Explain the difference between == and .equals().
3.​ What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
4.​ What is a Java interface, and how does it differ from an abstract class?
5.​ What is garbage collection in Java?
6.​ How do you implement method overloading in Java?
7.​ What are Java annotations?
8.​ What is the significance of the final keyword?
9.​ Explain exception handling in Java.
 10.​What is multithreading, and how is it implemented in Java?

Data Types: What are the primitive data types in Java? Explain their size and range.
Variables: How are variables declared and initialized in Java?
Control Flow: Explain the use of if, else, else if, for, and while statements in Java.
Methods: How do you define and call methods in Java? Explain the concept of parameters and
return values.
Classes and Objects: Explain the concept of classes and objects in Java. How do you create
objects and access their members?
Inheritance: Discuss the different types of inheritance in Java (single, multiple, hierarchical,
hybrid).
Polymorphism: Explain the concept of polymorphism in Java. Differentiate between method
overloading and method overriding.
Arrays: What are arrays in Java? How do you declare, initialize, and access elements in an
array?
Exceptions: Explain how exceptions are handled in Java using try, catch, finally, and
throw keywords.
Multithreading: Discuss the concept of multithreading in Java. How do you create and manage
threads?

C
1.​ What is the difference between malloc and calloc?
2.​ Explain pointers and their significance in C.
3.​ What are header files and why are they used?
4.​ What is the purpose of the static keyword?
5.​ How do you prevent a function from modifying its arguments?
6.​ What are the differences between a structure and a union?
7.​ Explain the concept of file handling in C.
8.​ What are the different storage classes in C?
9.​ How do you use macros in C?
10.​What is the significance of the const keyword?

Data Types: What are the basic data types in C? Explain their size and range.
Variables: How are variables declared and initialized in C?
Control Flow: Explain the use of if, else, else if, for, and while statements in C.
Functions: How do you define and call functions in C? Explain the concept of function
prototypes.
Pointers: Explain the concept of pointers in C. How do you declare, dereference, and use
pointers?
Arrays: What are arrays in C? How do you declare, initialize, and access elements in an array?
Structures and Unions: Explain the concept of structures and unions in C. How do you define
and use them?
Preprocessor Directives: Explain the use of preprocessor directives in C, such as #include,
#define, and #ifdef.
File I/O: How do you read from and write to files in C?
Memory Management: Explain the concept of dynamic memory allocation and deallocation in
C using malloc, calloc, realloc, and free.

C++
1.​ What is the difference between C++ and C?
2.​ Explain the concept of constructors and destructors.
3.​ What is polymorphism in C++?
4.​ How do you implement inheritance in C++?
5.​ What are smart pointers, and why are they used?
6.​ Explain the difference between public, private, and protected access specifiers.
7.​ What is the Rule of Three in C++?
8.​ What is operator overloading?
9.​ How do you handle exceptions in C++?
10.​What are templates in C++?

Object-Oriented Programming: Discuss the key concepts of OOP in C++, including classes,
objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.
Constructors and Destructors: Explain the purpose of constructors and destructors in C++.
How are they called?
Operator Overloading: How can you overload operators in C++ to perform custom operations
on objects?
Templates: Explain the concept of templates in C++. How do you create generic functions and
classes using templates?
Exception Handling: Discuss how exceptions are handled in C++ using try, catch, and
throw keywords.
Inheritance: Explain the different types of inheritance in C++ (single, multiple, hierarchical,
hybrid).
Polymorphism: Explain the concept of polymorphism in C++. Differentiate between method
overloading and method overriding.
Standard Template Library (STL): Discuss the common containers, iterators, and algorithms
provided by the STL.
Virtual Functions: Explain the concept of virtual functions in C++. How do they enable runtime
polymorphism?
Memory Management: Discuss the concept of smart pointers in C++ and their advantages over
raw pointers.

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Networking

1.​ What is the OSI model?

2.​ Explain the difference between TCP and UDP.
3.​ What is a subnet mask?
4.​ What are ports, and why are they important?
5.​ What is DNS, and how does it work?
6.​ What is an IP address, and how is it structured?
7.​ Explain the concept of a firewall.
8.​ What is NAT (Network Address Translation)?
9.​ What are the differences between IPv4 and IPv6?
10.​What is SSL/TLS, and how does it secure data transmission?

Operating Systems

1.​ What are the main functions of an operating system?

2.​ Explain the difference between processes and threads.
3.​ What is a deadlock, and how can it be avoided?
4.​ What is virtual memory?
5.​ What are system calls?
6.​ Explain the concept of context switching.
7.​ What are the differences between a monolithic and a microkernel architecture?
8.​ What is a semaphore, and how is it used for synchronization?
9.​ How does the operating system manage memory?
10.​What are interrupts, and how do they work?