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Lecture1a-Function and Graph 2025

The document provides an introduction to Calculus, defining it as the mathematics of change and motion, and discusses its applications in modeling real-life situations. It covers fundamental concepts such as functions, their definitions, domains, ranges, and the distinction between even and odd functions. Additionally, it includes examples and the use of graphs to illustrate function behavior, along with the properties of piecewise-defined functions.

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13 views22 pages

Lecture1a-Function and Graph 2025

The document provides an introduction to Calculus, defining it as the mathematics of change and motion, and discusses its applications in modeling real-life situations. It covers fundamental concepts such as functions, their definitions, domains, ranges, and the distinction between even and odd functions. Additionally, it includes examples and the use of graphs to illustrate function behavior, along with the properties of piecewise-defined functions.

Uploaded by

m-ms2212103072
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STQM1013 CALCULUS I

Lecture 1a
Function and graph
What is Calculus?
• Mathematics of change (something becomes different) and motion (the process of
moving or being moved).
• Mathematical knowledge of velocity, acceleration, tangent line, gradients, area, volume,
arc length, centroid of triangle, slopes and other concepts that enables scientists,
engineers, economists to model real-life situations.
• In Calculus, we learn how to model such changing and moving processes.
• Calculus can be used to determine
➢ velocity of accelerating object
➢ slopes of a curve
➢ variable curvature of general curve
➢ area under a general curve
• Calculus revolves around two key problems: the Tangent problem (Differential Calculus)
and the Area problem (Integral Calculus), with unexpected relationships and have many
important interpretations in a variety of contexts.
Mathematician and Precalculus Research
• Greek mathematician Archimedes (Italy, 288-212 BC), Isaac Newton
(English, 1642-1727) dan Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (German, 1646-
1716).
• Mathematical problems of the time (1600-1700):
➢Find the tangent line to a general curve at a given point.
➢Find the area of general region, the length of general curve, volume of
general solid
➢Find the maximum or minimum value of quantity, for example, the maximum
and minimum distances of a planet from the Sun or maximum range
attainavle for a projectile by varying its angle of fire.
➢Find the velocity and acceleration of a body at any instant.
Functions
• the fundamental objects in Calculus.
• arise whenever one quantity depends on another quantity.
• Why??? So, what is function??
Functions
Definition 1.1: Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets of real numbers. A real-valued function f of a real
variables 𝑥 from 𝐴 to 𝐵, 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a correspondence that assigns to every
elements 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 exactly one unique element 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵, where set 𝐴 and 𝐵 are called
domain (𝐷𝑓 ) dan codomain (𝐶𝑓 ) respectively.

Not all elements in codomain mapped by element in domain. If 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 mapped by


𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 , then we can write 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . All set of 𝑦 that has the paired value of 𝑥 is
called range ( 𝑅𝑓 ). In the situation 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑥 is independent variable
(preimage/input) while 𝑦 is dependent variable (image/output).
In this lecture, we just consider real-valued functions; both the domain and
codomain are sets of real numbers.
If 𝑓 is called function, then 𝑓(𝑥) is called function value.
Function
• Functions can be specified in a variety ways:
• Equation in implicit form: 𝑥 2 + 2y = 1.
1
• Equation in explicit form: 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2 .
2
• We can write the equation as function notation as follows:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2 .
2
Domain and Range of a function
• Implied domain is the set of all real numbers for which the equation is
defined.
1
▪𝑓 𝑥 = 2 ,
𝑥 −4
𝑓 has an implied domain that is the set 𝑥: 𝑥 ≠ ±2 .
• Explicitly defined domain is the one that is given along with the
function.
1
▪𝑔 𝑥 = ,4≤𝑥≤5 ,
𝑥 2 −4
𝑔 has an explicitly defined domain given by 𝑥: 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 .
Example 1.2
Find the domain and range of each function.
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1
b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2
1−𝑥, 𝑥 <1
c) ℎ 𝑥 = ቊ
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 1

Solution:
a) Since 𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0, So the domain is ሾ1, ∞).
Since 𝑥 − 1 never negative, hence the range is ሾ0, ∞).

b) 4 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 2 − 4 ≤ 0 → (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) ≤ 0.
So the domain is ሾ−2, 2]. Since 4 − 𝑥 2 is never negative at most 2,
The range is ሾ0, 2]
Solution for part c:
• 𝑓 is defined for 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑥 ≥ 1.
So, the domain is 𝑥: 𝑥 ∊ ℝ .
• From the graph on the right,
the values of 1 − 𝑥 are positive for 𝑥 < 1
• For 𝑥 ≥ 1, minimum value of 𝑦 is 0 at
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 increases as 𝑥 increases.
So, the range of the function is ሾ0, ∞).
Example 1.3
Determine the domain and range of function as follows:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2023
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 1
3. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1
4. ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥
5. ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2
6. 𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
7. 𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 − 3
8. 𝑚 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
9. 𝑚 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 − 1)
10. 𝑛 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
Functions
We use graph to show the behaviour and life history of the function.

Definition 1.2: Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 a function. Then the graph of function 𝑓 in


Cartesian plane is the set of all points 𝑥, 𝑦 such that 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 with
𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
• Vertical line test: Curve in plane- 𝑥𝑦 is graph of a function, denoted as
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 if a vertical line can intersect the graph of the function of 𝑥
at most once.
Example 1.4
𝑥2 − 4
ℎ 𝑥 = = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑥≠2
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+2 𝑥−2
Example 1.5
1. Which one is the function? Provide explanation.
• 𝑦 = 𝑥2
• 𝑦2 + 1 = 𝑥
• 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 = 1

2. Sketch the graph in Example 1.2.


Piecewise-defined function
• Piecewise-defined function is a function built from pieces of different functions over
different intervals of the domain.

Example:
𝑥, 𝑥≥0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 =ቊ
−𝑥, 𝑥<0

Property of absolute value: For any real number 𝑎, 𝑏


• 𝑎 = −𝑎
• 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
• = ,𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑏
• 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + |𝑏| - Triangle Inequality Theorem
𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + |𝑏| - Triangle Inequality
Theorem
•𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 ,𝑏 ≤ 𝑏 ,
then, 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏 .
• −𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 , −𝑏 ≤ 𝑏 ,
then, −(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏 .
𝑎+𝑏 ,𝑎 +𝑏 ≥ 0
• Notice that 𝑎 + 𝑏 = ቊ
− 𝑎+𝑏 ,𝑎 + 𝑏 < 0

• We prove that 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + |𝑏| .


Example 1.6
|𝑥|
• ℎ 𝑥 =
𝑥

• 𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 + |𝑥|
𝑥, 𝑥 < −3
• 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥 2 , −3 ≤ 𝑥 < 6
−3, 𝑥≥6
Even and odd function
Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 a function. Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥, then 𝑓 is even.

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥, then 𝑓 is odd.


Example 1.7
Example: Determine whether each function is odd, even or neither.

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥

• 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥4 − 𝑥2 + 1
1
•𝑚 𝑥 = +2
𝑥2

• ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
Definition 1.3
Given that two functions, 𝑓 and 𝑔 with the domain 𝐷𝑓 and 𝐷𝑔
respectively. Then we can get four new functions as follows

• 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 with domain 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
• 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 with domain 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
• 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑐 ∈ ℝ with domain 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
• 𝑥 = with domain {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0}
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
Example 1.8
Get new functions if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and g 𝑥 = 2023 − 𝑥.

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