ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

LABORATORY MANUAL

PREPARED
BY

PROF V. KRISHNANAIK
MR. G SUMAN

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CHAITANYA ( DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), HYDERABAD

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ANALOG COMMUNICATION

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

2. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

3. PAM generation and Reconstruction

4. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) & Demodulation

5. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) & Demodulation

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

6. Verification of Sampling Theorem

7. Generation and Detection of PCM

8. Generation and Detection of ASK

9. Generation and Detection of FSK

10. Generation and Detection of PSK

11. Generation and Detection of TDM

12. Generation and Detection of Delta Modulation

NOTE: A minimum of 10 (ten) experiments have to be performed and recorded

by the candidate to attain eligibility for University Practical Examination

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1. AMPLITUDEMODULATION&DEMODULATION
AIM: To generate the amplitude modulated waveform with modulation
indices, and demodulate the same.

APPARATUS:
1. Signal generator
2. CRO
3. AM trainer kit

CIRCUIT :

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram.

2. Set the carrier frequency to 100 KHz and amplitude of 20V p-p.
3. Apply the 1 KHz of modulating signal of 2V p-p.
4. Vary the carrier signal frequency and observe the output waveform from CRO.
5. Calculate the maximum and minimum points of modulated wave under CRO
and calculate the depth of modulation
V − Vmin
m = max
Vmax + Vmin
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V
6. Compare the theoretical value given by m = m where Vm is the modulating signal
Vc
amplitude and Vc is the carrier signal amplitude.
7. Repeat the above procedure for 60%, 80% and 100% modulation index.
8. Apply the output of modulator to the input of the demodulator circuit.
9. Observe the output of modulator to the input of the demodulator circuit from
CRO.
10. Compare the input modulating signal and demodulating signal.

TABULAR FORM
At fm = fc =

S.NO Vmax Vmin m = Vmax - Vmin / Vmax + Vmin

1
2
3

AMWAVE FORMS:

RESULT:

AM signal is generated and original signal is demodulated from AM signal depth of

modulation is calculated for various amplitude levels of modulating signal

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VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What is modulation and why modulation is needed?

2. Compare different AM techniques?
3. What is narrow banding?
4. What is frequency translation?
5. What is synchronous detection?
6. What are different methods of SSB?
7. What is envelope detection?
8. Explain the operation of the diode detector?
9. What is pilot carrier?
10. Can you detect AM using synchronous detector?
11. What is frequency division multiplexing?
12. Draw the waveforms for under modulation over modulation and 100%
modulation?

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2. FREQUENCY MODULATION

AIM: To generate frequency modulated waveform

APPARATUS:

1. FM Trainer Kit
2. Dual trace CRO

CIRCUIT:

MODULATOR:

DEMODULATOR:

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the trainer and measure the carrier frequency and amplitude generated
internally by the IC 8038 which is available at output terminals with the help of
CRO
2. Now apply modulating signal to the terminals of the FM circuit
3. Observe the FM wave at the output terminals and corresponding modulating
signal by adjusting the amplitude of the modulating signal
4. Plot the wave forms on a graph sheet
5. Feed the FM wave to the detector ckt and observe the waveform
a) before the diode b) after the diode. Plot the waveform

CALCULATIONS:

Measure the carrier frequency f c =

Measure the frequency f max & f min
Now find the frequency deviation  = f max − f c

FM:
Calculate modulation index  =  / f m

WAVEFORMS:
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RESULT:

The modulated wave for the given modulating signal has been verified

Precautions:

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Observations should be done careful

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VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What is analog modulation?

2. What is angle modulation?
3. Compare AM with Narrow band FM?
4. What is exponential modulation?
5. What is linear modulation and non-linear modulation?
6. Compare NBFM and WBFM?
7. Advantages and disadvantages of AM and FM?
8. What is Carson rule?
9. What is single tone modulation?
10. Different methods of FM generation and demodulation?
11. What is threshold effect and how to reduce?
12. Relation between FM and PM?
13. What is frequency deviation?

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EXPERIMENT - 3

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AIM: To study Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation.

Apparatus required: Dual traces CRO, PAM kit, Connecting leads.

THEORY:

In PAM, amplitude of pulses of carrier pulse train is varied in accordance with the
modulating signal. Fig. explains the principle of PAM. A signal i.e. baseband is shown in fig.
and carrier pulse train f(t) is also shown. The frequency of carrier train is decided by
sampling theorem. A pulse amplitude modulated signal fc(t) is shown. It can be seen that
the amplitude of pulse depends upon the value of f(t) during the time of pulse.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig.1: PAM Modulator

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Fig.2: PAM De-Modulator

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PROCEDURE:

1. Using connecting leads connect the output of sampling pulse generator to input-1
of PAM modulator and output of modulating signal generator to input-2of the PAM
modulator.

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2. Now after switching on the mains power supply adjust the frequency of the
sampling pulse generator and level of modulating signal to obtain the PAM
waveform on CRO.

3. Trace these waveforms on tracing paper.

RESULT: Pulse Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation is studied.

PRECAUTIONS:
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1. Switch off the experimental kit during making connections.
2. Adjust the frequency of pulse trains carefully to get reasonable PAM waveforms.
3. Use the CRO carefully.
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EXPERIMENT - 4

AIM: To study Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation.

APPARATUS: Dual traces CRO, PWM kit, Connecting leads.

THEORY:

The PWM is also known as pulse duration modulation. It modulates the time parameter of
the pulses. The width of PWM pulses varies. The amplitude is constant; width of the pulse is
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. Bandwidth on transmission channel
depends on rise time of the pulse. The demodulation circuit used is a simple filter circuit
that demodulator the PWM signal and gives the original message input.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PWM MODULATOR

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WAVE FORMS:

PROCEDURE:

1. Using connecting leads connect the output of sampling pulse generator to input-1
of PWM modulator and output of modulating signal generator to input-2of the PWM
modulator.

2. Now after switching on the mains power supply adjust the frequency of the
sampling pulse generator and level of modulating signal to obtain the PWM
waveform on CRO.

3. Trace these waveforms on tracing paper.

RESULT: Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation has been studied.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Switch off the experimental kit during making connections.

2. Adjust the frequency of pulse trains carefully to get reasonable PWM waveforms.
3. Use the CRO carefully.

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EXPERIMENT - 5

AIM: To study Pulse Position Modulation and Demodulation.

APPARATUS: Dual trace CRO, PPM kit, connecting leads.

THEORY:

In Pulse Position Modulation, both the pulse amplitude and pulse duration are held constant but
the position of the pulse is varied in proportional to the sampled values of the message signal.
Pulse time modulation is a class of signaling techniques that encodes the sample values of an
analog signal on to the time axis of a digital signal and it is analogous to angle modulation
techniques. The two main types of PTM are PWM and PPM. In PPM the analog sample value
determines the position of a narrow pulse relative to the clocking time. In PPM rise time of pulse
decides the channel bandwidth. It has low noise interference.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WAVEFORM:

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PROCEDURE:

1. First observe the waveform of modulating signal (TP2) and carrier signal (TP1) on CRO.

2. Now connect the output of carrier section and modulating signal section to the PPM
modulator section.
3. Switch on Experimental kit.

4.Obserrve the PPM signal at the output of modulator section (TP3). Adjust the level of
the modulating signal with the pot marked LEVEL in order to obtain a proper PPM signal.

RESULT: Pulse Position Modulation & Demodulation is studied.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Switch off the experimental kit during making connections.

2. Adjust the frequency of pulse trains carefully to get reasonable PPM waveforms.

3. Use the CRO carefully.

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6. SAMPLING THEOREM VERIFICATION

Aim: To verify the sampling theorem.

Apparatus Required:

1. Sampling theorem verification trainer kit

2. Function Generator (1MHz)

3. Dual trace oscilloscope (20 MHz)

Theory:

The analog signal can be converted to a discrete time signal by a process called sampling. The
sampling theorem for a band limited signal of finite energy can be stated as,

‘’A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency component higher than W Hz is
completely described by specifying the values of the signal at instants of time separated by 1/2W
seconds.’’

It can be recovered from knowledge of samples taken at the rate of 2W per second.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: 1 Sampling Circuit

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Fig: 2 Reconstructing Circuit

Procedure:

1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in the fig 1.
2. Switch on the power supply. And set at +11V and -11V.
3. Apply the sinusoidal signal of approximately 4V (p-p) at 105Hz frequency and pulse signal of
11V (p-p) with frequency between 100Hz and 4 KHz.
4. Connect the sampling circuit output and AF signal to the two inputs of oscilloscope
5. Initially set the potentiometer to minimum level and sampling frequency to 200Hz and observe
the output on the CRO. Now by adjusting the potentiometer, vary the amplitude of modulating
signal and observe the output of sampling circuit. Note that the amplitude of the sampling pulses
will be varying in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
6. Design the reconstructing circuit. Depending on sampling frequency, R & C values are calculated
using the relations Fs = 1/Ts, Ts = RC. Choosing an appropriate value for C, R can be found using
the relation R=Ts/C
7. Connect the sampling circuit output to the reconstructing circuit shown in Fig 2
8. Observe the output of the reconstructing circuit (AF signal) for different sampling frequencies.
The original AF signal would appear only when the sampling frequency is 200Hz or more.

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7. Generation and Detection of PCM

Aim: To study the Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation using PCM trainer kit

Apparatus: PCM kit, CRO and connecting probes

Theory:
Pulse code modulation is a process of converting a analog signal into digital. The
voice or any data input is first sampled using a sampler (which is a simple switch) and
then quantized. Quantization is the process of converting a given signal amplitude to an
equivalent binary number with fixed number of bits. This quantization can be either mid-
tread or mid-raise and it can be uniform or non-uniform based on the requirements. For
example in speech signals, the higher amplitudes will be less frequent than the low
amplitudes. So higher amplitudes are given less step size than the lower amplitudes and
thus quantization is performed non-uniformly. After quantization the signal is digital and
the bits are passed through a parallel to serial converter and then launched into the
channel serially.
At the demodulator the received bits are first converted into parallel frames and
each frame is de-quantized to an equivalent analog value. This analog value is thus
equivalent to a sampler output. This is the demodulated signal.
In the kit this is implemented differently. The analog signal is passed trough a
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and then the digital codeword is passed through a
parallel to serial converter block. This is modulated PCM. This is taken by the Serial to
Parallel converter and then through a DAC to get the demodulated signal. The clock is
given to all these blocks for synchronization. The input signal can be either DC or AC
according to the kit. The waveforms can be observed on a CRO for DC without problem.
AC also can be observed but with poor resolution.

Procedure:
The kit is self-explanatory. Identify the blocks according to the theory mentioned
and generate a PCM modulated signal and demodulate to check if the same signal is
obtained or not. The steps are also given below in a detailed fashion:
1. Power on the Future Tech PCM kit.
2. Measure the frequency of sampling clock.
3. Apply the DC voltage as modulating signal.
4. Connect the DC input to the ADC and measure the voltage.
5. Connect the clock to the timing and control circuit.
6. Note the binary work from LED display. The serial data through the channel can
be observed in the CRO.
7. Also observe the binary word at the receiver end.
8. Now apply the AC modulating signal at the input.
9. Observe the waveform at the output of DAC.
10. Note the amplitude of the input voltage and the codeword. Also note the value of
the output voltage. Show the codeword graphically for a DC input.

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Kit diagram:

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Fig 2: Block diagram of PCM

Model waveforms:

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8. Generation and Detection of ASK

Aim: To study the operation of Amplitude Shift Keying modulation and demodulation
with the help of circuit connections.

Apparatus:

1. Resistors 1.2KΩ 3
2. Transistor BC 107 2
3. CRO 30MHz 1
4. Function generator 0-1MHz 1
5. Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, 1A 1
6. CRO Probes --- 1

Theory:
The binary ASK system was one of the earliest form of digital modulation used in
wireless telegraphy. In an binary ASK system binary symbol 1 is represented by
transmitting a sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc for the
bit duration Tb where as binary symbol 0 is represented by switching of the carrier for Tb
seconds. This signal can be generated simply by turning the carrier of a sinusoidal
oscillator ON and OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by the modulating pulse train.
For this reason the scheme is also known as on-off shift testing. Let the sinusoidal carrier
can be represented by Ec (t) =Ac cos (2Πfct) then the binary ASK signal can be
represented by a wave s(t) given by S(t) = Accos(2Πfct), symbol 1 ASK signal can be
generated by applying the incoming binary data and the sinusoidal carrier to the two
inputs of a product modulator. The resulting output is the ASK wave. The ASK signal
which is basically product of the binary sequence and carrier signal has a same as that of
base band signal but shifted in the frequency domain by ±fc. The band width of ASK
signal is infinite but practically it is 3/Tb.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Apply the sinusoidal carrier signal from the function generator to the collector
terminal of the transistor with 10v (p-p) amplitude and10KHz frequency.
4. Apply the Binary signal from the pulse generator to the Base terminal of the transistor
with 5v (p-p) amplitude and 2 KHz frequency.
5. Observe the output of ON/OFF keying from ASK modulator circuit using CRO.
6. Now vary the Amplitude and frequency of the binary signal and observe the output
changes of ASK modulated Wave & compare it with the modulating data signal
applied to the modulator input.
7. The output of the low pass filter is a demodulated binary signal.

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Precautions:
1. Keep the connections tight.
2. Do not lift the IC pins. Check if the ICs of the kit are in tact.

Circuit diagram:

Fig: 1 Amplitude Shift Keying and demodulation Circuit

Model waveforms:

(a)

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Amplitude: 4v (p-p)
Frequency: 2KHz

Amplitude: 4V (p-p)
Frequency: 2KHz

(b)
Fig: 2 Waveforms of (a) Carrier signal (b) Data signal & ASK wave

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9. Generation and Detection of FSK

Aim: To study the operation of Frequency Shift Keying modulation and demodulation
with the help of kit.

Apparatus: FSK kit, CRO and connecting probes

Theory:
Frequency Shift Keying is the process generating a modulated signal from a
digital data input. If the incoming bit is 1, a signal with frequency f1 is sent for the
duration of the bit. If the bit is 0, a signal with frequency f2 is sent for the duration of this
bit. This is the basic principle behind FSK modulation.
Basically a 555 timer is used as an Astable multivibrator, which generates a clock
pulse of frequency determined by the values of R and C in this circuit. This is divided by
2, 4, 8 and 16 using 74163 IC, and two of these outputs are used in a NAND logic gates
circuit, to generate a FSK modulated wave. To this NAND gates’ circuit a binary data
sequence is also supplied. The circuit operation causes a frequency f1 for bit 1, and f2 for
bit 0.
In the demodulator circuit, the FSK modulated signal is applied to a high Q tuned
filter. This filter is tuned to the frequency of either 0 or 1. This filter passes the selected
frequency and rejects the other. The output is then passed through a FWR (Full Wave
Rectifier) circuit and the output is now above zero volts only. It is then passed through a
comparator; if the input to the comparator is greater than threshold value, the output is 1,
else it is 0. This digital output of the comparator is the demodulated FSK output.

Procedure:
1. Power on the kit. Apply one binary sequence as input message to the FSK
modulator. This sequence is taken from decade counter outputs.
2. Give the modulated FSK signal to the demodulator input. Observe the output
of the demodulator on the CRO along with the original data sequence. Adjust
the tuning controls (of filter and comparator) so that input and demodulated
outputs are the same. Do not touch the tuning controls after the adjustment is
done.
3. Apply another data sequence input from the decade counter as input message
and observe the demodulated output message. Both will be identical. Note the
FSK modulated and demodulated waveforms. Sketch them with proper
indications.

Precautions:
3. Keep the connections tight.
4. Do not lift the IC pins. Check if the ICs of the kit are in tact.

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Kit diagram:

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Model waveforms:

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10. Generation and Detection of PSK

Aim: To study the operation of Phase Shift Keying modulation and demodulation with
the help of kit.

Apparatus: PSK kit, CRO and connecting probes

Theory:
Phase Shift Keying is a digital modulation Technique. A cosinusoidal carrier of a
fixed amplitude and frequency is taken. The digital data of 1’s and 0’s is converted to
s(t ) AC cos(2 f c t )
respectively. In the kit, phase shift keying is obtained using an
s(t ) AC cos(2 f c t )
OP-AMP circuitry and a switch. If incoming bit is 0, the output is same as the carrier; if it
is zero, the output is 900 phase shifted version of the carrier signal. For demodulation a
coherent detector is used. It has 3 parts, a multiplier, and integrator and decision device.
The operation can be analyzed from the circuit.

Procedure:
1. Power on the kit. Apply carrier signal to the input of the modulator.
2. Apply the modulating data signal from one of the decade counter’s outputs.
Observe the modulated signal in the CRO.
3. Apply the PSK modulator output to the input of demodulator. Also apply the
carrier signal to the demodulator.
4. Observe the demodulator output on the CRO.
5. Compare the two signal amplitudes.

Precautions:
1. Keep the connections tight.
2. Do not lift the IC pins. Check if the ICs of the kit are in tact.

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Kit diagram:

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Model waveforms:

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11. Generation and Detection of TDM

Aim: To study the operation of Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing with the
help of kit.

Apparatus: TDM kit, CRO and connecting probes

Theory:
TDM is the multiplexing technique in time domain. If there are more users who
wish to communicate with another set of many users, they are provided a single channel
over which sequential communication can happen. Each user is provided a time slot and
the user sticks to his slot. The data of each user is sampled. In the channel, the first
sample of user 1, then user 2.., are sent for a pre-described set of users. Then again the
second sample of each user is sent in the same order. At the receiver synchronization of
timing circuits allows, each user’s information to be delivered to the correct destination.
In the kit four signals are analogous to 4 users. Each signal is given to the input of
the multiplexer. The transmission of signal on the channel is controlled using a switch
matrix controlled by a decoder circuit. The 2 by 4 decoder selection lines are driven by
divide by 5, divide by 10 outputs. The corresponding output is from 0 to 3. The switch of
the corresponding channel closes and the signal’s sample is passed on to the channel.
This can be seen from the kit diagram. At the receiver, the clock used for selection is
synchronous with the transmitter clock. This ensures that the outputs arrive at the correct
order. A duty cycle selector is there on the transmitter side of the circuit, which ensures
the mode of operation. The synchronization can be achieved either by direct method or
by using a PLL. Both are available on the kit.

Procedure:
1. Turn on the power to the kit. Check the clock signal from the transmitter
timing logic block. (64KHz)
2. Set the duty cycle selector switch to position 5.
3. Give the function generator outputs signals as input to the transmitter block.
Adjust their amplitudes to known values using a CRO before giving to
transmitter input.
4. Connect the Tx clock and Ch 0 reference of transmitter to the Rx clock and
Ch 0 reference of Receiver block. This ensures that Ch 0 at Tx is same as Tx 0
at Rx.
5. Check the outputs of the demultiplxer or receiver and note the amplitudes.
Compare the waveforms with those of sent waveforms. Both must be
identical.
6. Now change the duty cycle selector from 5 to 11, position. Use the PLL
circuit for synchronization. Connect the Tx clock to the PLL input and the Rx
clock also to PLL circuit in the specified position. The Rx clock will now be
synchronized to Tx clock. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 and collect the output
waveforms.
7. Compare the input and output signals in both the synchronization methods.

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Precautions:
1. Keep the connections tight.
2. Do not lift the IC pins. Check if the ICs of the kit are in tact.

Kit diagram:

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Model waveforms:

For Channel selection:

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12. Generation and Detection of Delta Modulation

Aim: To study the operation of delta modulation and demodulation with the help of kit.

Apparatus: DM kit, CRO and connecting probes

Theory:
Delta modulation is the DPCM technique of converting an analog message signal
to a digital sequence. The difference signal between two successive samples is encoded
into a single bit code. The block and kit diagrams show the circuitry details of the
modulation technique. A present sample of the analog signal m(t) is compared with a
previous sample and the difference output is level shifted, i.e. a positive level
(corresponding to bit 1) is given if difference is positive and negative level
(corresponding to bit 0) if it is negative. The comparison of samples is accomplished by
converting the digital to analog form and then comparing with the present sample. This is
done using an Up counter and DAC as shown in block diagram. The delta modulated
signal is given to up counter and then a DAC and the analog input is given to OPAMP
and a LPF to obtain the demodulated output.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the kit. Connect the clock signal and the modulating input signal to
the modulator block. Observe the modulated signal in the CRO.
2. Connect the DM output to the demodulator circuit. Observe the demodulator
output on the CRO.
3. Also observe the DAC output on the CRO.
4. Change the amplitude of the modulating signal and observe the DAC output.
Notice the slope overload distortion. Keep the tuning knob so that the
distortion is gone. Note this value of the amplitude. This is the minimum
required value of the amplitude to overcome slope overload distortion.
5. Calculate the sampling frequency required for no slope overload distortion.
Compare the calculated and measured values of the sampling frequency.
Precautions:
1. Keep the connections tight.
2. Do not lift the IC pins. Check if the ICs of the kit are in tact.

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Kit diagram:

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Block Diagram

Model Waveforms:

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