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Lecture #02, Microprocessor - Evolution

The document provides an overview of microprocessors, detailing their evolution from mechanical devices in the 1930s to modern multi-core processors. It categorizes microprocessors into five generations, highlighting key advancements in technology and performance. Additionally, it classifies microprocessors based on specifications, applications, and architecture, including RISC, CISC, VLIW, and superscalar processors.

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Shohag Hawlader Shanto
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10 views9 pages

Lecture #02, Microprocessor - Evolution

The document provides an overview of microprocessors, detailing their evolution from mechanical devices in the 1930s to modern multi-core processors. It categorizes microprocessors into five generations, highlighting key advancements in technology and performance. Additionally, it classifies microprocessors based on specifications, applications, and architecture, including RISC, CISC, VLIW, and superscalar processors.

Uploaded by

Shohag Hawlader Shanto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EEE-3103: Microprocessor and Interfacing

Lecture #2: Introduction to Microprocessor

Dr. Sharnali Islam


Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
University of Dhaka
[email protected]

Some slides used resources from:


Prof. Sazzad M.S. Imran, PhD, EEE DU
Web resources
-->floating point hardware

-->increased number of
addressing modes

easier to program<--

multiply/divide arithmetic hardware<--

-->Greater number of subroutine nesting

-->Better interrupt handling


Evolution of Microprocessor
1930- mechanical calculating devices that used mechanical relays.
1950- vacuum tubes that were quickly replaced by transistors.
1960- introduction of minicomputers.
1970- introduction of personal computer.

Evolution of microprocessors is categorized into five generations.


First generation (1971-1973):
- Processed their instructions serially.
- In 1971 Busicom and Intel made 4-bit 4004 microprocessors.
- Ran at 108kHz and contained 2300 transistors.
- Fabricated using PMOS technology- low cost, slow speed and low output currents.
- Not compatible with TTL.
- In 1972, Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors.

Second generation (1974-1978):


- Beginning of very efficient 8-bit microprocessors- Motorola’s 6800 and 6809, Intel’s
8085 and Zilog’s Z80.
- Manufactured using NMOS technology- faster speed and higher density.
Evolution of Microprocessor
Third generation (1978-1980):
- Dominated by Intel’s 8086 and Zilog’s Z8000.
- 16-bit processors with minicomputer-like performance.
- 16-bit arithmetic and pipelined instruction processing.
- IC transistor counts of about 250,000.
- Designed using high density MOS (HMOS) technology.

Fourth generation (1981-1995):


- Designs containing more than a million transistors.
- Beginning of 32-bit microprocessors- Intel 80386 and Motorola 68020/68030.
- Using high density, high speed CMOS (HCMOS).

Fifth generation (1996-till date):


- Employ decoupled superscalar processing.
- Design contains more than 10 million transistors.
- Devices that carry on-chip functionalities.
- Introduced high speed memory and I/O devices along with 64-bit microprocessors.
- Intel Pentium, Celeron, dual- and quad-core, and core-i processors.
Timeline of Microprocessor
(i) 1971- Intel 4004 microprocessor with 2300 transistors, speed of 108kHz.
(ii) 1971- Intel 8008 with 3500 transistors and speed of 200kHz.
(iii) 1974- Intel 8080 processor with 6000 transistors and speed up to 2MHz.
(iv) 1976- Intel 8085 processor with about 6500 transistors and speed of 3-5MHz.
(v) 1978- Intel 8086 microprocessors, followed by 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486.
(vi) 1979- Intel 8088 processor with 29,000 transistors and speed of 5MHz, 8MHz and 10MHz.
(vii) 1985- Intel 80386, 32-bit chip with 275,000 transistors,
processing five million instructions per second.
(viii) 1989- Intel 80486, 8KB shared cache memory with speed of 25 to 100MHz.
(ix) 1993- Intel Pentium processor with 32-bit address bus and 64-bit data bus.
Includes two 8KB dedicated cache memories.
Based on superscalar architecture, speed up to 1.75GHz,
20-stage pipeline and three-level cache memory.
Timeline of Microprocessor
(x) 1997- Intel Pentium II processor with speeds of 200MHz, 233MHz, 266MHz and 300MHz.
Designed specifically to process video, MMX audio and graphics data.
(xi) 1999- Intel Celeron processor and Intel Pentium III processor with 512KB L2 cache,
clock speed of 600MHz and 9.5 million transistors.
(xii) 2000- Intel Pentium 4 processor with 42 million transistors with clock speed of 1.4-3.8GHz.
In 2004, 32-bit x86 architecture was extended to 64-bit x86-64 set.
(xiii) 2005- Intel Pentium-D, first dual-core chips and first desktop chip to follow suit.
(xiv) 2014- Intel Core i3, i5, i7 processors with up to 8 cores on a single chip,
large L2 cache (2-12MB), introduction of L3 cache and up to 995 million transistors.
Classification of Microprocessors
Microprocessors can be classified based on their
- specifications,
- applications and
- architecture.

Classification based on size of data-


4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessors.

Classification based on application of processors-


(i) General-purpose processors- used in general computer system integration.
Intel 8085 ~ Intel Pentium
(ii) Microcontrollers- microprocessor chips with built-in hardware for memory and
I/O ports.
(iii) Special-purpose processors- handle special functions required for application.
digital signal processor, ASIC
Classification of Microprocessors
Classification based on architecture and hardware of processors-
(i) RISC processors- supports limited machine language instructions.
can execute programs faster than CISC processors.

(ii) CISC processors- have 70 to few hundred instructions.


easier to program.
slower and more expensive than RISC processors.

(iii) VLIW processors- instructions composed of many machine operations.


instructions can be executed in parallel.
have large number of registers.

(iv) Superscalar processors- use complex hardware to achieve parallelism.


have overlapping of instruction execution.

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