Multiple Integral

Double Integral

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany

Mathematics Division, School of Advanced Sciences and Languages

VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal-Indore Highway, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, 466114, India

October 9, 2024

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 1 / 60
 Table of Contents

1 Double Integral

2 Evaluation of double integral

3 Change of order of integration

4 Change of Variables in Double Integral

5 Area by use of Double Integration

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 2 / 60
 Rb
The Definite integral a
f (x) dx is defined as the limit of the sum

f (x1 )δx1 + f (x2 )δx2 + · · · + f (xn )δxn

when n → ∞ and each of the lengths δx1 , δx2 , . . . , δxn tends to zero. Here
δx1 , δx2 , . . . , δxn are n sun-intervals into which the range b −a has been divided and
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn are values of x lying respectively in the 1st, 2nd,. . . nth sub-interval.

Figure 1: Partition of b − a into n subintervals.

A double integral is its counterpart in two dimensions.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 3 / 60
 Consider a single-valued and bounded function f (x, y ) of two independent variables
x and y be defined in a closed region R of the xy − plane.

Divide R into n elementary rectangles of area δA1 , δA2 , . . . δAn by drawing lines
parallel to co-ordinate axes at equal distances.

Let (xi , yi ) be any point inside the i th rectangle whose area is δAi . Consider the
sum
n
X
f (x1 , y1 )δA1 + f (x2 , y2 )δA2 + · · · f (xn , yn )δAn = f (xi , yi )δAi
i=1

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 4 / 60
 Figure 2: Division of a region into elementary rectangles

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 5 / 60
 The limit of sum, if it exists, as the number of sub-divisions increases indefinitely
and area of each sub-division decreases to zero,
RR is defined as the double integral of
f (x, y ) over the region R and is denoted by R f (x, y )dx dy .
Thus,
ZZ ∞
X
f (x, y )dx dy = lim f (xi , yi )δAi
n→∞
R δAi →0 i=1

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 6 / 60
 Evaluation of double integral
The evaluation of double integral depends upon the nature of the curve bounding
the region R. Let region R be bounded by the curves x = x1 , x = x2 and y = y1 ,
y = y2 . To evaluate
ZZ Z x2 Z y2
f (x, y )dx dy = f (x, y )dx dy :
x1 y1
R

(i) When y1 , y2 are functions of x and x1 , x2 are constants. Let AB and CD

be the curves y1 = f1 (x) and y2 = f2 (x). Take a vertical strip of width δx.

Figure 3: Division
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) of aintegral:
Multiple region into
Double equal elementaryOctober
Integral rectangles
9, 2024 7 / 60
 Cont. . .

We integrate f (x, y ) first with respect to y taking x fixed between the limits y1 , y2 ;
then integrate the resulting expression with respect to x between the limit x1 , x2
i.e.,
!
ZZ Z Z x2 y2 =f2 (x)
f (x, y )dx dy = f (x, y ) dy dx
x1 y1 =f1 (x)
R

where the integration is carried out from the inner to the outer rectangle.

Remark
The inner rectangle integral implies that the integration is performed along the
vertical strip PQ (keeping x constant) while the outer rectangle corresponds to the
sliding of the strip PQ from AC to BD thus covering the entire region ABDC of
integration.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 8 / 60
 Cont. . .

(ii) When x1 , x2 are functions of y and y1 , y2 are constants. Let AB and CD

be the curves x1 = f1 (y ) and x2 = f2 (y ). Take a horizontal strip of width δy .

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 9 / 60
 Cont. . .

We integrate f (x, y ) first with respect to x taking y fixed between the limits
x1 , x2 ; then integrate the resulting expression (which is a function of y ) with
respect to y between the limit y1 , y2 i.e.,
!
ZZ Z Z x2 x2 =f2 (y )
f (x, y )dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy
x1 x1 =f1 (y )
R

where the integration is carried out from the inner to the outer rectangle.

Remark
The inner rectangle integral implies that the integration is performed along the
horizontal strip PQ (keeping y constant) while the outer rectangle corresponds to
the sliding of the strip PQ from AC to BD thus covering the entire region ABDC
of integration.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 10 / 60
 Cont. . .
(iii) When both pairs of limits (i.e. x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ) are constants, the region
of integration is the rectangle ABCD.
In this case, it is immaterial whether we integrate first along horizontal strip
PQ and then slide it from AB to CD or we integrate first along the vertical
strip P’Q’ and then slide it from AC to BD, so the order of integration is
immaterial provided the limits of integration are changed accordingly. So it
does not matter for constant limits, whether we integrate first with respect to
x and then with respect to y and vice versa.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 11 / 60
 Note
From point (i) and (ii) above, we observe that integration is to performed with
respect to that variable having variable limits first and then with respect to the
variable with constant limits.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 12 / 60
 Example
Z 1 Z x
Evaluate e y /x dy dx.
0 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 13 / 60
 Solution
Z 1 Z x Z 1 Z x 
e y /x dy dx = e y /x dy dx
0 0 0 0
!x
1
e y /x
Z
= dx
0 1/x
0
Z 1
x(e − 1)dx
0
!1
x2
= (e − 1)
2
0
(e − 1)
=
2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 14 / 60
 Example
2 x
dydx
Z Z
Evaluate .
1 o x2 + y2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 15 / 60
 Solution
Here
!
2 x 2 x
dydx dy
Z Z Z Z
= dx
1 o x + y2
2
1
2
o x +y
2
!x
2
1 y
Z
= tan−1 dx
1 x x
0
π 21
Z
= dx
4 1 x
π π
= (ln x)21 = ln 2
4 4

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 16 / 60
 Example
Z 2 Z 4  Z 4 Z 2 
Verify that (xy + e y )dx dy = (xy + e y )dy dx.
1 3 3 1

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 17 / 60
 Solution

2 4 24
x2
Z Z  Z 
y y
(xy + e )dx dy = y + xe dy
1 3 1 2 3
Z 2   2
7 7 2
= y + e y dy = y + ey
1 2 4 1
21 2
= +e −e
4

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 18 / 60
 Solution

2 4 4 2
x2
Z Z  Z 
y y
(xy + e )dx dy = y + xe dy
1 3 1 2 3
Z 2   2
7 7 2
= y + e y dy = y + ey
1 2 4 1
21 2
= +e −e
4
Also,
4 2 4
xy 2
Z Z  Z  
(xy + e y )dy dx = + e y dx
3 1 3 2
Z 4   2 4
3x 3x
= + e 2 − 2 dx = + (e 2 − e)x
3 2 4 3
21 2
= +e −e
4
Z 2 Z 4 Z Z  4 2
Hence (xy + e y )dx dy = (xy + e y )dy dx.
1 3 3 1

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 18 / 60
 Example
Z a Z √a2 −y 2 p
Evaluate a2 − x 2 − y 2 dxdy .
0 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 19 / 60
 Solution
Here
Z a Z √a2 −y 2 p Z a Z √a2 −y 2 p !
a2 − x 2 − y 2 dxdy = a2 − x 2 − y 2 dx dy
0 0 0 0

Z a" p 2 #√a2 −y 2
x a − x2 − y2 a2 − y 2 −1 x
= + sin p
0 2 2 a2 − y 2 0
Z a 2
a − y 2 −1
= sin 1 dy
0 2
" #a
π a 2 π 2 y3
Z
= (a − y 2 ) dy = a y−
4 0 2 3
0
πa3
=
6

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 20 / 60
 Example
ZZ
Evaluate xy (x + y )dxdy over the area between the curves y = x 2 and y = x.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 21 / 60
 Solution
Given curves are y = x 2 and y = x so that

x 2 = x =⇒ x 2 − x = 0 =⇒ x(x − 1) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, x = 1

Using these in y = x, we get

y = 0, 1
∴ Points of intersection of given curves are (0, 0), (1, 1). Region of integration is

A = {(x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 2 ≤ y ≤ x}

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 22 / 60
 Solution Cont. . .

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 23 / 60
 Solution Cont. . .

ZZ Z 1 Z x
xy (x + y )dxdy = xy (x + y )dy dx
0 x2
A
" #x
1
x 2 y 2 xy 3
Z
= + dx
0 2 3
x2
!
1
5x 4 x 6 x 7
Z
= − − dx
0 6 2 3
" #1
x5 x7 x8
= − −
6 14 24
0
3
=
56

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 24 / 60
 Example
RR p
Evaluate xy − y 2 dx dy , where S is a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (10, 1) and
S
(1, 1).

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 25 / 60
 Example
RR p
Evaluate xy − y 2 dx dy , where S is a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (10, 1) and
S
(1, 1).

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 25 / 60
 Solution
S is the region given by

S = {(x, y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 10y }.

Thus,
ZZ p Z 1 Z 10y p
xy − y 2 dx dy = xy − y 2 dx dy
0 y
S
" #10y
1
2 1
Z
3
= (xy − y 2 ) 2
3 0 y
y
2 1
Z
= 27y 2 dy
3 0
2h i1
= 9y 3 = 6
3 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 26 / 60
 Evaluation of Double integrals in Polar Co-ordinates
Z θ2 Z r2
To Evaluate f (r , θ)dr dθ over the region bounded by the straight lines
θ1 r1
θ = θ1 , θ = θ2 and the
curves r = r1 , r = r2 . We first integrate with respect to r
from r = r1 to r = r2 (keeping θ fixed). Then the resulting expression with respect
to θ between the limits θ = θ1 and θ = θ2 .

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 27 / 60
 Example
Z π Z a(1+cos θ)
Evaluate r 2 cos θdr dθ.
0 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 28 / 60
 Solution
" #a(1+cos θ)
π a(1+cos θ) π
r3
Z Z Z
r 2 cos θdr dθ = cos θ dθ
0 0 0 3
0
a3 π
Z
= cos θ(1 + cos θ)3 dθ
3 0
a3 π
Z
= (cos4 θ + 3 cos3 θ + 3 cos2 θ + cos θ)dθ
3 0
" Z #
π/2 Z π/2
a3
= 2 cos4 θdθ + 0 + 6 cos2 θdθ + 0
3 0 0
" #
a3 3·1 π 1 π 5πa3
= 2× × +6× × =
3 4·2 2 2 2 8

 (n − 1)(n − 3) · · · 3 · 1 π
 
if n is even 

Z π/2 Z π/2
n(n − 2) · · · 2 2

sinn xdx cosn xdx =

 or 

0 0  (n − 1)(n − 3) · · · 2 π 

 if n is odd
n(n − 2) · · · 3 · 1 2
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 29 / 60
 Example
ZZ
Evaluate r 3 dr dθ over the area included between the circles r = 2 sin θ and
r = 4 sin θ.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 30 / 60
 Example
ZZ
Evaluate r 3 dr dθ over the area included between the circles r = 2 sin θ and
r = 4 sin θ.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 30 / 60
 Solution
r = 2 sin θ is a circle with center (0, 1) and radius 1 and r = 4 sin θ is a circle with
center (0, 2) and radius 2. The region of integration is

R = {(r , θ) : 2 sin θ ≤ r ≤ 4 sin θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}

" #4 sin θ
π 4 sin θ π
r4
ZZ Z Z Z
3 3
r drdθ = r drdθ = dθ
0 2 sin θ 0 4
R 2 sin θ
π π/2
1
Z Z
= × 240 × sin4 θdθ = 60 × 2 sin4 θdθ
4 0 0
3·1 π
= 120 × ×
4·2 2
45π
=
2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 31 / 60
 Example
ZZ
Evaluate r 3 dr dθ, over the area bounded between the circles r = 2 cos θ and
r = 4 cos θ.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 32 / 60
 Example
ZZ
Evaluate r 3 dr dθ, over the area bounded between the circles r = 2 cos θ and
r = 4 cos θ.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 32 / 60
 Solution
The region of integration R is shown in shaded region. Here r varies from 2 cos θ
to 4 cos θ while θ varies from − π2 to π2 . Thus,

π
ZZ Z 2
Z 4 cos θ
3
r dr dθ = r 3 dr dθ
− π2 2 cos θ
R
π
" #4 cos θ
r4
Z 2
= dθ
− π2 4
2 cos θ
Z π
2
= 60 cos4 dθ
− π2
Z π
2
= 120 cos4 dθ
0
3 · 1π
= 120 ×
4·22
45
= π
2
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 Change of order of integration

In double integral, if the limits of integration are constant, the order of integration
is immaterial, provided the limits of integration are changed accordingly. Thus
Z b Z d Z d Z b
f (x, y )dx dy = f (x, y )dy dx
a c c a

But if the limits of integration are variable, a change in the order of integration
necessitates change in the limits of integration. A rough sketch of the region of
integration helps in fixing the new limits of integration.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 34 / 60
 Example
Z b Z ba √b2 −y 2
Evaluate xydx dy by changing the order of integration.
0 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 35 / 60
 Example
Z b Z ba √b2 −y 2
Evaluate xydx dy by changing the order of integration.
0 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 35 / 60
 Solution
Here we divide the region into horizontal strips.
( )
ap 2
R1 = (x, y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ b; 0 ≤ x ≤ b − y2
b

To change the order of integration, we divide the region into vertical strips.
( )
bp 2 2
R2 = (x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ a; 0 ≤ y ≤ a −x
a

b
√ " # ba √a2 −X 2
a a2 −X 2 a
y2
Z Z a
Z
The given integral = xydy dx = x dx
0 0 0 2
0
" #a
b2 a
b 2
a 2
x x 3
Z
= 2 (a2 x − x 3 )dx = 2 −
2a 0 2a 2 3
0
1
= a2 b 2
8
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 Example
Z a Z 2a−x
Evaluate xydy dx by changing the order of integration.
0 x 2 /a

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 37 / 60
 Example
Z a Z 2a−x
Evaluate xydy dx by changing the order of integration.
0 x 2 /a

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 37 / 60
 Solution
Here we divide the region into vertical strips.
( )
x2
R1 = (x, y ) : ≤ y ≤ 2a − x; 0 ≤ x ≤ a
a

Now x 2 = ay and y = 2a − x intersect

∴ x 2 = a(2a − x) =⇒ x 2 + ax − 2a2 = 0
∴ x = −2a, a =⇒ y = a, 4a

Thus the points of the intersection are (a, a) and (−2a, 4a). To change the order
of integration, we divide the region into horizontal strips. It consists of two regions
given below.
√
R2 = {(x, y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ a; 0 ≤ x ≤ ay }
R3 = {(x, y ) : a ≤ y ≤ 2a; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2a − y }

Thus
R1 = R2 ∪ R3
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 38 / 60
 Solution cont. . .

√
Z a Z ay Z 2a Z 2a−y
The given integral = xydx dy + xydx dy
0 0 a 0
" #√ ay " #2a−y
a
x2 2a
x2
Z Z
= +
0 2 a 2
0 0
a 2 2a
ay y (2a − y )2
Z Z
= dy + dy
0 2 a 2
" #a Z
a y3 2a 3
y − 4ay 2 + 4a2 y
= + dy
2 3 a 2
0
" #2a
a4 1 y 4 4ay 3 2 2
= + − + 2a y
6 2 4 3
a
3a4
=
8

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 Example
√
1 2−x 2
x
Z Z
Evaluate p dy dx, by changing the order of integration.
0 x x + y2
2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 40 / 60
 Example
√
1 2−x 2
x
Z Z
Evaluate p dy dx, by changing the order of integration.
0 x x + y2
2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 40 / 60
 Solution
Here we divide the region into vertical strips.
n p o
R1 = (x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; x ≤ y ≤ 2 − x 2

To change the order of integration, we divide the region into horizontal strips. It
consists of two regions R2 and R3 given below.

R2 = {(x, y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ x ≤ y }
n √ p o
R3 = (x, y ) : 1 ≤ y ≤ 2; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 − y 2

Thus
R1 = R2 ∪ R3

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 41 / 60
 1 y
√
2 Z √2−y 2
x x
Z Z Z
The given integral = p dx dy + p dx dy
0 x2 + y2
0 1 0 x2 + y2
i√2−y 2
Z 1 hp √
iy Z 2 hp
= x2 + y2 + x2 + y2
0 0 1 0
√
Z 1 √ Z 2 √
= ( 2y − y )dy + ( 2 − y )dy
0 1
" #1 " #√2
√ y2 √ y 2
= ( 2 − 1) + 2y −
2 2
0 1
1 √
= (2 − 2)
2

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 Change of Variables in Double Integral

If A is a simple closed subregion of the xy -plane which is mapped into the region
B of the uv-plane by the transformations.

x = ϕ(u, v ), y = ψ(u, v )
Then
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dx dy = f (ϕ(u, v ), ψ(u, v )) |J| du dv
A B

where
∂x ∂x
∂(x, y ) ∂u ∂v ̸= 0 ∀(u, v ) ∈ B
J= =
∂(u, v ) ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
is called the Jacobian of the transformation.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 43 / 60
 Change to Polar Co-ordinates (r , θ)

Consider the transformation x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ. Then

∂(x, y ) cos θ − r sin θ

J= = =r
∂(r , θ) sinθr cos θ
ZZ ZZ
∴ f (x, y )dx dy = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdr dθ
A A

i.e. here dx dy = rdr dθ

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 44 / 60
 Example
ZZ p
Evaluate a2 − x 2 − y 2 dx dy over the circle x 2 + y 2 ≤ ax in the positive
quadrant where a > 0.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 45 / 60
 Example
ZZ p
Evaluate a2 − x 2 − y 2 dx dy over the circle x 2 + y 2 ≤ ax in the positive
quadrant where a > 0.

Figure 5: Region x 2 + y 2 ≤ ax

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 45 / 60
 Solution
Consider the circle x 2 + y 2 = ax or x 2 + y 2 − ax = 0. Its center is 2a , 0 and

radius 2a . Put x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdrdθ. Therefore the given circle
becomes

r 2 cos2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = ar cos θ

=⇒ r 2 = ar cos θ
=⇒ r = a cos θ

∴ Region of integration A is shown in the Fig. 5 and for this region θ varies from
0 to π2 and r varies from 0 to a cos θ.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 46 / 60
 π
ZZ p Z 2
Z a cos θ p
∴ a2 − x2 − y 2 dx dy = a2 − r 2 rdr dθ
0 0
A
Z π
1 2 h 2 3 a cos θ
i
=− (a − r 2 ) 2
3 0 0
Z π
a3 2
=− (sin3 θ − 1)dθ
3 0
"Z π Z π2 #
a3 2
=− sin3 θdθ − dθ
3 0 0
" #
a3 2 π
=− −
3 3·1 2
!
a3 4
= π−
6 3

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 47 / 60
 Example
sin[π(x 2 + y 2 )]dx dy over the region bounded by the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1
RR
Evaluate
by changing to polar co-ordinates.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 48 / 60
 Solution
Put x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdrdθ. Therefore the given circle becomes

r 2 cos2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = 1 =⇒ r 2 = 1 =⇒ r = 1 ( as r > 0)

Z 2π Z 1
Given integral = sin(πr 2 )rdr dθ
0 0
" #1
2π
cos πr 2
Z
= − dθ
0 2π
0
1 2π
Z
= dθ
π 0
1
= × 2π
π
=2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 49 / 60
 Exercise Z1:Z
x2 y2
Evaluate (x + y )2 dxdy over the area bounded by the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 50 / 60
 Exercise Z2:Z
x2 y2
Evaluate (x + y )2 dxdy over the area bounded by the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1.

Solution
Putting x = aX and y = bY then dx = adX and dy = bdY . Therefore the above
integral
Z Z now reduces to:
ab (aX + bY )2 dXdY over the area bounded by X 2 + Y 2 = 1. Changing to
polar coordinate, i.e.,
X = r cos θ & Y = r sin θ
Then
ZZ Z 2π Z 1
ab (aX + bY )2 dXdY = ab (ar cos θ + br sin θ)2 rdrdθ
0 0
Z 2π Z 1
= ab (a cos θ + b sin θ)2 r 3 drdθ
0 0
π
= ab(a2 + b 2 )
4
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 50 / 60
 Area by use of Double Integration
(1). The area of the region {(x, y ) : a ≤ x ≤ b; f1 (x) ≤ y ≤ f2 (x)} is given by
Z b Z f2 (x)
A= dydx
a f1 (x)

(2). The area of the region {(x, y ) : c ≤ y ≤ d; g1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ g2 (y )} is given by

Z d Z g2 (y )
A= dxdy
c g1 (y )

(3). The area of the region {(r , θ) : α ≤ θ ≤ β; f1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ f2 (θ)} is given by

Z β Z f2 (θ)
A= rdrdθ
α f1 (θ)

(4). The area of the region {(r , θ) : r1 ≤ r ≤ r2 ; g1 (r ) ≤ θ ≤ g2 (r )} is given by

Z r2 Z g2 (r )
A= rdrdθ
r1 g1 (r )

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 51 / 60
 Example
x2 y2
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse + = 1.
a2 b 2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 52 / 60
 Example
x2 y2
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse + = 1.
a2 b 2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 52 / 60
 Solution
x2 y2
Here the equation of ellipse is 2 + 2 = 1. Since ellipse is symmetrical about both
a b
the axes. Therefore

Required area = 4 × area in 1st quadrant

∴ Region of integration, ( )
bp 2
R= (x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ a; a − x2
a
b√
a2 −x 2 a Z a p
b
Z Z
∴ Required area = 4 × a dy dx = 4 a2 − x 2 dx
0 0 0 a
" √ #a
4b a p 2 4b x a 2 − x2 a 2
x
Z
= a − x 2 dx = + sin−1
a 0 a 2 2 a
0
" #
4b a2 π
= × = πab
a 2 2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 53 / 60
 Example
Find the area enclosed by the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay , a > 0.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 54 / 60
 Example
Find the area enclosed by the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay , a > 0.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 54 / 60
 Solution
The point of intersection of given parabolas are (0, 0) and (4a, 4a). The region of
integration is ( )
x2 √
(x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 4a; ≤ y ≤ 2 ax
4a
Z 4a Z 2√ax
∴ Required area = 2
dy dx
x
0 4a
Z 4a h i2√ax
= y x2
0 4a

√ 4a
x2
Z 
= 2 ax − dx
0 4a
" 3 #4a " #4a
√ x2 1 x3
=2 a 3 −
2
4a 3
0 0
32a2 16a2 16a2
= − =
3 3 3

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 55 / 60
 Example
Find the area bounded by the circles r = 2 sin θ, r = 4 sin θ.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 56 / 60
 Example
Find the area bounded by the circles r = 2 sin θ, r = 4 sin θ.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 56 / 60
 Solution
r = 2 sin θ =⇒ r 2 = 2r sin θ =⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 2y is a circle having center at (0, 1)
and radius 1 and r = 4 sin θ is a circle having center at (0, 2) and radius 2.

Region of integration = {(r , θ) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ π; sin θ ≤ r ≤ 4 sin θ}

Z π Z 4 sin θ
Required area = rdr dθ
0 2 sin θ
π
1
Z
= (16 sin2 θ − 4 sin2 θ)dθ
2
Z 0π
=3 (1 − cos 2θ)dθ
"0 #π
sin 2θ
=3 θ−
2
0
= 3π

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 57 / 60
 Example
Find the area of the region that is common to the both curves r = 3 cos θ and
r = 1 + cos θ.

Solution
Firstly, let us find the point of intersection of these curves. From r = 3 cos θ and
r = 1 + cos θ, we get
1 π π
3 cos θ = 1 + cos θ =⇒ cos θ = =⇒ θ = , − .
2 3 3
π
Thus, these two curves intersects at two points: one at θ = 3 and other at θ = − π3 .

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 58 / 60
 Figure 6: The common region between the cardioid and the circle

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 59 / 60
 Thus, from figure it is clear that

The area of common region = 2 × area of the coloured region above x− axis
Z Z ZZ 
=2 rdrdθ + rdrdθ
R R2
"Z π 1Z Z πZ #
3 1+cos θ 2 3 cos θ
=2 rdrdθ + rdrdθ
π
0 0 3 0
Z π Z π
3 2
= (1 + cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
π
0 3
Z π Z π
1 3 9 2
= (3 + cos 2θ + 4 cos θ)dθ + (1 + cos 2θ)dθ
2 0 2 π3
  π3  π
1 sin 2θ 9 sin 2θ 2
= 3θ + + 4 sin θ + θ+
2 2 0 2 2 π
3
√ ! √ !
4π + 3 3 π √ 6π − 9 3
= + + 3 +
24 3 8
5π
=
4
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 9, 2024 60 / 60