EXCEPTION HANDLING AND MULTITHREADING

1. What is exception handling in Java?

A: Exception handling in Java is a mechanism to handle runtime errors and maintain the normal flow of
the application.

Example:
try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Cannot divide by zero");
}

Benefits of Exception Handling

2. What are the benefits of exception handling in Java?

A:
1. Separates error-handling code from regular code.
2. Propagates errors up the call stack.
3. Provides a mechanism to handle different types of errors.

Example:

try {
int[] arr = new int[5];
[Link](arr[10]);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("Index out of bounds");
}

Termination vs. Resumptive Models

3. What are termination and resumptive models in exception handling?

A:
- Termination: Control does not return to the code where the exception occurred.
- Resumptive: Control returns to the code where the exception occurred (not directly supported in Java).

Example (Termination Model):

try {
int[] arr = new int[5];
[Link](arr[10]);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("Index out of bounds");
}
[Link]("Execution continues here");
Exception Hierarchy

4. What is the exception hierarchy in Java?

A: The root of the exception hierarchy is `Throwable`. It has two main subclasses: `Error` and
`Exception`. `Exception` is further divided into checked and unchecked exceptions.

Example:

try {
int num = [Link]("XYZ");
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
[Link]("Number format exception");
}

Usage of `try`, `catch`, `throw`, `throws`, and `finally`

[Link] are `try`, `catch`, `throw`, `throws`, and `finally` used in Java?
A: They are used to handle exceptions in a structured manner.

Example:

public class ExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = divide(10, 0);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Caught an exception: " + [Link]());
} finally {
[Link]("Finally block executed");
}
}

static int divide(int a, int b) throws ArithmeticException {

if (b == 0) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Cannot divide by zero");
}
return a / b;
}
}

Built-in Exceptions

6. What are built-in exceptions in Java?

A: Built-in exceptions are predefined exceptions provided by Java, such as `NullPointerException`,
`ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException`, etc.
Example:

try {
String str = null;
[Link]([Link]());
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
[Link]("Null pointer exception");
}
```

Creating Own Exception Subclasses

[Link] do you create your own exception subclasses in Java?

A: By extending the `Exception` class or any of its subclasses.

Example:

class MyException extends Exception {

public MyException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

public class CustomExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
validate(15);
} catch (MyException e) {
[Link]("Caught custom exception: " + [Link]());
}
}

static void validate(int age) throws MyException {

if (age < 18) {
throw new MyException("Age not valid");
}
}
}
```

String Handling

8. How do you concatenate strings in Java?

A: Using the `+` operator or `concat` method.

Example:

String str1 = "Hello";

String str2 = "World";
String result = str1 + " " + str2;
[Link](result); // Output: Hello World
```

Exploring `[Link]`

9. What is the `ArrayList` class in the `[Link]` package?

A: `ArrayList` is a resizable array implementation of the `List` interface.

Example:

import [Link];

public class ArrayListExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
[Link]("Apple");
[Link]("Banana");
[Link]("Cherry");

for (String fruit : list) {

[Link](fruit);
}
}
}
```

Differences between Multithreading and Multitasking

10. What is the difference between multithreading and multitasking?

A:
- Multithreading: Running multiple threads concurrently within a single process.
- Multitasking: Running multiple processes concurrently.

Example:
Multithreading example in Java:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
[Link]("Thread is running");
}
}

public class ThreadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
[Link]();
 }
}
```

Thread Life Cycle

[Link] are the stages of the thread life cycle in Java?

A: New, Runnable, Running, Blocked/Waiting, Terminated.

Example:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
try {
[Link](1000); // Thread is in the waiting state
[Link]("Thread is running");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]("Thread interrupted");
}
}
}

public class ThreadLifeCycleExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
[Link](); // Thread is in runnable state
}
}
```

Creating Threads

[Link] do you create threads in Java?

A: By extending the `Thread` class or implementing the `Runnable` interface.

Example:

// By extending Thread class

class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
[Link]("Thread is running");
}
}

public class ThreadExample1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
[Link]();
 }
}

// By implementing Runnable interface

class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
public void run() {
[Link]("Runnable is running");
}
}

public class ThreadExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyRunnable());
[Link]();
}
}
```

Thread Priorities

13. How do you set thread priorities in Java?

A: Using the `setPriority(int priority)` method.

Example:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
[Link]("Thread is running");
}
}

public class ThreadPriorityExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
[Link](Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
[Link](Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}
```

Synchronizing Threads

14. What is thread synchronization in Java?

A: Synchronization is used to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources.
Example:

class Counter {
int count = 0;

public synchronized void increment() {

count++;
}
}

public class SynchronizationExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Counter counter = new Counter();

Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
[Link]();
}
});

Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
[Link]();
}
});

[Link]();
[Link]();

[Link]();
[Link]();

[Link]("Count: " + [Link]); // Should be 2000

}
}
```

Inter-Thread Communication

[Link] do threads communicate with each other in Java?

A: Using the `wait()`, `notify()`, and `notifyAll()` methods.

Example:

class SharedResource {
private int data;

public synchronized void produce(int value) {

 data = value;
notify();
}

public synchronized int consume() throws InterruptedException {

wait();
return data;
}
}

public class InterThreadCommunicationExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
SharedResource resource = new SharedResource();

Thread producer = new Thread(() -> {

try {
[Link](1000);
[Link](10);
[Link]("Produced data: 10");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]();
}
});

Thread consumer = new Thread(() -> {

try {
int data = [Link]();
[Link]

.println("Consumed data: " + data);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]();
}
});

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}
```

Thread Groups

16. What are thread groups in Java?

A: Thread groups are used to group multiple threads into a single object and manage them together.

Example:
public class ThreadGroupExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ThreadGroup group = new ThreadGroup("My Thread Group");

Thread t1 = new Thread(group, () -> {

[Link]("Thread 1");
});

Thread t2 = new Thread(group, () -> {

[Link]("Thread 2");
});

[Link]();
[Link]();

[Link]("Thread Group Name: " + [Link]());

[Link]();
}
}

Daemon Threads

[Link] is a daemon thread in Java?

A: Daemon threads are background threads that provide services to user threads and do not prevent the
JVM from exiting.

Example:

class DaemonThreadExample extends Thread {

public void run() {
if ([Link]().isDaemon()) {
[Link]("Daemon thread is running");
} else {
[Link]("User thread is running");
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

DaemonThreadExample t1 = new DaemonThreadExample();
DaemonThreadExample t2 = new DaemonThreadExample();

[Link](true); // Set t1 as daemon thread

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}
```
Enumerations

18. What are enumerations in Java?

A: Enumerations are a special class type in Java used to define collections of constants.

Example:

enum Day {
SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY
}

public class EnumExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Day day = [Link];
[Link](day);
}
}
```

Autoboxing

19. What is autoboxing in Java?

A: Autoboxing is the automatic conversion of primitive types to their corresponding wrapper classes.

Example:

public class AutoboxingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer num = 10; // Autoboxing from int to Integer
int value = num; // Unboxing from Integer to int
[Link](value);
}
}
```

Annotations

20. What are annotations in Java?

A: Annotations provide metadata about the program but have no direct effect on the codes execution.

Example:

@interface MyAnnotation {
String value();
}

@MyAnnotation(value = "Example Annotation")

public class AnnotationExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Annotations example");
}
}
```

Generics

21. What are generics in Java?

A: Generics enable types (classes and interfaces) to be parameters when defining classes, interfaces, and
methods, providing type safety.

Example:

import [Link];

public class GenericsExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
[Link]("Hello");
[Link]("World");

for (String str : list) {

[Link](str);
}
}
}