Republic of the Philippines

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SPORTS, EXERCISE, AND RECREATION
City of Malolos 3000, Bulacan

FOREIGN DANCE REVIEWER

(MID-TERM EXAMINATION)

Introduction to Physical Education

I. Definition of Physical Education

Physical education is an integral part of the educational system that promotes

an individual's physical, social, emotional, and mental development through a well-
selected physical activity program.

It refers to an essential segment of general education, which aims to

contribute to the learner's total development by participating in various activities. It
provides opportunities to acquire lifelong skills essential to his physical, mental,
social, and emotional development.

II. Objectives of Physical Education

Physical education aims to help the learner develop and maintain a healthy
lifestyle by acquiring knowledge, desirable habits and attitudes, game and skill, and
wholesome interpersonal relationships.

The main objective of Physical Education focused on the four aspects of

development.

1. Physical Development

Physical fitness, which is the body's capacity to engage in work and play
without undue fatigue, is the foremost aim of Physical Education. A physically fit body
can be achieved through regular exercise and participation in various varied activities.
In the pursuit of the development and maintenance of Physical Fitness, fundamental
movement skills, games, sports, and dances skills can increase one's capability to
enjoy lifetime recreational pursuit.

2. Mental Development

The focus is on acquiring knowledge and understanding, analyzing body

movement skills, evaluating game situations, and making critical decisions.
Understanding the games' rules leads to better performance or appreciation of
activity if one is a spectator. Creativity is an important segment of growth that can
be enhanced if the learner has a rich background and exposure to various physical
activities.

3. Social Development

A learner seldom gets into various physical activities by himself. It plays dances or
exercises with people. In the process, it learns to respect others and practice fair
play, sportsmanship, teamwork, and developed leadership. It understands the game
of life – the application of the golden rule.

4. Emotional Development

Participating in varied physical activities enables one to acquire pleasant attitudes,

desirable habits, appreciation, and values. Positive character traits such as courage,
self-confidence, discipline, appreciation for stunning performance, and self-
expression are developed and become part of an individual's way of life.

III. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Behavioral Objectives

Physical education gives the learners a total development to develop

cognitive, psychomotor, and affective at its highest growth and development level.

1. Psychomotor Objectives

It is under physical fitness development, component, and movement skills. It

develops the student's endurance, strength, flexibility, balance, and agility.

2. Cognitive Objectives

Cognitive objectives are under knowledge and information, and the

productivity of it is the proper body functions and development process. It develops
analysis, reasoning power, and decision making as well as rules, strategies, and
safety measures.

3. Affective Objectives

It is under social and emotional stability. It develops courage, self-discipline,

self-expression, aesthetic appreciation, cooperation, sportsmanship, respect, and
leadership.

IV. Importance of Physical Education

Physical education is vital in the development of motor skills and the

enhancement of reflexes. It teaches the importance of physical health and
contributes to becoming responsible individuals that can make wise decisions about
their health, safety, and well-being.
 1. Builds Self-Confidence

Participation in physical education provides a positive influence on a student's

personality, character, and self-esteem. The team-building process also enhances
communication skills and the skills required to cooperate with students of varying
ethnic backgrounds and personalities.

2. Develops Motor Skills

Physical education is essential to the development of motor skills and the

enhancement of reflexes. Hand-eye coordination is improved and right body
movements, which helps develop a healthy body posture.

3. Health and Nutrition

Physical education teaches students the importance of physical health. Some

students misinterpret the meaning of "overweight," and eating disorders prevail.
Physical fitness and education inform students about sound eating practices and the
essential guidelines for nutrition.

4. Relieves Stress

Students have substantial amounts of stress due to curriculum, homework,

families, and peer pressures. Involvement in sports, recreational activities, or other
forms of physical fitness offers a method of stress relief.

5. Considerations

Special considerations may be necessary regarding physical activities for

some students with health issues, and those students should proceed under the
direction of a doctor.

The Philippine Dance

The Philippines is incredibly rich in folk dances. It influenced the diversity of

the culture and drama of everyday lives. It blends the exotic customs and cultures of
many countries and races – Indonesians, Malay, Chinese, Indian, Spanish, and
American.

Though rich in cultural heritage, the Philippines do not have much of classical
tradition in dance, unlike many of its Southeast Asian neighbors. Having more than
7,100 islands at the crossroad of Asia has been inhabited by different racial groups.
Foreign influences have left a massive imprint on the Philippine culture. Only isolated
regions unaffected by those passing of cross-cultural influences have people stood
still with their own identities to establish a traditional dance.

Filipino possesses natural grace, an inborn love for music, and dance.
Dancing was considered a religious activity among them. They dance for many
occasions – birth, courtship, love, wedding, marriage, thanksgiving, planting and
harvesting, prosperous voyage, war victory, recovery from sickness, and healing the
sick. Filipinos are also lovers of rituals as they dance to their prayers, labors,
harvest, fiestas, and even sorrows. Dance speaks a universal language – a form of
silent yet eloquent communication that generally tends to break the barriers between
peoples, so they eventually gain mutual understanding.

The study of folk dance is a valuable medium for understanding the cultural
background of one's country and that of others. Transformed into an art form, it
purposes to seek the light of scientific truth as the best means of expressing
movements in discovering man’s emotional response to life.

Francisca Reyes – Aquino (Mother of Philippine Folk Dance and National

Artist for Dance 1973) said, dance as an art is one of the durable strands interwoven
into our lives the fabric of the culture. More than any type of dance and greater
perhaps than any art field, folk dance has been a substantial factor in Filipino souls'
expression and identity.

The Phases of the Dance Program

1. Creative Rhythms

These are sometimes called fundamental rhythms or natural dances. A

creative rhythm is an end product of exploration and improvisation of movements as
children learn to move the parts of their bodies and use them as instruments of
expression.

2. Folk/ Indigenous dance

Folk dance is a cultural art form handed down from generation to generation. It
communicates the customs, beliefs, rituals, and occupations of the people of a
region or country. Folk dancing belongs to the people. It emanates from them. Ethnic
tribes have their specific tribal art forms originated and danced by the people of the
tribe.

Examples of folk dances are the rural and country dances and dances with
foreign influence. In contrast, dances of the mountain peoples of the Cordilleras,
dances of the ethnic groups in the Cagayan Valley Region, and the ethnic dances in
the Mindanao Regions are examples of indigenous dance.

3. Social and Ballroom Dance

The setting of the social and Ballroom dance is a social gathering with a more
formal atmosphere than the informal and straightforward parties in which the
recreational dances are the usual forms. It is usually held in the evening. The
participants are generally in formal attire.

4. Recreational Dance
 It includes dance mixers, square dance, round, and couple dances. Many of
these dances have simple patterns and combinations of walking steps, polka steps,
and waltz. The setting is usually informal gatherings and parties, reunions, etc.

5. Creative Dance

It is the highest form of dance. It is the end-product of exploration and

improvisation of movements as the dancer, or the choreographer expresses his
feelings or emotions, ideas, and interpretations. It is a dance with a definite form, a
beginning, and an ending. The principles of the art form are all observed in the
composition of the dance.

Definition of Terms

Every individual has a rhythm. It is found in all of nature and is natural to

every individual. Rhythm is always a part of the dance- the art of movement.

1. Rhythm

It is the flow of music through time. It is the aspect of music concerned with
accents, durations, and flow of the notes. It also best understood when incorporated
with an arrangement of notes called melody.

Rhythm is a regular recurrence of accented and unaccented beat or

movement. Rhythm is natural to all human beings because we are born with a sense
of rhythm affected by the heart's regular beating.

It denotes an aspect of a quality of movement that is sometimes thought of as

dance. When an individual moves in response to a particular rhythm or music, we
call the movements rhythmic movements or rhythms. Structured forms that start
creative rhythmic movements are called rhythms.

2. Beat

The beat is the basic music; it is used as a measuring device to regulate

individual notes' duration. When you clap your hands, tap your foot, nod your head
or tap your lap to music, you respond to its beat.

3. Rhythmic activities

These are the physical manifestations of the mental and emotional response
of the individual to a rhythm. They are movements performed by the body in
response to some forms of rhythmic accompaniments.

They are also a source of enjoyment for people of all ages. Through these
activities, we acquire and develop the skills and sense of rhythm, we express
feelings, and we experience the basic principles of time, space, and force.
 Everyone reacts to music or rhythm in one form or another. Swaying of the
head, tapping of the foot, snapping of the fingers, shoulders, and body moving with
music's rhythm are physical reactions.

4. Dance

It is a form of art consisting of movements set to music or rhythm where there

emerge organization, structure, and pattern. A movement put into rhythmic and
spatial form, a succession of the body changes which start, proceed, and finish. It is
a composition that implies the arrangement of parts into a form.

5. Dancing

It is a means of expressing one’s emotions through movement disciplined by

rhythm. It is an act of moving rhythmically and expressively to an accompaniment.
The word dancing came from the German word "Danson," which means to "stretch."
Essentially, all-dancing is made up of stretching and relaxing.

6. Movement

It is made up of a succession of body changes, which takes place one after

the other.

7. Locomotor

It is the movement that carries the body from one place to another through
space.

8. Non- Locomotor

The body's movement on a stationary or fixed base position, a movement

around its axis.

9. Basic Movement Skills

It relates to physical activity, which will provide safety, pleasure in work, and
play if performed correctly and smoothly without strain.

Elements of Rhythm

All movements are affected by the elements of rhythm. These elements which
should be learned and understood concerning dance are underlying beat, measure,
rhythmic pattern, tempo, accent, phrasing, and intensity.

1. Underlying beat

It is the steady, continuous sound that is heard or felt throughout any

rhythmical sequence. This constant steady pulsation is called pulse beat. It exists in
all movements.
 This steady sound serves as the constant unit of measure upon which all
rhythmic structure or relationship depends. The underlying beat determines the time
signature of a piece of music or movements.

2. Measure

It refers to the identical grouping of underlying beats. These groups of notes

are between two bar lines.

3. Rhythmic Pattern

It is a definite grouping of sounds or beats related to the underlying beat. A

particular pattern of unequal sounds or beats must fit within a unit of underlying
beats. Sometimes the rhythmic pattern is also called a melody pattern because the
rhythmic pattern follows the words or melody. There is a relationship between word
pattern, rhythmic pattern, and underlying beat.

4. Phrasing

It is a musical phrase that is a group of measures, which gives unity likened to

a sentence or an idea in itself. Learning to identify or recognize phrases is essential
to learning and creating dances. The end of a phrase may suggest a change in the
direction of movement.

5. Accent

It is the force or emphasis given to anyone beat in a series of pulse beats in a

measure.

6. Tempo

It is the rate of speed of the movement, music, or accompaniment. It may be

fast as in the running, moderate as in walking, or slow as in ordinary sliding.

7. Intensity

It is the quality of movement or music. It refers to dynamics or forces such as

heavy or light.

Elements of Movement and Space

An understanding of the space elements that affect movement is essential.

These elements are direction, level, range, and floor pattern.

1. Direction

The movement line is taken, which may be forward, backward, sideward (right
of left), diagonal, upward, downward, and combination.
 2. Level

It moves through space; as the body moves in a horizontal plane, it creates a

high, middle, and low movement. It may be represented in relative heights while
standing, sitting, lying, and kneeling.

3. Range

It refers to the area covered as the body moves. Range is the maximum area
of an individual and sometimes referred to as personal space or movement size. It
may be small as when the movement in one's place; or large when action covers a
wide area as when getting away from one's place.

4. Floor design

The path or design on the floor made while moving in space is termed as floor
pattern. It may take the form of a circle, square, straight line, or zigzag.

5. Focus

It refers to a movement in space concerning an object.

Fundamental Positions of Arms and Feet in Folk Dancing

There are five fundamental or basic dance positions: position, 2nd position,
3rd position, 4th position, and 5th position of the feet and arms.

I. Arm Positions

1st position
- Both arms were raised in a circle in front of the chest with the
fingertips about an inch apart.
2nd position
- Both raised sideward with a graceful curve at the shoulder level.

3rd Position
- One arm raised sideward as in 2nd position; another arm extended
upward.

4th Position
- One arm raised in front as in 1st position; the other arm extended
overhead.

5th position
- Both arms raised overhead.

II. Feet Positions

1st position
- Heels close together, toes apart with an angle of about 45 degrees.

2nd position
- Feet apart sideward of about a pace distance.

3rd position
- The heel of one foot placed close to the instep of the other foot.

4th Position
- One foot is placed in front of the other foot of a pace distance.

5th position

- The heel of the front foot close to the toe of the rear foot.

III. Other Dance Positions

1. Amplified – it is a more open position in the first or fifth position.

2. Lateral Arm Position – Both arms raised sideward parallel to each other.

3. “T” Position – both arms raised sideward, elbows bent so that the forearms fall
downward parallel to the body; palms facing inward.

4. Reverse “T” Position- Both arms raised sideward, elbows bent so that the
forearms are also raised upward parallel to the head, palm facing in.

5. Hayon-hayon – One arm bent in front at waist level; another arm was twisted
behind also at waist level.

6. Jaleo – Partners stand side by side facing opposite directions with R (L) hands
on the waist so that R (L) elbows slightly touch each other. It is a starting
position for both dancers to move either clockwise or counterclockwise.

FOREIGN DANCE

Folk Dances evolve in a simple remote type of society. It was during the
middle ages in Great Britain Isles and Continental Europe that folk dancing became
visible where slaves became peasants, having land and community of their own
apart from the court and little house.

However, during the colonial period, the people exhausted all their lives in one
community. They did not have any means of amusements like motion pictures, radio:
television, and phonograph. The people did not travel much, and anyone could
hardly read, but everyone could dance. That is why the people danced whenever
there were good harvests, festivals, fair and holiday celebrations, and family and
community gatherings.
 The distinct characteristics of foreign dances vary according to the country's
culture, values, and traditions. For instance, Asian dances frequently tell stories
based on myths, historical events, epic poems, and legends. Thus, their drama,
music, and dances are closely linked and mutually related, often depending on
symbolic gestures, masks, complicated make-ups, and majestic costumes.

Couple dancing, like quadrille and cotillion that developed first as a social
diversion among the aristocrats in Europe, emerged during the 19th century,
particularly in France and Italy. In ancient times, European dances were performed
as either sacred dances in religious ceremonies or for popular entertainment.

Meanwhile, American folk dance requires many couples participating in

square Dance. The teams are arranged in a square, two facing lines, or in a circle.
Dance is determined by a caller, a non-dancer who names each dance figure
extemporaneously, combining established patterns (chains, stars, cloverleaves). In
North America, the natives perform elaborate dance rituals to ensure social
wellbeing and vision quest.

Oceania dances, on the other hand, are dances that use imitative and
symbolic gestures and sinuous body movements or hand gestures to convey a story
like a Hawaiian hula and accompanied by chanting. Initially, this is a religious dance
mostly performed by warriors and priestesses.

Dances in Latin America are borrowed directly from African dance

movements, characterizing Spanish signals with Indian dance native elements.

The modern world promotes more borrowing of dances from different

countries aside from the creation of new dance forms resulting from a mixture of
national styles. Eventually, the contemporary method exists, but still preserving
those dances. Foreign and modern dances can be held for the future generation
through films, videotapes, and dance notation systems.

Examples of Dances

Foreign Dances:

1. Norwegian Mountain March – Norway

2. Varsovienne – Germany
3. Clap Dance – Sweden
4. Napoleon – Denmark
5. Tibetan – China

Hawaiian Dances:

1. Sweet Heart Aloha

2. Pearly Shell
3. Tiny Bubbles

Reminders
1. There will be a time limit to answer all the questions.
2. Please read each question carefully.
3. Be honest, do not look on the reviewer to cheat.
4. Be familiar with the terms and their descriptions, meaning, or definitions. Most
questions look for descriptions or explanations of a particular term.
5. Scores can be viewed immediately after answering the examination.
6. Cheating and plagiarism in any form will merit a grade of 0.00

7. REVIEW! REVIEW! REVIEW!

Good work! I love you all! God Bless you! 🧡

"A dishonest man insults his mental ability."

- Sir Mark