COMPUTER HARDWARE

2.1 Definition of Computer Hardware

Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that can be touched

and seen. These components work together to perform the tasks assigned to the computer. Without

hardware, software cannot function.

Examples of Hardware

 The keyboard used for typing documents.

 The mouse used for navigating a computer screen.

 The monitor that displays output from the computer.

 The Central Processing Unit (CPU), also called the “brain” of the computer, processes all

data and instructions.

 The printer that produces hard copies of digital documents.

2.2 Categories of Computer Hardware

Computer hardware is divided into four main categories:

 Input Devices

 Processing Unit (Central Processing Unit - CPU)

 Storage Devices

 Output Devices

2.3 Input Devices

Input devices are hardware components used to enter data and instructions into a computer.

Without input devices, a user cannot interact with a computer.

Common Input Devices and Their Functions:

Input Function Example of Use

Device
Keyboard Used to type letters, A secretary types a letter using Microsoft
numbers, and special Word.
characters.
Mouse Used to point, click, and A student selects a folder to open a saved
select items on the screen. assignment.
Scanner Converts physical A teacher scans exam scripts into a PDF
documents into digital file.
copies.
Microphone Captures voice input. A broadcaster records news for a radio
station.
Touchscreen Allows users to interact A customer selects food items on a self-
with the computer by service kiosk in a restaurant.
touching the screen.
Barcode Reads product codes for A cashier scans items at a supermarket
Scanner quick identification. checkout.
Game Used for playing video A teenager plays a football game on a
Controller games. PlayStation.

Example of Input Device Usage

A student using a keyboard to type a project and a mouse to format the text before printing.

2.4 Processing Unit (Central Processing Unit - CPU)

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It processes all data and executes

instructions from software programs.

2.4.1 Components of the CPU

The CPU consists of three main parts:

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs mathematical calculations (addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division). Carries out logical operations (greater than, less than,

equal to).
  Example: When a student calculates a GPA using an Excel formula, the ALU processes

the calculation.

 Control Unit (CU): Directs the flow of data within the computer. Ensures all parts of the

computer communicate properly.

 Example: When a lecturer saves a document, the CU tells the computer to store it on the

hard drive.

 Registers: Small, high-speed storage areas inside the CPU that hold temporary data.

 Example: When loading a large Excel file, the register temporarily stores some data before

it is processed.

2.4.2 Types of CPUs

1. Single-Core CPU: Can execute only one task at a time (e.g., old desktop computers).

2. Dual-Core CPU: Can process two tasks at the same time.

3. Quad-Core CPU: Can handle four simultaneous tasks, making it suitable for gaming and

video editing.

Example of CPU Usage

A business owner running multiple applications—Excel for accounting, Chrome for emails, and

Word for documentation—relies on a fast multi-core processor to ensure smooth performance.

2.5 Storage Devices

Storage devices are used to store data permanently or temporarily. Without storage, a computer

would lose all information when turned off.

2.5.1 Types of Storage

1. Primary Storage (Volatile Memory) This type of storage is temporary and loses data when

the computer is turned off.

 Primary Function Example
Storage
RAM (Random Stores temporary data While typing an assignment, the unsaved document
Access for fast access. remains in RAM.
Memory)
Cache Memory Stores frequently used A web browser loads recently visited websites faster
data to speed up using cache.
processing.
Registers Small storage in the While copying a file, the register holds small parts
CPU for quick of data.
processing.

2. Secondary Storage (Non-Volatile Memory) This type of storage retains data permanently

even when the computer is turned off.

Secondary Function Example

Storage
Hard Disk Stores operating system, A company keeps employee records on an
Drive (HDD) software, and files. HDD.
Solid State Faster than HDD, used in A graphic designer stores large Photoshop
Drive (SSD) modern laptops. files on an SSD.
Flash Drive Portable storage for transferring A student saves a PowerPoint presentation
(USB Stick) files. on a flash drive.
Memory Card Used in mobile phones and A photographer stores pictures on an SD
(SD Card) cameras. card.
External Hard Provides additional storage A video editor saves large projects on an
Drive space. external drive.

2.6 Output Devices

Output devices display or present processed data in a usable form.

Common Output Devices and Their Functions:

Output Device Function Example of Use

Monitor Displays visual output. A lecturer presents a slide on a
projector connected to a
laptop.
 Printer Produces hard copies of A secretary prints a meeting
documents. agenda.
Speakers Produces sound output. A DJ plays music at an event
using computer speakers.
Headphones Personal audio output. A student listens to an online
lecture.
Projector Displays computer output on a A lecturer uses a projector to
large screen. teach a large class.

2.7 Summary of Computer Hardware Components

 Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner) – Allow users to enter data.

 Processing Unit (CPU) – Performs all calculations and executes commands.

 Storage Devices (RAM, Hard Drive, Flash Drive) – Store data permanently or temporarily.

 Output Devices (Monitor, Printer, Speakers) – Display processed information.

2.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Hardware

Advantages:

1. Fast Processing: Modern processors execute tasks quickly.

2. Durability: Many hardware components last for years.

3. Variety of Storage Options: Different devices allow for flexible data storage.

4. Enhanced Communication: Microphones and webcams enable video calls.

Disadvantages:

1. Costly: High-quality hardware like SSDs and advanced CPUs are expensive.

2. Fragility: Hard drives and screens can be easily damaged.

3. Obsolescence: Hardware components become outdated over time.

4. Power Dependency: Most hardware components require electricity to function.

Conclusion

Computer hardware plays a crucial role in making computers function. Understanding the different

categories—input devices, processing units, storage devices, and output devices—helps users

operate computers effectively. The choice of hardware depends on the specific needs of the user,

whether for business, education, or entertainment.

SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

3.1 Definition of Software

Software refers to the set of programs, instructions, and data that tell a computer how to perform

specific tasks. Unlike hardware, software is intangible, meaning it cannot be physically touched.

It acts as a bridge between the user and the computer hardware.

Examples of Software in Everyday Life

 A word processor is used to type and edit documents.

 A web browser allows users to access the internet.

 A music player enables people to listen to songs.

 A mobile banking app allows customers to transfer money and check account balances.

 A video editing software helps content creators produce high-quality videos.

3.2 Categories of Software

Computer software is generally divided into two main categories:

1. System Software

2. Application Software

Each of these categories serves different purposes and is essential for the efficient functioning of

a computer.

3.3 System Software

System software manages and controls computer hardware so that application software can

function properly. It includes the operating system, utility programs, and system drivers.
3.3.1 Operating System (OS)

The operating system is the most important system software because it manages hardware and

provides an environment for other software to run.

Functions of an Operating System

 Process Management – Handles multiple running programs at once.

 Memory Management – Allocates space for running applications.

 File System Management – Organizes and stores files in a structured manner.

 Security Management – Protects the system from unauthorized access.

 User Interface Management – Provides a graphical interface (GUI) or command-line

interface (CLI) for users.

Types of Operating Systems

Type of OS Description Example

Single-user OS Designed for one user at a time. Windows 10, macOS

Multi-user OS Allows multiple users to access the Linux, UNIX

system simultaneously.

Network OS Controls networked computers and Windows Server, Red Hat Linux
servers.
Embedded OS Built into specialized devices. Android in mobile phones, iOS in
iPhones

Examples of Common Operating Systems

 Windows OS – Found in most personal computers and laptops.

 macOS – Used in Apple computers for graphic design and video editing.

 Linux OS – Preferred by programmers and IT professionals.

 Android OS – Installed on mobile phones and tablets.

  iOS – Powers iPhones and iPads.

Example of OS in Use

A student using a Windows laptop to type an assignment, watch videos, and browse the internet is

relying on the Windows operating system to manage these activities smoothly.

3.3.2 Utility Software

Utility software helps maintain, analyze, and optimize computer performance.

Utility Function Example of Use

Software
Antivirus Detects and removes A user scans a USB drive for malware.
Software viruses.
Disk Frees up space by A laptop runs out of storage, and disk cleanup
Cleanup removing junk files. deletes unnecessary files.
Backup Creates copies of A business saves customer data to an external
Software important files. drive in case of system failure.
Compression Reduces file sizes. A user compresses multiple files into a ZIP folder
Software before sending via email.

Example of Utility Software Usage

A company using antivirus software to prevent hackers from stealing customer information.

3.3.3 System Drivers

Drivers are special programs that allow hardware devices to communicate with the operating

system.

Device Required Driver

Printer Printer driver

Graphics Card Graphics driver

Sound Card Audio driver

Example of a Driver in Use

A person installs a printer driver on a laptop before printing documents.

3.4 Application Software

Application software consists of programs designed for specific user tasks. These tasks may

include writing documents, making presentations, designing graphics, or browsing the internet.

3.4.1 Types of Application Software

1. General-Purpose Software

These are programs used by a wide range of users for common tasks.

Software Function Example of Use

Word Processor Creates and edits documents. A student types a project in

Microsoft Word.

Spreadsheet Software Handles calculations and data An accountant prepares a salary

analysis. sheet in Excel.

Presentation Software Designs slideshows. A lecturer uses PowerPoint for a

class presentation.

Web Browser Accesses websites and online A user searches for information
content. using Google Chrome.
 1. Specialized Software

These are programs developed for specific industries or professions.

Industry Software Example of Use

Graphic Design Adobe Photoshop, A designer creates a
CorelDRAW company logo.
Video Editing Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut A filmmaker edits a movie.
Pro
Accounting QuickBooks, Sage A business tracks daily
expenses.
Engineering AutoCAD, MATLAB An architect designs
building plans.

2. Web-Based Software (Cloud Software)

These applications run on the internet without requiring installation on a computer.

Web Application Function

Google Docs Online document editing.

Zoom Virtual meetings and

webinars.

Gmail Email communication.

Example of Application Software Usage

A business owner using Microsoft Excel to track sales and profits at the end of each month.
3.5 Differences Between System Software and Application Software

Feature System Software Application Software

Function Manages hardware and system Performs specific user tasks.
resources.
Examples Operating System, Antivirus Microsoft Word, Google
Chrome
User Interaction Works in the background. Directly used by users.

3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Software

Advantages:

 Automation: Reduces human effort by automating tasks.

 Efficiency: Increases productivity by handling complex calculations.

 Connectivity: Enables online communication and remote work.

 Entertainment: Provides access to games, music, and movies.

Disadvantages:

 Security Risks: Software can be hacked or infected with malware.

 Cost: Some software, like Adobe Photoshop, requires expensive licenses.

 Hardware Dependence: Software cannot function without compatible hardware.

 Software Bugs: Programs may have errors that cause crashes or malfunctions.

Example of Software Issue

A company experiencing a ransomware attack that locks employees out of important files until a

ransom is paid.

3.7 Conclusion

Software is a crucial part of computing, enabling hardware to perform useful tasks. Understanding

system software, including operating systems and utility programs, helps users maintain a smooth-
running system. Knowing how to use application software, such as word processors and

spreadsheet programs, increases productivity in personal and professional tasks.