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Lesson 8.1 - Abstraction

This lesson introduces the concept of abstraction in programming, which involves hiding implementation details while exposing functionality to users. It explains the use of abstract classes and methods, including their characteristics and requirements for child classes. Additionally, the lesson includes an exercise to design classes that utilize abstraction principles.

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6 views4 pages

Lesson 8.1 - Abstraction

This lesson introduces the concept of abstraction in programming, which involves hiding implementation details while exposing functionality to users. It explains the use of abstract classes and methods, including their characteristics and requirements for child classes. Additionally, the lesson includes an exercise to design classes that utilize abstraction principles.

Uploaded by

saifurrahman5309
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 8.

1
Abstraction

By the end of this lesson you will learn:

• Introduction to Abstraction
• Using Abstract Class
• Using Abstract Method
• Final Keyword

What is Abstraction
It means ‘Hiding the Details’. It is a process where implementation is hidden and its functionality
is shown to user.
When you go to atm booth. You use the machine to withdraw your money. But you do not know
how the machine is actually working. So it is hiding its details from the user.
Another example is when you use your tv remote you do not know how the button inside the
remote is actually working.
So all these are example of abstraction.
In programming, this concept of hiding the details is known as abstraction.

Abstract class and abstract method:


We can hide the details of a class or a method.
• Abstract Class
• Abstract Method
• Abstract Class: An abstract class is a class that we can not instantiate (can not create
object). However, we can use Object Reference of an abstract class.
The keyword abstract is used to denote abstract class.
public abstract class MyClass{. . .}

An abstract class may have attributes. An abstract class may have constructors but we can not call
the constructors using the new keyword.
However, super( ), super(…), this( ), this(….) can be used to call constructors of an abstract class.

An abstract class may have regular methods. An abstract class may have abstract methods. It is
not necessary that an abstract class must have an abstract method.
So, it possible to have both regular methods and abstract methods in any number combination in
a abstract class.
An abstract class MUST have a child class. This child class may be a regular class or may be
another abstract class. If the child class is another abstract class, that child class will have another
child class which has to be a regular class.
So, at least one regular class will inherit the abstract class/classes in one way or the other.

Abstract Method: An abstract method is like a regular method but it does not have anybody.
An abstract method is denoted with the keyword abstract.
public abstract void show( );
As, an abstract method does not have any body, it does not have the ‘{ }’. Instead, it has a ‘ ; ’ .
An abstract method must be inside an abstract class. As, an abstract class must have a child class,
that child class should override/implement (give body to) all the abstract methods (if any) of that
abstract class. If it does not override/implement one/any of the abstract methods, the child class
will have to be declared as another abstract class.
So from above discussion we can write the following:
public abstract class Alpha public abstract class Bravo
{ {
public void show( ){. . . } public abstract void show( );
public void print( ){. . . } public void print( ){. . . }
} }
public class MyAlpha extends Alpha public class MyBravo extends Bravo
{ {
public void display( ){. . . } public void display( ){. . . }
} public void show( ){. . .}
}
✓ In the Alpha class there is no abstract method. So in the child class “MyAlpha” method
overriding/implementation is not mandatory.
✓ In the Bravo class there is a abstract method named “show”. So in the child class it must
be overridden.
But we can not write the following:

public abstract class Charlie{


public abstract void show( );
public abstract void print( );
}

public class MyCharlie extends Charlie{


public void display( ){. . .}
public void show( ){. . . }
}

✓ In the “Charlie” class there are two abstract method. So the child class “MyCharlie” must
implement both the method.
✓ But in this case only show is implemented in the child class.
We can also write the following:

public abstract class Alpha{ public class MyAlpha extends Alpha{


public void show( ){. . . } public void display( ){. . . }
public void print( ){. . . } }
}
public abstract class Bravo{ public class MyBravo extends Bravo{
public abstract void show( ); public void display( ){. . . }
public void print( ){. . . } public void show( ){. . .}
} }

public abstract class Charlie{


public abstract void show( ); public abstract class MyCharlie extends
Charlie{
public abstract void print( );
public void display( ){. . .}
}
public void show( ){. . . }
}

Exercise

✓ Design the following classes


✓ You have to use super in every child class parameterized constructor.

Shape
double dim1,dim2
Shape()
Shape(double dim1,double dim2)
Double getDim1();
Double getDim2();
abstract void displayArea();

Rectangle Triangle Circle


Rectangle() Triangle() Circle()
Rectangle(double length, double width) Triangle(double base,double height) Circle(double radius)
Setter/Getter Setter/Getter Setter/Getter
void displayArea() void displayArea() void displayArea()

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