=V__ 1,006 ¢=0 Magnetic field due to moving point charge Blot-savert's Law Magnetic field due to a straight wire Magnetic field due to Infinite etraight wire Ho 2n10, Magnetic fores acting en a current carrying wire ‘1, Magnetic Moment of a currant carrying loop 12 Torque acting on a loop 418, Magnetic du to tng pote 4 18; (Meaetie field on re ashe of weary m, 1 Maan ldo haar no te mag ae 16, Magnetic ald at pont P ue to magnet a= Frente 4. Magnetic flux is mathematically definedas = ¢ = B.ds 2 Faraday laws of eloctromegnetic induction = Ee at 3. Ler s Law (conservation of eneray principle) ‘According to this aw, emt wil be induced in such a way that i wit oppose the cause which has produced i Motional emt 4. Induced emf due to rotation Em Induced in 8 conducting rod of length | rotating with enguier speed about ts one end, In a uniform perpendicular magnetic field Bis 112B 0 1. EMF Induced in a rotating aise: mt betwen the cantre andthe edge of dao of rac rotating Ina magnetic ils B 5. Fixed loop Ina varying magnetic fleldmagnet field changes withthe rato ‘This electric eld Is non conservativein nslue. The Ines of force associated with his electri eld are closed Self Induction ‘The instantaneous emfis ghenas ¢ =——!%*) Saif inductance of solenoid = yr = st mawceee Ms epesent by Ra let eali top OD Cb rte ins a oe Energy stored fr an inductor = 11+ Growth Of Current in Serles RL Clrcult a creut consists of call an inductor L and aresistorR and a stich S connected in series and the sich is oced att =, te curent inthe cet wi nerease as = (te ‘The quantity Ls called time constant of the circuit and is denoted bys. ‘The variation of currant with time is]a8 shown, ® 1. Fra earont inthe oreut = whch independent of 1. 2. After one time constant , current in the circult “63% of the fnel current. t 8. More time constant inthe ciruit Impl slowar rata of change ef currant.8 Decay of current in the circull containing resistor and inductor: Let the intial curent na creult containing inductor and resistor be, Currentatatimetis given es 1=i,e © (Current afer one time constant :1=1, ~!=0.37% of inal curent. 8. Mutual Inductance i induction of EMF ina col (secondary) due a change in current inancther col (primary) curren in primary coi |, total Mux in secondary s proportional tol, Le. N (hi secondary) | a —_N} (insecondary)=M |. “The emf generated around the secondary duo io the curent feng around the primaryls deel proportions! to tha rato at wneh thatewront changes 10. Equivalent ae inductance : L + = Va-Va ‘a. ara: 0) a ‘et 1. Series combination : L=L,+L, (neglecting mutual inductance) L#L,#L,+2M (lal ere mutually coupted and thay have winding in same crecton) L=Q+L 2M (cole sre mutually coupted and trey have winding in opposite rection) 2 Parallel Combination : (neglecting mutual inductance) Fortwo cole wc are mutually could I has bas und tat M (Cy orw=k is wnere kiscales coupingcorstantan te Magnetic core value is less than or equal to 1. t 1 |e ner conaaonsnave her usuameanngs. NasNe Eas Ep forstopuptansforrer. primary Secondary col cal Reflection of Light o =F 1.3 Characteristics of Image due to Reflection by a Plane Mirror: (a) Distance of object fram miror= Distanea of image from the mitre, (b) The tne joing 2 polnt object and Its image s normal to the reflecting surace, (€) The size of the image i the same as that ofthe object. (@) For a real object the Image Is vrtual and fora virtual object the Image Is realRelation between velocity of object a : From mor property: y=" + Yo=Yor 2d 25-3, otjea [age Here x, means x coordinate of mage wit respect to mirr. . . Snel others have meaning. 5 Diereitating wr time, we get Yow" ee? Yan Yo Yt Sphorical Mirror Miro formula x0 ordinate of centre of Curvature end focus of Concave mirror are negatWve and those for (Convex miror ara postive, Incase of mirors since light rays reflect back in~ X drection, therefore -ve sign of v Indicates real Image and eve sign of v Indicates virtual Imag (0) Lateral magheation(riransvarcemagneator) m= — (4 orate wnt =? (©) Ondiferentating (a) with respect to ime we got — =~ ‘ong Principal axis and — isthe velocity of object along Principal acs. Negative sign implos that the Image , In case of mirror, always moves In the direction opposite to that of object:This dlacurslon Is for velocity with respect to mirror and along the x axis. ( Newton's Formula: xY=!* X -and Y are the distances (along the principal axis ) ofthe object and image respectively trom the Prnepal focus. Ths formula can beused when the distances are mentioned or asked from the fcus. 1 (@) Optical poner of a mitrar (r Dogars) = {= focal ongth with ign end in meters. () —Hobjoctving along the prinesa aes notof vary ema sto, the lnghudinal magnfeation (at says be inverted)Refraction of Light ‘vacuum. 1 = 41 Laws of Refraction (at any Refracting Surface) Sint Sie "Constant for any pair of mods and fright of @ gan wavelength, Thi isknown as Sal's Law. More precisely, tet toa 42 Deviation of @ Ray Due to Retraction Deviation (6) of ray incklentat ‘and refracted at ris given by 8= Jr] inciple of Reversibility of Light Rays ray reveling along the path of he reflected rays reflected along the path ofthe Incéentray.Aretrected ray reversed to travel beck along Its path wil get refracted alang the path ofthe incident ray. Thus the Incident and refracted rays are mutually reversible. Apparent Depth and shift of Submerged Object ‘Atnear normal incidence (email angle of incidence | apparent depth (d )ia given by: (For medum ofieidence } Masem = 2 (Rintrestum ofretraction } 6 1 Apparent shit= a t= Refraction through 2 Composite Slab (or Relraction through & number of parallel moda, 2s seen from @ medium of R:|. n,) ‘Apparent dapth (sistance of final image from fina suriace) a a 1 Tana eee ee Critical Angle and Total Intarnal Reflection (1. R.) Caan? Conditions of T.1LR. (2) _lightie incident on te interface from dansar medium. (6) Angle incidence should be greater than the citlca! angle (>).10. 0 e Disporsion Of Ligh NNN! a norma B= (1+ 6)—(G, 41) and 1,428 Belte-A Varlation of 8 versus | oe Theres one and oniy one angle of incidence for which the angle of daviaton is minimum. ‘When 33... tho angio of minimum doviston, then|=@ and f, =r the fay pastes mmttoly whe racing sacs We can'shawby ‘simple calculaton that 6, so 8,,=(0- 1)A(forsmall values of A) For athin prism (A. 10%) ae for small value ofall valves of Batre tA wheceng Sate cal “The angular sping ofa ray of mhito igntinto a numbor of components and spreading in diforntcroctions te called Dispersion of Light. This phenomenon is because waves of cferenkwavelengti move winteame speed Invacuum but wth dierent speedsin a medium. ‘The refractive index of a medium depends sighty on wavelength aie This variation of refractive index with wavelengths given by Cauchy fermum 2 a Cauchy's formula. n(i)= +5 where a.and bare postive constants ofa medium. Angebetwecn be myc a erkere colo ecard persed fis cle angio capesin. For prism ofsmall A and wih smal!|: B=(, JA Doviatlonot boam(eeo called moan devston) §=8,=(r, 1)A Dispersive power (o) ofthe medium of ihe material of prsmis given by: = For small angled prism (A 10*) with ight incident at small angle | angular disper ©) [ny 25" ifn is rotglen nthe problem It vale of nie not given in the problem) ny andn,ara RL of matt for volar and yolow cows expecta. & of Two Prime Two or more prisms canbe combined varius nays tog fren combination of angler dispersion and tevin @ Direct Vision Combination (dispersion without deviation) “The canton for drt sien combination is a Ay+n, sr ne Me elas yla (©) Achromatic Combination (deviation without cispersion) Conciton for achromaticcominaton is: (n,-n) A=(n,—n JA Refraction at Spherloal Surtseas For paraxial ays incident ona spherical surface separating two media: ay +n, Ma Bay vou” Rk where ight maves from the medium of refractive indexn, to the medium ofretractive index, “Transverse magnifeston (m}(ocimension perpendicular io principal axis) due lo reaction st spherical surface ving U=R * ulny ieien by m= Refraction at Spherical Thin Lene {thin lans Ia called convex Hits thicker at the middle and its called concave iit ls thicker atthe fends. Fora ephorca, thin tans having the came modium on both sidos: vwhereng = ta 1 FoF eigen + m—Combination Of Lenses: Voaayt Frye ‘+ Work funetion le misimum for cesium (1.9 6¥) + Work funetion WW = ie + Photoalectic current is directly proportional to Intensity of incklent radiation. (v eonstanl) + Phatosleatrons ejected from metal have kinetic enerples ranging from 0 10 KE ns Here KE vex = &V, V,~ stopping potential + Slppig pelt dopant tray fit used (consid) + Intonony tn tenn of eocre ole 1 1s3 obo + Momentom of one poten + hein eqn for tole ett a fe _ he ne ee ay + namy Ae = Fron dunt act (Polo (n ranamon) {When lots inedont porpendodary () a=1 r=0 ra, moeine! Benen (©) when Oa, non V a a 4 Uniform Thin Spherical Shell (2) Point P inside the shell, ¢sa.thenv="2M a ao (©) Pome cutie ane. rman v= OM g VARIATION OF ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY : 1. efvctorAatude = uae za te = g 2 whanhcer, 2 Bifectordepth gy =a t etchant ofeach Seeseanta hs an nr pclae Wohin c= SF tne tes earwurra ctr er oar. Loe OM, 7_ RZ? Re Re When h <<, then vy: 198 64 108 =7.92 108ms!=7.92kms!‘Tima poriod of Satellito nergy of Ste U oa Keyless ia ‘The line joining the sun and area. 4 ‘Areal velocity = SF stant. Henes > rf a= constant 7 Law of periods: 7 = constant FLUIDS, SURFACE TENSION, VISCOSITY & ELASTICITY. t_Fop A wares Hyoraullcpress. —p Hydrostatic Paradox P, s ()Liquia piseod in elevator: When elevator accelerates upward wit sccaleration a, then pressure in the fd, ‘tdapth h may be given by, pm ph ig + a) T & fs Pi Pa * pt ay where py and p> sre pressures at points 1 & 2. Then hy i) Free surface of quid in case of rotating cylinder f gE m (9+ a) (1) Free eurtace of qui in nortzontal accoiration: Equation of Continuity vs = oars In general ey = constant .cf ‘ernoull Theorem 4 aeghe 3 v2 gh = constant fae (9 Torts mre peed ft vayt- AE A= arn ale y= aro of ven ELASTICITY & WECOSITY cree » Stat change in confguraton Sain, =" ctigina contguration Longitudinal stein = “* ay cee sn (m)Bhewr Bean: tn gore= 2 Fk ounjumeasunetnetty Y= FEA FL primary erecta farce an)= 1 sb MaecaiRecirint & w w NewionsLawatviscosty, = F ASS or F= AY StokosLaw F=Sanrv SURFACETENSION ‘ot foes on ater of ts megnay iE) AW Surface tension 7) = Tena of ee (0 ese Thus, surface tenons numerically equal aurtace eneray or work done prutinereasesurece are. Inside a bubble :Capillary Rise () Longitudinal deplecement of sound wave c= Asin (at kx) (@)—Proseure oxcoss uring ravolling eound wave pa-0- tot rbot = ont pereeaae ace Amat fens See BAK on speeettonte= |E Where € = Ellesic modulus for the medium P= density of medium ; -£ young’: modulus forthe sald mae = Be fe. fet mn oe Pf sensidiemiecheurent sy een where Games as Wi terlechand inh Ew re eta fees faectfere eorex Pp Intensily ata dstance from a point source = t= x Interference of Sound Wave i Py=py sin (ot be, +0,) PLeprasin (at r+ 0) rocultant excess proscura at point Os p=P,9 P=pyshr (ot keer)o © Pa Fa Pa PnP eet where HIKE ADK, OO +h ah For constructive ntecerencos 2m and P= Pas * Pan (Constructive Interference) For destructive inertrence aQ2ne A) end —p_*1., Pua (estructive interference) Wt duew path aerence ony tan 9= 2E ax CConion for constuciveinleference x= nh. Condon for destructive interference axe (2n 1) 2 © pga PaandO=n3n, resultant p= Ole. no sound ) ig Peg and $= 0, ZR, An, on neers Beats : Beats{requency= |, {| Dopolers Effect Trecbeenvedequenny, taf TUE ard Apparontwavelengih i =