BASIC CALCULUS

GRADE 11

TOPIC 1: The Derivative of a Function and the Slope of the Tangent Line

I. Learning Skills
A. Most Essential Learning Competencies:
1. Illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point, Code: STEM_BC11D-IIIe-1
2. Apply the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number. Code: STEM_BC11D-IIIe-2 &
3. Relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line. Code: STEM_BC11D-IIIe-3
B. Objectives:
The learners are expected to:
1. Illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point,
2. Apply the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number, and
3. Relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line.
II. Introductory Concept
The concept of derivative is important in calculus. Derivative is defined geometrically as the slope
of a tangent line at a point, and as the tangent of the line’s angel of inclination, it is defined as
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 . This is the Delta Method of finding the derivatives of functions.
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙

In coordinate geometry, the slope of a non-vertical line is defined as the ratio of the vertical change
to the corresponding horizontal change, that is, it is the quotient of the change in y and the change
in x. It can also be defined as the tangent of its angle of inclination 𝜃.
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 ∆𝒚
a. 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = 𝒄𝒉𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙
=
∆𝒙
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
=
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 ∆𝒚
b. 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒉𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙
=
∆𝒙

𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
=
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
Where ∆𝑥 = increment of x ( is read as delta x)
∆𝑦 = increment of y ( is read as delta y)

Consider line L tangent to the curve at point P at the right.

To find the tangent line at point P, there is a need for a second point Q on the curve.

In the figure at the right, the line passing through points P and Q is secant ⃡𝑃𝑄. If point Q will slide down
⃡ will then approach the value of the slope
to point P, it will get closer to point P and the slope of secant 𝑃𝑄
of line L tangent to the curve at point P. This means that if
∆x is made arbitrarily small, the slope of secant 𝑃𝑄⃡ would get
arbitrarily closer to the slope of tangent line L. As ∆𝑥 gets
smaller and smaller, the slope of secant ⃡𝑃𝑄 gets closer and
closer to the slope of line L.

𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 ∆𝒚
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = =
𝒄𝒉𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ∆𝒙
𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
= (𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒙
𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 =
∆𝒙
𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒚 ∆𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Let the limit of the right side be denoted by as ∆𝑥 →0. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙

∆𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙) ∆𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
a. 𝒚́ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 or b. 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
This limit is so important that it is given a name. It is called derivative. The derivative of a
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
function y=f(x) is defined as follows: = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 .
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙

The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation.

Derivatives of Algebraic Polynomial

Consider the following graph.

In the illustration, y+∆𝑦=f(x+∆𝑥).

Subtracting y=f(x) from both sides and dividing

each side by ∆𝑥 results to

y+∆𝑦=f(x+∆𝑥)
y=f(x) . ∆𝑦 f(x + ∆𝑥) − f(x)
=
∆𝑦=f(x+∆𝑥)-f(x) ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝒅𝒚 ∆𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Getting the limit of both sides as ∆𝑥 → 0, = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 . This process
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
which is sometimes called the Delta Method of finding the derivatives of functions can be used to find
the derivative of Algebraic Polynomials.
Follow the steps:
1. In the given equation, replace x with x + ∆𝑥 and y with y + ∆𝑦 and simplify.
2. Find ∆y by subtracting the given equation from the equation obtained in step 1. Simplify.
3. Divide both sides of the equation obtained in step 2 by ∆𝑥. Simplify.
4. Find the limit as ∆𝑥 →0.

Example 1: Find the derivatives of y=4𝑥 2 + 15.

Solution.
Step 1: Write the given: y = 4𝑥 2 + 15
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Step 2: Use the formula , apply Delta Method of differentiation. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟒(𝒙+∆𝒙)𝟐 +𝟏𝟓−(𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟓)
Step 3: Substitute : = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟒(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙∆𝒙+(∆𝒙)𝟐 ) +𝟏𝟓−𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟓
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙∆𝒙+𝟒(∆𝒙)𝟐 +𝟏𝟓−𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟓
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟖𝒙∆𝒙+𝟒(∆𝒙)𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙(𝟖𝒙+𝟒∆𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒∆𝒙)
∆𝒙→𝟎
= 8x+4(0)
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟖𝒙
𝒅𝒙

EXAMPLE 2: Find the derivatives of y=𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8.

Solution.
Step 1: Write the given: y = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Step 2: Use the formula , apply Delta Method of differentiation. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒅𝒚 (𝒙+∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟓(𝒙+∆𝒙)+𝟖−(𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟖)
Step 3: Substitute : = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙∆𝒙+(∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟓𝒙−𝟓∆𝒙+𝟖−𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟖
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙∆𝒙+(∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟓𝒙−𝟓∆𝒙+𝟖−𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟖
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐𝒙∆𝒙+(∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟓∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙(𝟐𝒙+∆𝒙−𝟓)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝟓) 2x+0−𝟓
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒅𝒙
EXAMPLE 3: Differentiate y =𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 3.
Solution.
Step 1: Write the given: y = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Step 2: Use the formula , apply Delta Method of differentiation. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒅𝒚 (𝒙+∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝟒(𝒙+∆𝒙)+𝟑−(𝒙𝟑 −𝟒𝒙+𝟑)
Step 3: Substitute : = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙+𝟑𝒙(∆𝒙)𝟐 +(∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝟒𝒙−𝟒∆𝒙+𝟑−𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙−𝟑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙+𝟑𝒙(∆𝒙)𝟐 +(∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝟒𝒙−𝟒∆𝒙+𝟑−𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙−𝟑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙→𝟎
𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙+𝟑𝒙(∆𝒙)𝟐 +(∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝟒∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙(𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙∆𝒙+(∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟒)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙∆𝒙 + (∆𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟒)
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
= 3x2+3x(0)+(0)2-4
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
2
EXAMPLE 4: Find the derivative of y = .
𝑥+5
Solution.
2
Step 1: Write the given: y=
𝑥+5
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Step 2: Use the formula , apply Delta Method of differentiation. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 −
(𝒙+∆𝒙)+𝟓 𝒙+𝟓
Step 3: Substitute : = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐(𝒙+𝟓)−𝟐(𝒙+∆𝒙+𝟓)
(𝒙+∆𝒙+𝟓)(𝒙+𝟓)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝒙−𝟐∆𝒙−𝟏𝟎)
(𝒙+∆𝒙+𝟓)(𝒙+𝟓)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
−𝟐∆𝒙
(𝒙+∆𝒙+𝟓)(𝒙+𝟓) −𝟐∆𝒙 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒐𝒓 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙+∆𝒙+𝟓)(𝒙+𝟓) (∆𝒙)
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
∆𝒙 (−𝟐) 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙+∆𝒙+𝟓)(𝒙+𝟓) (∆𝒙)
∆𝒙→𝟎
−𝟐 −𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙+∆𝒙+𝟓)(𝒙+𝟓) (𝒙+𝟎+𝟓)(𝒙+𝟓)
∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = − (𝒙+𝟓)𝟐 𝒐𝒓 − 𝒙𝟐+𝟏𝟎𝒙+𝟐𝟓
𝒅𝒙
 2𝑥−4
EXAMPLE 5: Find the derivative of y =
3𝑥+7
.

Solution.
2𝑥−4
Step 1: Write the given: y=
3𝑥+7
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Step 2: Use the formula , apply Delta Method of differentiation. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝟒 2𝑥−4
𝒅𝒚 −
𝟑(𝒙+∆𝒙)+𝟕 3𝑥+7
Step 3: Substitute : = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐𝒙+𝟐∆𝒙−𝟒 2𝑥−4
−
𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕 3𝑥+7
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
(𝟐𝒙+𝟐∆𝒙−𝟒)(𝟑𝒙+𝟕)−(𝟐𝒙−𝟒)(𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕)
(𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕)(𝟑𝒙+𝟕)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟒𝒙+𝟔𝒙∆𝒙+𝟏𝟒∆𝒙−𝟏𝟐𝒙−𝟐𝟖−(𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙∆𝒙+𝟏𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟐𝒙−𝟏𝟐∆𝒙−𝟐𝟖)
(𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕)(𝟑𝒙+𝟕)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟒𝒙+𝟔𝒙∆𝒙+𝟏𝟒∆𝒙−𝟏𝟐𝒙−𝟐𝟖−𝟔𝒙𝟐 −𝟔𝒙∆𝒙−𝟏𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟐∆𝒙+𝟐𝟖
(𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕)(𝟑𝒙+𝟕)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐𝟔∆𝒙
(𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕)(𝟑𝒙+𝟕) 𝟐𝟔∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒐𝒓 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏)
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 (𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕)(𝟑𝒙+𝟕) ∆𝒙
∆𝒙 (𝟐𝟔) 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
∆𝒙→𝟎 (𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕)(𝟑𝒙+𝟕) ∆𝒙
𝟐𝟔
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 (𝟑𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙+𝟕)(𝟑𝒙+𝟕)
𝟐𝟔
= [𝟑𝒙+𝟑(𝟎)+𝟕](𝟑𝒙+𝟕)
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ =
(𝟑𝒙+𝟕)𝟐
𝒐𝒓 𝟗𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝟐𝒙+𝟒𝟗
𝒅𝒙
EXAMPLE 6: Find the derivative of y =√4 − 2𝑥 .
Solution.
Step 1: Write the given: y =√4 − 2𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Step 2: Use the formula , apply Delta Method of differentiation. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒅𝒚 √4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)−√4−2𝑥
Step 3: Substitute :
𝒅𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∆𝒙
, rationalize the numerator
∆𝒙→𝟎
√4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)−√4−2𝑥 √4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)+√4−2𝑥
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 •
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 √4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)+√4−2𝑥
(√4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)−√4−2𝑥)( √4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)+√4−2𝑥)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 (√4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)+√4−2𝑥)
4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)−4−2𝑥 4−2𝒙−𝟐∆𝒙−4−2𝑥
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 (√4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)+√4−2𝑥) ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 (√4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)+√4−2𝑥)
−𝟐∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 (√4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)+√4−2𝑥)
−𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 √4−2(𝒙+∆𝒙)+√4−2𝑥
−𝟐
=
√4−2(𝒙+𝟎)+√4−2𝑥
−𝟐 −𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
= = 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = −
√4−2𝑥+√4−2𝑥 2 √4−2𝑥 𝒅𝒙 √4−2𝑥
EXAMPLE 7: Find the derivative of y =√5𝑥 − 3.
Solution.
Step 1: Write the given: y =√5𝑥 − 3
𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Step 2: Use the formula , apply Delta Method of differentiation. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒅𝒚 √5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3−√5𝑥−3
Step 3: Substitute : = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 , rationalize the numerator
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
√5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3−√5𝑥−3 √5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3+√5𝑥−3
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 •
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 √5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3+√5𝑥−3
(√5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3−√5𝑥−3)( √5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3+√5𝑥−3)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 (√5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3+√5𝑥−3)
5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3−(5𝑥−3) 5𝑥+5∆𝒙−3−5𝑥+3
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 (√5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3+√5𝑥−3) ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 (√5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3+√5𝑥−3)
𝟓∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 (√5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3+√5𝑥−3)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
∆𝒙→𝟎 √5(𝒙+∆𝒙)−3+√5𝑥−3 √5(𝒙+𝟎)−3+√5𝑥−3 √5𝑥−3+√5𝑥−3
𝒅𝒚 𝟓
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ =2
𝒅𝒙 √5𝑥−3
EXAMPLE 8: Find the slope of the given curve y= 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 at the point (2,4).
2

Solution.
Follow the following steps in solving for the slope of the curve at the given point.
Step 1: Find the slope of the tangent line at any point (x,y). This can be done by solving for
the derivative.
Given: y = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝟑(𝒙+∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟓(𝒙+∆𝒙)−(𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙)
Slope = = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟑(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙∆𝒙+(∆𝒙)𝟐 ) −𝟓𝒙−𝟓∆𝒙−𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙∆𝒙+𝟑(∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟓𝒙−𝟓∆𝒙−𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟔𝒙∆𝒙+𝟑(∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟓∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙(𝟔𝒙+𝟑∆𝒙−𝟓)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑∆𝒙 − 𝟓) = 6x+3(0) -5
∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒅𝒙
Step 2: Substitute the value of x in the equation. When x = 2
𝒅𝒚
Slope = 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟔(𝟐) − 𝟓
Slope = 7

EXAMPLE 9: Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function defined by y= 𝑥 3 −
4𝑥 + 6 at the point (1,3).
Solution.
Step 1: Find the slope of the tangent line at any point (x,y). This can be done by solving for
the derivative.
Given: y = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 6
𝒅𝒚 (𝒙+∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝟒(𝒙+∆𝒙)+𝟔−(𝒙𝟑 −𝟒𝒙+𝟔)
Slope = = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
 𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙+𝟑𝒙(∆𝒙)𝟐 +(∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝟒𝒙−𝟒∆𝒙+𝟔−𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙−𝟔
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙+𝟑𝒙(∆𝒙)𝟐 +(∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝟒𝒙−𝟒∆𝒙+𝟔−𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙−𝟔
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙+𝟑𝒙(∆𝒙)𝟐 +(∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝟒∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙(𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙∆𝒙+(∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟒)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙∆𝒙 + (∆𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟒) = 3x2+3x(0)+(0)2-4
∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
Step 2: Substitute the value of x in the equation. When x = 1
𝒅𝒚
Slope = 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 = 𝟑(𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟒
Slope = -1
EXAMPLE 10: Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function defined
by f(x)= 4 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 at the point (2,4). Write the equation of the tangent line.
Solution
Given: y = 4 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝒅𝒚 𝟒+𝟐(𝒙+∆𝒙)−(𝒙+∆𝒙)𝟐 −(𝟒+𝟐𝒙−𝒙𝟐 )
Slope = = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟒+𝟐𝒙+𝟐∆𝒙−(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙∆𝒙+(∆𝒙)𝟐 ) −𝟒−𝟐𝒙+𝒙𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟒+𝟐𝒙+𝟐∆𝒙−𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙∆𝒙−(∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝟒−𝟐𝒙+𝒙𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐∆𝒙−𝟐𝒙∆𝒙−(∆𝒙)𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙(𝟐−𝟐𝒙−∆𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − ∆𝒙) = 2-2x-(0)
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Step 2: Substitute the value of x in the equation. When x = 2
𝒅𝒚
Slope = 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒙 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒚́ = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟐)
𝒅𝒙
Slope = -2
Step 3: To find the equation of the tangent line, use the point-slope formula.
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
Where: m = slope and (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
By substitution : 𝒚 − 𝟒 = −𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟐)
y=-2x+4+4 y= -2x+8
 TOPIC 2: The Differentiation Rules for Algebraic Functions

I. Learning Skills
C. Most Essential Learning Competency:
Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic, exponential,
logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions.
Code:STEM_BC11D-IIIf-3
D. Objective:
The learners are expected to apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of
algebraic functions.

II. Introductory Concept

In the previous lessons, the DELTA METHOD and the definition of the derivative were used in
finding the derivatives of functions. Using these methods is very time-consuming. The following rules for
finding the derivatives of algebraic functions are easier to use. However, these rules are derived by
using the delta method and the definition of derivatives.

1. The Constant Rule.

𝒅𝒚 𝒅
If c is any constant and y=f(x) = c for all x, then = 𝒄 = 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• The derivative of a constant is zero.
Example 1: Find the derivatives of the following.
a. f(x) = 7 b. y=23 c. f(x) = -2.35
Solution.
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
a. 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 0 b. 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 0 c. 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 0
𝒅𝒙
2. The Power Rule.
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 is a power function for some positive integer n,
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
then = ( 𝒙𝒏 ) = 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example 2: Find the derivatives of the following.
a. f(x) = x5 b. y=3x4 c. f(x) = -2x6
Solution.
a. Given: f(x) = x5 c. Given: f(x) = -2x6
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 1(5)𝑥 5−1 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = −2(6)𝑥 6−1
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 5𝑥 4 = −12𝑥 5
Given: y=3x4
𝒅𝒚
b. 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 3(4)𝑥 4−1
= 12𝑥 3
3. The Identity Function Rule.
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
′( )
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 is an identity function, then = 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 =𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example 3: Find the derivatives of the following.
a. f(x) = x b. y=-x c. f(m) = m
Solution.
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂. 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 1 b. 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = -1 c. 𝒅𝒎 𝒐𝒓 f′(m) or y′ = 1
4. The Constant Multiple Rule.
If 𝑐 is a constant and f(x) is a differentiable function,
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
then = 𝒄𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 • 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• The derivative of a constant multiplied by a function is equal to the constant times
the derivative of the original function.
Example 4: Find the derivatives of the following.
a. f(x) = 8x6 b. y= −22x4 c. f(x) = −2𝑥 −6
Solution.
a. f(x) = 8x5
Given: c. Given: f(x) =−2𝑥 −6
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 8(5)𝑥 4−1 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = −2(−6)𝑥 −6−1
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 40𝑥 3 = 12𝑥 −7
Given: y=−22x4
𝒅𝒚
b. 𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = −22(4)𝑥 4−1
𝒅𝒙
= −88𝑥 3
5. The Sum and Difference Rule.
If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions,
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
then [𝒇 (𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇 (𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇′ (𝒙) ± 𝒈′ (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• The derivative of the sum or difference of two differentiable functions is equal to the
sum or difference of their derivatives.
Example 5: Find the derivatives of the following.
a. f(x) = 5x4+3x3-6x+8 b. y= −2x4-7x3+5x2 c. f(x) = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 −6
Solution.
a. Given:f(x) = 5x4+3x3-6x+8
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 5(4)𝑥 4−1 + 3(3)𝑥 3−1 − 6(1)𝑥 1−1 + 0
𝒅𝒙
= 20𝑥 3 +9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 0 + 0
= 20𝑥 3 +9𝑥 2 − 6
b. Given: f(x) = −2x4-7x3+5x2
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = −2(4)𝑥 4−1 − 7(3)𝑥 3−1 + 5(2)𝑥 2−1
𝒅𝒙
= −8𝑥 3 −21𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
c. Given: f(x) = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 −6
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 4(1)𝑥 1−1 − 2(−6)𝑥 −6−1
𝒅𝒙
= 4𝑥 0 +12𝑥 −7
= 4 + 12𝑥 −7

6. The Product Rule.

If f(x) and g(x) are both differentiable functions, then
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
[𝒇(𝒙)• 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′ (𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
• The derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is the first function times
the derivative of the second function plus the second function times the derivatives of
the first function.
 Example 6: Find the derivatives of the following.
a. f(x) = (4x-3)(2x+5) b. y= (3𝑥2-4)2 c. f(x) = (3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 2 − 4)
Solution.
a. Given: f(x) = (4x-3)(2x+5)
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = (4x-3) 𝒅𝒙 (2x+5) + (2x + 5) 𝒅𝒙 (4x-3)
𝒅𝒙
= (4x-3) (2+0) + (2x + 5) (4-0)
= 8x-6 +8x+20
= 16x+14
b. Given: f(x) = (3𝑥2-4)2 or (3𝑥2-4) (3𝑥2-4)
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = (3𝑥 2-4) 𝒅𝒙 (3𝑥 2-4)+ (3𝑥 2 − 4) 𝒅𝒙 (3𝑥 2-4)
𝒅𝒙
= (3𝑥 2-4) (6x-0) +(3𝑥 2-4) (6x-0)
= 18𝑥 3-24x +18𝑥 3-24x
= 36x3-48x
Or
Given: f(x) = (3𝑥 2-4)2
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 2(3𝑥 2-4)2-1 𝒅𝒙 (3𝑥 2-4)
𝒅𝒙
= 2(3𝑥 2-4) (6x-0)
= 12𝑥(3𝑥 2-4)
= 36x3-48x
c. Given: f(x) = (3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 2 − 4)
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = (3𝑥2-5x+1) 𝒅𝒙 (3𝑥2-4)+ (3𝑥 2 − 4) 𝒅𝒙 (3𝑥2-5x+1)
𝒅𝒙
= (3𝑥2-5x+1) (6x-0) +(3𝑥2-4) (6x-5)
= 18𝑥3-30x2+6x +18𝑥3-15x2-24x+20
= 36x3-45x2−18x+20
7. The Quotient Rule.
If f(x) and g(x) are both differentiable functions at x with g(x)≠0, then
𝒅 𝒅
𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙)
= =
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) [𝒈(𝒙)]𝟐 [𝒈(𝒙)]𝟐
• The derivative of the quotient of two differentiable functions is equal to the denominator times
the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator,
all divided by the square of the original denominator.
Example 7: Find the derivatives of the following.
𝑥 2 +3 3𝑥 2 +4 4𝑥 3 −2
a. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑏. 𝑓(𝑥) = c. 𝑓 (𝑥) =
5𝑥+4 5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1
Solution.
𝑥 2 +3
a. Given: 𝑓 (𝑥) = 5𝑥+4
𝒅 𝒅
𝒅𝒚 (5𝑥+4) (𝑥 2 +3)−(𝑥 2 +3)𝒅𝒙(𝟓𝒙+𝟒)
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 (5𝑥+4)2
(5𝑥+4) (2𝑥)−(𝑥 2 +3)(𝟓)
= (5𝑥+4)2
10𝑥 2 +8𝑥−(5𝑥 2 +15)
=
(5𝑥+4)2
10𝑥 2 +8𝑥−5𝑥 2 −15
= (5𝑥+4)2
5𝑥 2 +8𝑥−15
= (5𝑥+4)2
 3𝑥 2 +4
b. Given: : 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
𝒅 𝒅
𝒅𝒚 (5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2) (3𝑥 2 +4)−(3𝑥 2 +4)𝒅𝒙(5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2)
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 (5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2)2
(5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2) (6𝑥)−(3𝑥 2 +4)(𝟏𝟎𝒙−𝟑)
= (5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2)2
30𝑥 3 −18𝑥 2 +12𝑥−(30𝑥 3 −9𝑥 2 +40𝑥−12)
= (5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2)2
30𝑥 3 −18𝑥 2 +12𝑥−30𝑥 3 +9𝑥 2 −40𝑥+12
= (5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2)2
−9𝑥 2 −28𝑥+12
= (5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2)2

4𝑥 3 −2
c. Given: : 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1
𝒅 𝒅
𝒅𝒚 (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1) (4𝑥 3 −2)−(4𝑥 3 −2)𝒅𝒙(𝑥2 −5𝑥+1)
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or y′ = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1)2
(𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1) (12𝑥 2 )−(4𝑥 3 −2)(𝟐𝒙−𝟓)
= (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1)2
12𝑥 4 −60𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 −(8𝑥 4 −20𝑥 3 −4𝑥+10)
= (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1)2
12𝑥 4 −60𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 −8𝑥 4 +20𝑥 3 +4𝑥−10
= (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1)2
4𝑥 4 −40𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 +4𝑥−10
=
(𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1)2
 TOPIC 3: The Chain Rule

I. Learning Skills
E. Most Essential Learning Competencies:
1. Illustrate the Chain Rule of Differentiation. STEM_BC11D-IIIh-2
2. Solve problems using the chain rule. STEM_BC11D-IIIh-i-1.
F. Objectives:
The learners are expected to
1. illustrate the Chain Rule of Differentiation, and
2. solve problems using the chain rule.
II. Introductory Concept
The derivatives of polynomial functions raised to the second power such as y=(4x-3)2 can be found
by either multiplying the polynomial by itself and then finding the derivative of the product or by using
the product rule for derivatives. If (4x-3) is raised to a higher power such as 8, to expand it is very time-
consuming unless the Binomial Theorem is used. Problems arise if the polynomial raised to a higher
power contains more than two terms.
The derivative of a radical function such as y= √3 − 5𝑥 can be found by using the Delta Method
for derivatives. But this too is very time-consuming. The Chain Rule is needed to find the derivative of
some functions such as those mentioned above. It is also needed in computing the derivative of
trigonometric and exponential functions.

THE CHAIN RULE

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
If u =g(x) and y = f [g(x)], then = 𝒅𝒖 • 𝒅𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙

This can be written using the Lagrange notation as follows 𝒇[𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇′[𝒈(𝒙)]• 𝒈′(𝒙)
Example 1: Differentiate 𝒚 = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐.
Solution.
b. 𝑩𝒚 using the product rule
𝒚 = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = (4𝑥 + 3) 𝒅𝒙 (4x+3)+ (4𝑥 + 3) 𝒅𝒙 (4x+3)
𝒅𝒙
=(4x+3)(4)+(4x+3)(4)
=16x+12+16x+12
=32x+24
c. 𝑩𝒚 expanding (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 .
𝒚 = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 or 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟗
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 𝒅𝒙 (𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐)+ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅
(24x)+ 𝒅𝒙 (𝟗)
𝒅𝒙
=2(16x)+(24)+(0)
=32x+24
d. 𝐵𝒚 using the Chain Rule.
First, differentiate the exponent “square” by using power rule for derivatives
then differentiate the polynomial inside the parenthesis. This may be called “inner
function”. 𝒚 = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 2(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐−𝟏 (4x+3)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
=2(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟏 (4)
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =8(4x+3) or 32x+24
𝒅𝒙
Example 2: Differentiate 𝒚 = (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟑.
Solution. 𝑩𝒚 using the Chain Rule
𝒚 = (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟑
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 3(𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟑−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (6x-4)
𝒅𝒙
=3(𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐 (6)
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =𝟏𝟖 (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟐
Example 3: Differentiate 𝒚 = (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐.
Solution. 𝑩𝒚 using the Chain Rule
𝟐
𝒚 = (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 2(𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 (𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟐−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
=2(5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2)1 (10x-4)
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =2(10x-4)( 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2) or
𝒅𝒙
(20x-8)(5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2) or 100𝑥 3 − 120𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 − 16
𝟏
Example 4: Differentiate 𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)𝟐 .
Solution. 𝑩𝒚 using the Chain Rule
𝟏
𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)𝟐
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 𝟐 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)𝟐−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)
𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝟏
= (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)−𝟐 (6x)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =3x(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)−𝟐 or 𝟏 or
𝒅𝒙 √𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟒)𝟐
𝟐
Example 5: Differentiate 𝒚 = (𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕)𝟑 .
Solution. 𝑩𝒚 using the Chain Rule
𝟐
𝒚 = (𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕)𝟑
𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 𝟑 (𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕)𝟑−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕)
𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝟐
=𝟑 (𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕)−𝟑 (𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟑)
𝒅𝒚 𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟑 𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 𝟑
(𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕)−𝟑 or 𝟏 or 𝟑
𝟑(𝟓𝒙𝟒 −𝟕)𝟑 √𝟓𝒙𝟒 −𝟕

Example 6: Differentiate 𝒚 = √𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐.

Solution.
First, write the radical expression in exponential form. Then, use the power rule for
derivatives and the Chain Rule.
𝟏
𝒚 = √𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 𝟐 (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝟐 (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐
=𝟐 (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐) (𝟓)
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟓
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟐 or
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 or 𝟐√𝟓𝒙−𝟐
𝟐(𝟓𝒙−𝟐)𝟐
 𝟑
Example 7: Differentiate 𝒚 = √𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓.
Solution.
First, write the radical expression in exponential form. Then, use the power rule for
derivatives and the Chain Rule.
𝟏
𝟑
𝒚 = √𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒐𝒓 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝟑
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟑−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
=𝟑 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓)−𝟑 (𝟑) (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓)−𝟑
𝟑
𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓)−𝟑 or 𝟐 or 𝟑
𝒅𝒙
(𝟑𝒙+𝟓)𝟑 √(𝟑𝒙+𝟓)𝟐

Example 8: Differentiate 𝒚 = √𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐.

Solution.
𝟏
𝒚 = √𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 (𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = 𝟐 (𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝟏
=𝟐 (𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐 (𝟑𝟎𝒙 − 𝟔)
𝟏
𝟑𝟎𝒙−𝟔
= (𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =(𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐 or
𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟓𝒙−𝟑 𝟏𝟓𝒙−𝟑
𝟏 or
√𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 −𝟔𝒙+𝟐
(𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 −𝟔𝒙+𝟐)𝟐

Example 9: Differentiate 𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 .

Solution. Use the product rule in combination with the chain rule.
𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 + (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
=(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)•𝟐(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒) + (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 (𝟑)
=(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)•𝟐(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝟓) + (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐(𝟑)
= (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟏𝟎)(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒) + 3(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐
=(𝟑𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎)(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒) + 3(𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔)
=𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟖𝟎 + 𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟒𝟖
𝒅𝒚
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟓
Example 10: Differentiate 𝒚= .
√𝟐𝒙+𝟑
𝟏
𝟓
Solution. 𝒚= 𝒐𝒓 𝟓(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)−𝟐
√𝟐𝒙+𝟑
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =5( − 𝟐)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)−𝟐−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)
𝒅𝒙
𝟑
𝟓
=− 𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)−𝟐 (𝟐)
𝟑
−𝟏𝟎
=
𝟐
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)−𝟐
𝟑
𝒅𝒚 −𝟓 −𝟓 −𝟓
𝒐𝒓 f′(x) or f′(𝑥) or y′ =−𝟓(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)−𝟐 or 𝟑 or or
𝒅𝒙 √(𝟐𝒙+𝟑)𝟑 (𝟐𝒙+𝟑)√𝟐𝒙+𝟑
(𝟐𝒙+𝟑)𝟐
III. Activities
𝑑𝑦
A. Practice Task: Differentiate or find given the following functions.
𝑑𝑥
1
1. 𝑦 = (5𝑥 − 3)2 4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3)2
2. 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 1 5. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)3
3. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3)5
Answer Key
1. 𝑦 ′ = 10(5𝑥 − 3)𝑜𝑟 50𝑥 − 30
1
1 1
2. 𝑦′ = (2𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑜𝑟 1 𝑜𝑟
(2𝑥−1)2 √2𝑥−1
2 )4
3. 𝑦′ = 5(4𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 𝑜𝑟 (20𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3)4
1
− 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
4. 𝑦′ = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3) 2 𝑜𝑟 1 𝑜𝑟
(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3)2 √𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3

5. 𝑦′ = 3(8𝑥 − 3)(4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)2 𝑜𝑟 (24𝑥 − 9)(4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)2

Activity:
A. Using the Delta Method, find the derivative for each function. Show your solution.
𝟏
1. y= 6x – 2 5. y= 3x2-6 9. 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟐 12. y =√1 − 2𝑥
2. y = 4x+3 6. y= x2-2
3. y= 3x-5 7. y=2x2-x+3 10. y =√𝑥 − 3
4. y=2x+7 8. y= x3 +2x – 1 11. y= x2 +4
5.
B. Find the slope of the curve at the given point.
13. 𝑦 = 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑎𝑡 (−1,1) 16. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑡 (2,3) 19 . 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎𝑡 (1,5)
14. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5 𝑎𝑡 (1, −4) 17. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 𝑎𝑡 (2,2)
15. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 5 𝑎𝑡 (2,3) 18. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2 𝑎𝑡 (−1, −3)
C. Find the slope and the equation of the tangent line to the given curve.
20. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑡 (2, −3) 23. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3 𝑎𝑡 (3,3)
21. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑡 (−1,6) 24. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑡 (1,1)
22. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑡 (1,3) 25. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 𝑎𝑡 (1,4)

C. Differentiate the following functions.

1. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 6 − 5𝑥 2 + 6 11. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 2)2
2. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)2 12. 𝑦 = (5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1)2
3. 𝑦 = (5 − 3𝑥)3 13. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 − 2)3
1 1
4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 14. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)−2
5. 𝑦 = √4𝑥 − 2 15. 𝑦 = (2 + 𝑥 )3
1
6. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4)2 16. 𝑦 = (5𝑥 + 3)2 (2𝑥 − 1)
7. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 1)2 17. 𝑦 = √3𝑥 + 5
8. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3)3 18. 𝑦 = (5𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 + 3)
9. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2)3 19. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 6)7
3 3
10. 𝑦 = √6 − 7𝑥 20. = √4𝑥 − 5
 D. Find the derivative of each of the following functions. Show your solution.
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 8𝑥 − 9 11. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 −3
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 8 12.𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 −1
4
3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 9 13. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2

4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 14. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 3)(2𝑥 − 3)

5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 6 15. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 2 + 5)2
6. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 7𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8 16.𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3)
7. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −6 + 4𝑥 3 17. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 2 −3
8. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥+1 18. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 2 − 5)
2𝑥−3 (4𝑥+3)2
9. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2+4𝑥−5 19. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥−3
4𝑥 3 −2𝑥+1
10. 4𝑥+3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2−3𝑥+6 20. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥−3

FOR SUBMISSION on January 31, 2025 or when the suspension of F2F is lifted
TAKE HOME ACTIVITY NUMBER 5
𝒅𝒚
Directions: Use any method to find the derivative or of each of the following
𝒅𝒙
functions. Write your answer with solution in a whole sheet of intermediate paper. Box
your final answer.

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟗
2. f(x) = 3x3 + 2x2– 2x +5
3. f(x) = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)
4. 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝟐𝐱 −𝟔 − 𝟒𝐱 𝟑
𝒙−𝟓
5. f(x) =
𝟐𝒙+𝟏

6. 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟑
7. 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓
8. f(x) = (2x-5)100
IV. Reference:
Jesus P. Mercado and Fernando B. Orines, Next Century Mathematics “Basic Calculus”,Phoenix
Publishing House, Quezon City, Copyright 2016.

Prepared by: RONALD I. ALBUERA

LCNHS-SHS Math Teacher