Introduction To Biostatistics A Guide To Design, Analysis, and Discovery (FULL VERSION DOWNLOAD)
Introduction To Biostatistics A Guide To Design, Analysis, and Discovery (FULL VERSION DOWNLOAD)
Discovery
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Mike Hernandez
Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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This text is supported by a website, www.biostat-edu.com. This site contains data sets,
program notes, solutions to example exercises, and links to other resources. The material
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Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 What Is Biostatistics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Data — The Key Component of a Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Design — The Road to Relevant Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Replication — Part of the Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Applying Statistical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 Descriptive Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Introduction to Descriptive Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Tabular and Graphical Presentation of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.1 Frequency Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.2 Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.3 Bar Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.4 Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.5 Stem-and-Leaf Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.6 Dot Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.7 Scatter Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Measures of Central Tendency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3.1 Mean, Median, and Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.2 Use of the Measures of Central Tendency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3.3 The Geometric Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
viii Table of Contents
Our first edition, Introduction to Biostatistics: A Guide to Design, Analysis, and Dis-
covery, was published in 1995 and was well received both by reviewers and readers.
That book broke new ground by expanding the range of methods covered beyond what
typically was included in competing texts. It also emphasized the importance of under-
standing the context of a problem — the why and what — instead of considering only
the how of analysis.
Although the past several years have seen much interest in a second edition, our
involvement with numerous other projects prevented us from tackling a new edition.
Now that the stars are in alignment (or whatever), we fi nally decided to create a second
edition. We are excited that Mike Hernandez has agreed to collaborate with us on this
edition.
This new edition builds on the strengths of the fi rst effort while including several
new topics reflecting changes in the practice of biostatistics. Although parts of the
second edition still serve as an introduction to the world of biostatistics, other parts
break new ground compared to competing texts. For some of these relatively more
advanced topics, we strongly advise the reader to consult with experts in the field before
setting out on the analyses.
This revised and expanded edition continues to encourage readers to consider the
full context of the problem being examined. This context includes understanding what
the goal of the study is, what the data actually represent, why and how the data were
collected, how to choose appropriate analytic methods, whether or not one can general-
ize from the sample to the target population, and what problems occur when the data
are incomplete due to people refusing to participate in the study or due to the researcher
failing to obtain all the relevant data from some sample subjects. Although many bio-
statistics textbooks do a very good job in presenting statistical tests and estimators, they
are limited in their presentations of the context. In addition, most textbooks do not
emphasize the relevance of biostatistics to people’s lives and well-being. We have
written and revised this textbook to address these deficiencies and to provide a good
guide to statistical methods.
This textbook also differs from some of the other texts in that it uses real data for
most of the exercises and examples. For example, instead of using data resulting from
tossing dice or dealing cards, real data on the relation between prenatal care and birth
weight are used in the definition of probability and in the demonstration of the rules of