臺北市薇閣高級中學

國際班數學講義

＋ － × ÷
單元:向量與幾何

班級 座號 姓名

1
 Vectors and Geometry

A vector is a quantity or phenomenon that has two independent properties:

magnitude and direction. The term also denotes the mathematical or geometrical
representation of such a quantity. Examples of vectors in nature are velocity,
momentum, force and electromagnetic fields. A quantity or phenomenon that
exhibits magnitude only, with no specific direction, is called a scalar . Examples of
scalars include speed, mass, electrical resistance, and hard-drive storage capacity.

Vectors can be depicted graphically in two or three dimensions. Magnitude is

shown as the length of a line segment. Direction is shown by the orientation of the
line segment, and by an arrow at one end.

3-1 Vectors
Part1. Representations of vectors
1.Definition
A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

2. Geometric representation

A vector from initial point A to terminal point B can be denoted B

by AB and its magnitude can be denoted by AB .

3. Equality

4.Basic operations of vectors

(1)Addition (2)Subtraction

2
Ex: In the figure, O is the center of the regular hexagon ABCDEF.

(1)If OA = a and OB = b , which of the following is/are true?

(A) a = b (B) BC = a (C) DO = a (D) FA = b (E) DC = b

(2) What is the result of OA + OC + OE ?

(3)Scalar multiplication

1
Ex: Given the initial point A , plot the vector a −3 b .
2

b
a

5. Algebraic representation

In the two-dimensional rectangular coordinate system, a vector a whose initial

point is (0, 0) and terminal point is ( x, y ) can be denoted by a = ( x, y) .

Tips: Let a = ( x1 , y1 ) and b = ( x2 , y2 ) .

(1) a + b = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) (2) a − b = ( x1 − x2 , y1 − y2 )

(3) r a = ( rx1 , ry1 ) (4) − a = ( − x1 , − y1 )

3
Ex: Find PQ and PQ with P ( 6, −2 ) and Q ( 3, 2 ) ﹒

Ex1.
In the figure, how many different vectors are possible ?
D

E C

A B

Ex2.
In the figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral. Find the results of the following operations of
vectors.
C
(1) AB + BC (2) AB − AD B

(3) AD + DC + CB + BA (4) AB − DB + DC A D

Ex3.
In the figure, O is the center of the regular hexagon ABCDEF.

If AB = a and BC = b , express each vector in terms of a and b .

E D
(1) FC (2) DA
O
F C
b
(3) BE (4) AE a
A B

4
Ex4.

A ( 3, 2 ) ﹐B (1, −1) and C ( 7, 4 ) are three given points. If PA+ 2 PB − PC = 0 , find the

coordinates of P.

Ex5.

Let a = ( −2,3) ﹐ b = ( −1, −2 ) and c = ( −3, −2 ) .

(1)If O is the initial point, plot each of vectors

− c , 2 b and a + 2 b in the figure.

(2)Find − c and a +2 b .

Ex6.
If ABCD is a parallelogram, where the coordinates of A,B and C are (2,-1), (-3,2) and
(4,4) respectively. Find the coordinates of D.

5
Ex7.

Let a = ( 2,1) , b = ( 3, 4 ) and c = ( −3,1) .

(1) If  a + t b  // c , then t =___(2)Find the minimum value of t a + b for

 
tR.

Ex8.

If a = ( −2,3) ﹐ b = ( −5, 4 ) and c = ( 5,3) , express c in terms of a and b .

Exercise G
H
1.In the figure, ABCDEFGH is a parallelepiped.
C
D
(1)Which vectors are equivalent to AB ? E F

(2) Which vectors are equivalent to AC ? A B

2. In the figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral. C

B
If AB = a , AD = b and CD = c , express each vector c
a

A b D
in terms of a , b and c .

(1) AC (2) BD (3) CB

6
3. In the figure, O is the center of the regular hexagon ABCDEF
with each side of length 1. Find each value.

(1) AB + BC + CD (2) AB − BC + CD

4.Let P (1, 4 ) and PQ = ( −4,3) . Find (1) PQ (2) Coordinates of Q

5. If ABCD is a parallelogram, where the coordinates of A,B ,C and D are (7,3), (5,-1)
(x,1) and (3,y) respectively. Find the values of x and y.

6. Let a = (1, −2 ) ﹐ b = ( 3,1) and c = ( 4,6 ) . If c = x a + y b , then ( x, y ) =?

7.let a = ( 2,6 ) and b = (1,1) . When t = ___, a + t b has its minimum value

=___.

8. Let AB = ( 3, −4 ) and AC = ( −5, −12 ) . Find the perimeter of △ ABC .

1. (1) EF ﹐ HG ﹐ DC (2) EG 2. (1) b− c (2) − a+ b (3) a− b+ c

3. (1)2 (2)0 4.(1)5 (2) ( −3,7 ) 5. x =1﹐ y = 5 6. (-2,2) 7. t = −4, min = 2 2

8. 18 + 8 2

7
Part2. Applications of vectors
1.Section formula

O
In △ OAB , if P lies on AB and AP : PB = m : n ,
n m
then OP = OA + OB .
m+n m+n
A P B

Moreover,

if three points A, B, C are collinear and express OC = xOA + yOB , then x + y = 1 .

2. Parametric equation of line

A line L through point A( x0 + y0 ) parallel to vector u = (a, b) is given by

( x, y ) = ( x0 + y0 ) + t (a, b) , where t is any real number.

Ex: A line L through point A ( −2,3) parallel to vector u = (7,8)

is given by

Ex: A line has parametric equations x = 2 + 3t and y = 3 − t , find the xy equation

and the x-intercept.

8
Ex1.

In △ OAB , if P is a point on AB such that BP： AP = 5：3 .

If OP = xOA + y OB , then x=_____ , y=_______.

Ex2.
In △ OAB , C is a midpoint on OB and AD：DC = 2：3 .

If OD = xOA + y OB , then x=_____ , y=_______.

Ex3.
A
In △ ABC , D is the midpoint of AC and AE : EB = 2 :1 .
D
E
If AP = x AB + y AC , find (1) ( x, y ) (2) BP : PD P
B C

9
Ex.4
The figure shows parallelogram ABCD, where AE = 3ED and AF = 2 FB .

BE and DF intersect at P . If AP = x AB + y AD , then x=_____ , y=_______.

A E D

F P
B C

Ex5. Given the points A (1, 2 ) and B ( 3, −1) , write the parametric equation of AB .

Ex6. Let L : 2 x − 3 y = 6 .
(1) Write the parametric equation of L
(2) Given the points A ( 0,0 ) and B ( 4, 2 ) , find the coordinates of P on L
such that AP = BP .

Ex7. Which of the following represents the parametric equation of AB with

A ( −3, 4 ) and B ( 6, −2 ) .
 x = −3 + 3t  x = 3 − 3t  x = 3t
(1)  ﹐0  t  3 (2)  ﹐t  R (3)  ﹐t  R
 y = 4 − 2t  y = 2t  y = 2 − 2t

 x = −3 − 3t  x = 3 + 3t
(4)  ﹐t R (5)  ﹐t R
 y = 2 + 2t  y = −4 − 2t

10
Exercise
1.The figure shows △ OAB , where C is a midpoint on OB and BP = 2 AP .

(1)If OP = xOA + y OB ﹐find the values of x and y﹒

(2)If CP = r OA + s OB ﹐find the values of r and s﹒

2. The figure shows parallelogram ABCD, where

E is a midpoint on AB and CF : FD = 3:1 . D F C
CE and BF intersect at P .
P
If AP = x AB + y AD , then x=_____ , y=_______. A E B

3. The figure shows △ OAB , where AP ： PB = 2 ：3 and OC ： CB = 1 ：2﹒

If CP = r OA + s OB , then r =____,s =_____﹒

 x = 3 + at
4. Let L :  t  R . If A (1, 7 ) is a point on L , then a =____
 y = 5 − 2t

 x = −1 − 2t
5. Let L1 : x + y − 5 = 0 and L2 :  t  R . If P is the intersection of L1
y = 2 + t
and L2 , find the coordinates of P .

11
6. In △ ABC , D is the midpoint of AB and AE : EC = 1: 2 .
C
(1) If AP = x AB + y AC ﹐find the value of x and y

(2) Find BP : PE =? CP : PD =? F P E

(3) If AF =  AB +  AC , find the value of  and  B D A

(4) Find BF : FC

2 1 2 1 7 2 3 1
1.(1) x = ﹐ y = ;(2) r = ﹐s = − 2. x = ﹐ y = 3. r = ﹐s = 4. 2 5. (7,-2)
3 3 3 6 10 5 5 15
2 1 2 1
6. (1) x = ﹐ y = (2)3:2 and 4:1 (3)  = ﹐  = (4)1:2 ﹒
5 5 3 3

Review 3-1
1. In the figure at right, O is the center of the regular hexagon ABCDEF.

Let OA = a and OB = b . Which of the following is true?

(I) a = b (II) BC = − a (III) AB = a − b (IV) EA = a + b

(A) I only (B) II、IV only (C)II、III only (D)II、IV only .

2.The figure shows equilateral triangle ABC and D, E, F are

midpoints of AB , BC , CA . If AD = a , AF = b ,

and CE = c , express the following in terms of a , b , c .

(1) DB = _____ (2) DE = _____ (3) FD = _____

3. The right figure shows AB , CD , a and b . If AB + CD = x a + y b ，then

(x,y)=______

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4. The right figure shows ⊿ OAB , where AP = 2 BP and OC = 2CA ﹒

If CP = r OA + s OB , then (r,s)=________﹒ O

A P B
5. Let A ( −3, 2 ) , B (1, −1) , C ( 7, −3) be three points on xy- plane.

If PA + 2 PB + PC = 0 , what is the coordinates of P?

6. In the regular hexagon ABCDEF, let AB = a and BC = b .

Express each vector in terms of a and b .

(1) AC = ____________ (2) AD = ____________ (3) CD = ____________

(4) BE = ____________ (5) EF = ____________ (6) CE = ____________

7. The figure shows △ ABC , where AP ： PB = 7：2.

If OP =  OA+  OB ﹐then( , ) = ____________

8. The figure shows △ ABC , where CD = 2 BD and G is the midpoint of AC .

If GD = r AB + s AC , then r + s = ____________ .

9. If ABCD is a parallelogram, where the coordinates of A,B ,C and D are (1,8), (2,7)
(x,4) and (3,y) respectively. Find the values of x and y. x=_____,y=_______ .

13
10. Let a = (3,1) and b = (−7, −9) .

(1)When t = _______ , (2) | t a + b | has its minimum value=____________.

11.The figure shows parallelogram ABCD , where E is the midpoint of CD and

BF ： FC = 1 ：3. If AP = x AB + y AD , then ( x, y ) = .

12. Let a = ( 2, −3) and b = ( −1, 2 ) . If 5 u − 3 v = −2 a and 2 u − v = b ,

find u + v = ?

13. Let AB = ( 6,1) , BC = ( 2, −1) , and CD = ( a, b ) . If AD // BC , find a + 2b = ?

 x = 1 + 2t ,
14. L :  （ t  R ）, which of the following is/ are true?
 y = 4 − 3t ,
(1) vector ( 2, −3) is a direction vector of L (2) L pass through ( 7, −5)
3
(3) is the slope of L (4) 3x + 2 y − 11 = 0 is the equation of L
2
 x = 3 + 2t ,
(5)If L :  （ t  R ）, L ' and L are coincident.
 y = 1 − 3t ,

7 1 2 3 3
1. B 2. (1) a (2) b (3) c 3. (−2, ) 4. (− , ) 5.  ,−  6.(1) a + b ;
2 3 3 2 4

2 7 1
(2)2 b ;(3) b − a ;(4) 2 b − 2 a ;(5) − b ;(6) b − 2 a 7. ( − , ) 8. 9. (4,5)
5 5 2
4 8
10. (1)3;(2) 2 10 11. ( , ) 12. ( 4, −2 ) 13. -8 14. 1245
11 11

14
 3-2 Inner Product of Vectors
Part1. Introduction of inner product
1. Angle between two vectors

When two vectors a and b start at the same point, the angle  between a

and b is defined by the smaller angle , in other words, 0    180 .

2. Geometric representation of inner product

The inner produce of two vectors a and b is defined as

a  b = a  b  cos  , where  is the angle between a and b .

Ex: If the angle  between a and b is 135 with a = 2 and b = 3,

then a  b =_______

3.Inner product in the rectangular coordinate

If a = ( x1 , y1 ) and b = ( x2 , y2 ) , we have a  b = x1 x2 + y1 y2 .

Ex: Given that a = ( 6,8 ) and b = ( 7,1) ,

find (1) a  b ﹒ (2) the angle  between a and b

15
4.Properties of inner product
2

 a a = a  a b = b a

  r a   b = r  a  b   a   b + c  = a  b + a  c
     

Ex1.
Given the equilateral △ABC with each side of length 4, compute
(1) AB  AC (2) AB  BC (3) AB  AB

Ex2.
In △ ABC , AB = 6 ﹐ BC = 7 and AC = 5 . Compute (1) AB  AC (2) AB  BC

Ex3.
The figure shows △ ABC , where AD ⊥ BC , B = 40 and C = 30 .
Which of the following is/are negative? B
D
(1) AB  AC (2) AB  BC (3) BC  AD

(4) AC  BC (5) AB  BA A C

16
Ex4.

In △ ABC , A ( 4, −1) ﹐ B ( 0, −3) and C ( 7, −2 ) . Find (1) AB  AC (2) BAC .

Ex5.

Let a = 2 ﹐ b = 3 ﹐and a  b = −5 . If 2 a + b ⊥ a + k b , then k =____ .

Ex6.
Given that a = (1 + 3t , 4 − t ) and b = ( 5, −2 ) , find the value of t when

(1) a ⊥ b (2) a // b

Exercise.
1. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with side length of 2.
Find each value of inner product﹕

(1) AB  AC (2) AB  AD (3) AB  AE (4) AB  AF

2. In △ ABC , AB = 2 , BC = 3 and AC = 4 . Compute (1) CA  CB (2) CA  AB

17
3. If the angle  between a and b is 60

(
with a = 1, − 3 ) and b = ( −1, y ) , then y =_____.

4. Let a = ( 2,1) and b = ( 3, 4 ) . If b ⊥  a − t b  ﹐then t = ﹖

 

   2 
5. let a = 1 and b = 2 . If  a + b  ⊥  a − b  , find
   5 

(1) a  b (2) the angle  between a and b

6. If each small square has side length of 1, find

the value of a  b and a  c .

21 11 2
1.(1)6 (2)4 (3)0 (4) -2 2.(1) (2) − 3. − 3 4. 5. (1)1 (2) 60
2 2 5

6. a  b = 8 , a  c = −4

18
Part2. Applications of inner product
1. Length of vector

Ex: If a = 3 ﹐ b = 4 and the angle between a and b is 120 ﹐，find

a + 2 b =?

2. Projection

Projection of a on b =

Ex: Let a = ( −2,5) and b = (1, −4 ) .

Find (1)the projection of a on b =? (2)the projection of b on a =?

3.Cauchy-Schwarz inequality

For all vectors a and b , it is true that

(1) (2)

a b  a b (x1
2
+ y1
2
)( x
2
2
+ y2
2
)  (x x
1 2 + y1 y2 )
2

Ex: If x 2 + y 2 = 18 , find the range of x+y.

19
Ex1.

Let a = 1 ﹐ b = 2 and a + 2 b = 17 . Find

(1) the angle between a and b (2) 3 a − b

Ex2.
If a =2, b = 3, c = 4 and a + b + c = 0 , then

(1) a  b =? ﹒ (2) a + 2 b + 3 c =?

Ex3.
Given three points A ( 2, −1) ﹐ B ( 9,3) and C ( 3,1) ,

(1)find the projection of AB on AC .

(2) If D is the foot of perpendicular from B to AC , find the coordinates of D.

Ex3.
Given that 2 x + y = 12 , find the minimum value of 4x 2 + y 2 . Moreover, ( x, y ) =____.

20
Ex4.
Given that x 2 + y 2 = 20 , find the maximum value of x + 2 y − 3 . Moreover,
( x, y ) =____.

Ex5. In △ABC, BC = 2 7 , CA = 4 and AB = 6 .

(1)If H is the orthocenter and AH = x AB + y AC , then ( x, y ) =?

(2) If O is the circumcenter and AO = x AB + y AC , then ( x, y ) =?

Exercise.

1. let a = 1 ﹐ b = 1 . If the angle between a and b is 60 , find

(1) b −2 a (2)the angle between a + b and b − 2 a ﹒

21
2. Given three points P (8 , 9), Q ( − 2 , 4) and R (1 , 8),

(1)find the projection of QP on QR .

(2) If S is the foot of perpendicular from P to QR , find the coordinates of S.

3. Given that 2 x + 3 y = 13 , find the minimum value of x 2 + y 2 . Moreover,

( x, y ) =____.

( a − 1) + ( b + 2 ) = 20 ﹐find the minimum of a − 2b + 1 . Moreover ,

2 2
4. Given that

(a, b) =______ .

5. If a + b + c = 0 , a =2, b = 3 and c = 5 , find each value.

(1) b  c (2) a + 2 b + 3 c

2 2

6. If a = 2 and b =1, then a+ b + a− b =?

7.In △ABC, AB = 2 , BC = 5 , AC = 7 , O is the circumcenter and H is the

orthocenter.

(1) AO AB + AH  AC = _______ (2)If AH =  AB +  AC , then (  ,  ) = _____

1(1) 3 (2) 120 2. (1) (6,8) (2) (4,12) 3. Min=13, (x,y)=(2,3)

12 3
4. Min=-4, a = −1 ﹐ b = 2 5. (1)-15 (2)7 6. 10 7. (1)5;(2) ( , )
19 19

22
Review 3-2

1. In ⊿ ABC , AB = 4 ﹐ BC = 5 and AC = 2 . Compute

(1) AB  AC =______ (2) AB  BC = . (3) AB  BA =______ .

2. Given that x 2 + 4 y 2 = 10 , find

(1)the maximum value of 3x − 2 y + 1 . Max=_____ (2)Moreover, ( x, y ) =____.

3. A( 4,0), B( 1,-2) and C(7,3) are three points in the rectangular coordinates. If ABCD
is a parallelogram, find
(1)the coordinates of D= . (2) AC  BD =________

(3) Projection of AB on AC =

4. If the angle  between a and b is 120 with a = 1 and b = 4 , the

(1) ( a − b )  (2 a − b ) = . (2) If b ⊥  t a − b  ﹐then t = ______

 

5. a = (2,6) and b = (1,1) .

(1)Find the minimum value of | a + t b | = (2) if ( a + m b ) ⊥ a , m =____

23
6. A( − 2,2), B( − 1,4) and C(7,5) are three points in the rectangular coordinate.

(1) AB  AC = . (2) Projection of AB on AC =

(3)If ABCD is a parallelogram, find the coordinates of D=

7. In △ ABC , AB = 8 , BC = 9 and AC = 11 . Compute AB  BC = .

8. (1)Given that 2 x − 3 y = 13 , find the minimum value of x 2 + y 2 . Min= .

(2)Moreover, ( x, y ) =____ .

9.(1) Given that a 2 + 4b2 = 8 ﹐find the minimum of a − 2b + 1 . Min= .

(2)Moreover , (a, b) =______ .

10. Let | a | = 2 and | b | = 3 . If the angle between a and b is 60, find each

value. (1) ( a + b )  ( a − b ) =_______ (2) | 3 a − 2 b | =__________

11. Let a = (1, −2) and b = (−4,3) .Find

(1)the projection of a on b =______(2)the projection of b on a =_______

24
12. A (0 , 2), B (2 , 3) and C (1 , 5) are three points in the rectangular coordinate.

If D is the foot of perpendicular from B to AC , find the coordinates of D=______ .

13. Given that x2 + y2 = 9, find the range of 3x − 4y . _______________________

14. Let a = (3,1) and b = (1, 2) ﹒ If ( a + t b ) ⊥ b , then t=______.

15. Let a = 5, b = 2 , and a  b = −6 . If  is the angle between a and

b , find each of the following﹕(1) cos (2)  a + b    a − b  (3) 2 a − 3 b

   

16. Let OA = ( 3,1) and OB = ( −1, 2 ) . If OC ⊥ OB and BC // OA , find OC =?

5 37 1
1.(1) − (2) − (3) -16 2.(1) 11 (2) (3, − ) 3.(1) (10,5) (2) 51
2 2 2
1 1 3 1
(3) ( , ) 4.(1) 24 (2)-8 5. (1) 3 2 (2) -5 6. (1)15 (2) ( , ) (3) (6, 3)
2 2 2 2
7. -12 8. (1)13 (2) (2,-3) 9. (1) -3 (2) (-2,1) 10. (1) -5 (2) 6
8 6 1 7
11. (1) ( , − ) (2) (-2,4) 12. ( , ) 13. −15  3 x − 4 y  15 14. -1
5 5 2 2
3
15. (1) − (2)21 (3) 4 13 16. (14,7)
5

25
 3-3 Solid Geometry
PART1. Line and Plane
1. Two lines
(1) L1 and L2 intersect (2) L1 = L2 (3) L1 // L2 (4) L1 and L2 are skew lines.

L1
L1
L1
P
L2 L2 L2

B C
Ex: use the diagram at the right.
A D
(1)Which lines are parallel to AE ? (2) Find the skew lines of AE . F
G
E H

2.Planes
Three non-collinear points determine a plane

A E E E E
P L1 L1
B L L2
C L2

Ex: Does a triangle determine a plane?

26
3.Two planes
(1) E1 and E2 intersect (2) E1 // E2 (3) E1 = E2

E2
L

E2 E1
E2
E1 E1

4. Dihedral angle

The measure of a dihedral angle is the measure of the

plane angle formed by two rays each in a different half-plane
of the angle and each perpendicular to the common edge
at the same point of the edge.

5.Line V.S Plane

(1) L // E (2) L and E intersect (3) L lies on E

L E
P E
E L

Ex1.
The figure shows a Regular Octahedron.
Which of the following are skew lines of AD ? E

(1) CD (2) BC (3) CF D

C
(4) FA (5) FB
A
B

27
Ex2.
H G
In the figure, ABCD − EFGH is a cube
Which of the following is/are perpendicular to plane ACGE .
E F
(1) AB (2) BF (3) CG D C
(4) DB (5) EB

A B

Exercise
1. The figure shows a pyramid E-ABCD , where ABCD is a square.
Which of the following are skew lines of AD﹖
(1) AB (2)BC (3)BE (4)CE (5)DE﹒

2. The figure shows a cube ABCD − EFGH. Which of the following are co-planar with AG ﹖
(1) AH (2) BC (3) CE (4) DH (5) EF ﹒

Ans: 1. 34 2. 13

Part2. Solid graph

1. Prism
(1) Polyhedron
A polyhedron is a three-dimensional figure formed by the union of
the surfaces enclosed by plane figures.

28
(2)Prism
A prism is a polyhedron in which two of the faces,
called the bases of the prism, are congruent polygons
in parallel planes.

Lateral sides:

Lateral edges:

Height:

Altitude:

(3) Parallelepiped
A parallelepiped is a prism that has
parallelograms as bases.

Ex: The bases of a right prism are regular hexagons. The length of each side of a
base is 5 centimeters and the height of the prism is 8 centimeters. Describe the
number, shape, and size of the lateral sides.

29
2. Pyramids
(1)Pyramid
A pyramid is a solid figure with a base that is a polygon
and lateral faces that are triangles.

Vertex:

Height:

Altitude:

(2)Regular pyramid
A regular pyramid is a pyramid whose base is
a regular polygon and whose altitude
is perpendicular to the base at its center.

Ex. A regular pyramid has a base that is the hexagon ABCDEF and vertex at V. If the
length of AB is 2.5 centimeters, and the slant height of the pyramid is 6 centimeters,
find the lateral area of the pyramid.

30
3.Surface area and Volume

Solid Volume Surface Area V=volume

Prism V=Bh SA=Ph+2B h=height
Rectangular solid V=lwh SA=2(lw+lh+wh) SA=surface
Cube V=s3 SA=6s2 area
Pyramid 1 1 l=length
V= Bh SA= PL+B
3 2 B=base area
Cylinder V=πr2h SA=2πrh+2πr2 w=width
Cone 1 SA=πrL+πr2 P=base
V= πr2h
3 perimeter
Sphere 4 3 SA=4πr2 r=radius
V= πr L=slant height
3
s=side length
Ex1: Find the lateral area, total surface area, and volume of each solid figure.
(1) The height of a prism with bases that are right triangles is 5 inches. The lengths of
the sides of the bases are 9, 12, and 15 inches.

(2)A pyramid has a square base with an edge that measures 6 inches. The slant
height of a lateral side is 5 inches and the height of the pyramid is 4inches.

(3)The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 7 centimeters and the height of
the cylinder is 9 centimeters.

31
(4) The diameter of the base of a cone is 10 feet, its height is 12 feet, and its slant
height is 13 feet.

Ex2. Find the volume of a sphere whose surface area equals its volume.

Ex3.
The figure shows a regular tetrahedron with each side of length 6.
Find its (1) altitude? (2)volume (3) Dihedral angles? A

B
D H
M
C

Ex4.

The figure shows a tetrahedron ABCD, where AD = 4 ﹐ BC = 6 ﹐and

A
AB = AC = BD = CD = 5 . Find the dihedral angles
B
between two planes ABC and BCD.
D

32
Exercise
1. The bases of a right prism are △ABC and △A’B’C’ with D a point on CB ,
AD ⊥ BC , AB =10 cm, AC= 10 cm, BC =12 cm, AD= 8 cm and BB’= 15 cm.
Find the volume of the prism.

2. A regular pyramid has a base that is the square with each side
of length6 . If the length of the lateral edge is 8 and the dihedral
angle between base and lateral face is  . Find the value
of cos  .

3. A ball is immersed in a cup of water and displaces 288  cubic units of water. Find
the surface area of the ball.

4. A right circular cylinder and a right circular cone have the same radius and volume.
If the cone has a height of 18 inches, find the height of the cylinder.

3. 144  square units

3
1. 720cm3 2. 4. 6 inches
55

Review 3-3

1. The figure shows a rectangular solid﹐which of following are skew lines of AE ﹖

(I)AB (II)DH (III)FG (IV)CD﹒
(A) I、II only (B)III、IV only (C)II、III、IV only (D)III only

2.The figure shows the rectangular prism ABCD − EFGH﹐

which of the following is true?
(I) EF ⊥ ED (II) EF / / CD (III) EC = FD (IV) HD ⊥ CD
(A) I、II、III only (B) II、IV only (C)II、III、IV only (D)All .

33
3. A parallelepiped and a rectangular solid have equal volume and equal height. The
bases of the rectangular solid measure 15 centimeters by 24 centimeters. If the
length of one side of a base of the parallelepiped measures 20 centimeters, what
must be the length of the altitude to that base?

4. A regular pyramid has a square base and four lateral sides that are isosceles
triangles. The length of an edge of the base is 10 centimeters and the height of the
pyramid is 12 centimeters. The length of the altitude to the base of
each lateral side is 13 centimeters.
(1) What is the total surface area of the pyramid?________ cm2
(2) What is the volume of the pyramid?________ cm2

5. A right circular cone has a base with a radius of 10 inches, a

height of 24 inches, and a slant height of 26 inches. Find the
exact values of:
(1) the lateral area=_______ in2
(2) the area of the base=________ in2
(3) the total surface area of the cone=________ in2

6. The figure shows a pyramid E-ABCD , where ABCD is a square.

If 4 triangles ABE, BCE, CDE, DAE are equilateral triangles with
side length of 2 and  is the dihedral angle between triangle
ABE and BCE, find the value of cos  . cos  =__________

Ans: 1. B 2. D 3. 12 4 (1)360 (2) 400 5(1) 260 (2) 100 (3) 360
1
6. −
3

34
 3-4 Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
Part1.Rectangular coordinate system
1. Three-dimensional coordinate system

z
z

O y
O y

x
x

2.P(a,b,c)

Ex: In the figure, the coordinate of P is ( 3,5, 2 ) . z

Find the coordinates of each point A ﹐ B ﹐ C ﹐ Q ﹐ R ﹐ S . C R
P
S
O y
B
A Q
x

3.Distance between two points

Given two points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) in the space,

we have PQ = , and the midpoint of PQ =

Ex1. By the figure at right, find the coordinates

of each point A ﹐ B ﹐ C ﹐ F ﹐ G .

35
Ex2.
Given the point P(2,3,4), find each distance .
(1)P to the origin (2)P to the xy-plane

(3)P to the x-axis (4)P to the z-axis

Ex3.
A ( 4,1, −3) and B ( −2,3,1) are two points in the space.
If P is a point on the y-axis and AP = BP , find the coordinates of P.

z
Exercise H G
Exercise E F
1. By the figure at right, find 3
D
C
(1)the coordinates of H 2
y
A 4 B
(2)the length of AG and BG x

2. A (1, −1, 4 ) and B ( −2,1,3) are two points in the space.

If P is a point on the x-axis and AP = BP , find the coordinates of P.

2 
1.(1) ( −2, −4,3) (2) AG = 29 ﹐ BG = 13 2.  ,0,0 
3 

36
Part2. Vectors in the three-dimensional coordinate

1. a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 )

2. PQ

Given two points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , we have

(1) PQ = ( x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 ) ﹒ (2) PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2

3.Operation of vectors

Given two vectors a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) ﹐ b = ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , we have

(1) a + b =

(2) a − b =

(3) r a =

(4) a  b =

4.Area of triangle

Ex:
Given three points A ( 3,1) ﹐ B ( 2,3) ﹐ C ( −2, −1) in the two-dimensional coordinate,
the area of △ ABC =_______

37
Ex1.
A ( −3, 2,1) ﹐ B ( 5,1, −6 ) and C ( 2, −3,1) are three points in the space.

(1) If AB = CD ﹐ find the coordinates of D

(2)If ABCD is a parallelogram﹐find the coordinate of D and the area of ABCD .

Ex2.
A(−3, 2, −1) , B (0, −1, −4) and C (2, −3, −6) are three points in the space.
Are they collinear?

Ex3.
A( − 1,2,1)﹐B(0,3,1)﹐C(3,1,0) are three points in the space. Find
(1)BAC (2)area of △ABC (3)the distance from point C to AB

Ex4.
the figure shows a cube with side length of 6. Given that B and D are midpoints of

the edges, and EA : AF = 2 :1 , find cos ( DAB ) .

Exercise
1. If ABCD is a parallelogram, where the coordinates of A,B and C are (1,-7,3),
(-3,-18,-4) and (1,-7,-9) respectively. Find the coordinates of D.

38
2. Given the three vectors a = (1, −1,3) ﹐ b = ( 4, −1,7 ) ﹐ c = ( −1,3, −6 ) ﹐

Find (1) 2 a − 5 b + 3 c ﹒ (2) 3 a − b − 2 c

3. A (1, 2, −1) and B ( 4,3,8 ) are two points in the space.

P is a point on AB ﹐and 2 AP = 3PB . find the coordinates of P = .

4. A( − 1, − 1, − 2)﹐B(0,1,1)﹐C(2,1, − 1) are three points in the space. Find

(1)the area of△ABC (2) the distance from point A to BC

5. The figure shows a cube with side length of 1. Let HBG =  , find cos  .

 14 13 22 
1. ( 5,4, −2 ) 2. (1) ( −21,12, −47 ) (2) 3 29 3.  , ,  or (10,5,26 )
5 5 5 

Review3-4
1. The figure 1 shows a rectangular prism ABCD − EFGH ﹒ Fig1
Which of the following are skew lines of EF ﹖
(A)AB (B)BF (C)CG (D)DB (E)EB﹒

2. In the figure 1, which of the following is equivalent to AB ﹖

(A) CD (B) EF (C) EH + DB (D) EC − FC (E) BG + HB

39
3. A(3,7,8) and B(5,3,14) are two points in the space. Which of the following is the
point of AB ?(A)(2,9,5) (B)(6,5,5) (C)(0,13,-1) (D)(6,5,7) (E)(33,-53,98)

4. A( 1,2,3) , B( 2,4,6) and C(0,0,4) are three points in the space. If ABCD is a
parallelogram, find
(1)the coordinates of D=
(2)the area of the parallelogram ABCD=

5.The figure shows the rectangular prism ABCD − EFGH﹐

where AB = 1 ﹐ AE = 2 ﹐ AD = 3 ﹐ PA = 2 and FQ = 1 ﹐

Find (1) PQ =? (2) AG  CE =?

6.The figure shows rectangular prism ABCD − EFGH , where AB = 3 , AD = 2 , AE = 1 .

Which of the following is/ are positive? H G

(1) AH  DH (2) AC  GE (3) AC  EC E D F

C
(4) AF  HB (5) EH  CG ﹒
A B

7. Let a = ( 2,1,1) and b = ( x, 2, −4 ) . If the measure of angle between a and

b is 120 , then x =?

Ans: 1. CD 2. BCDE 3. ACE 4.(1) (-1,-2,1) (2) 4 5 5.(1) 6 (2) -6

6. 134 7. -2

40
Extra Distance between a point and a plane
The distance between a point and a line is the length of the perpendicular from that
point to the line. Let us suppose that a line is represented by the equation

L: ax + by + c = 0 and there be a point P( x0 , y0 ) .

ax0 + by0 + c
Then, d ( P, L) = .
a 2 + b2

Ex1. Find the distance.

(1)the origin to the line 3 x + 4 y = 12 ? (2) a point (3,-1) to a line 5 x − 12 y − 1 = 0

Ex2. What is the distance between two parallel lines 4 x + 3 y = 10 and 8 x + 6 y = 2 ?

Ex3. Find the equation of bisector of two lines

L1 : 2 x + 3 y + 3 = 0 and L2 : 3 x + 2 y − 1 = 0 .

Exercise
1. What is the distance from a line 12 x − 5 y = 0 to a point (2,-3)?

2. What is the distance between two parallel lines 2 x + y = 4 and 4 x + 2 y = −2

3. Find the equation of bisector of two lines 7x − 4y + 3 = 0 and x − 8y + 9 = 0

1. 3 2. 5 3. 3x+2y-3=0 , 2x-3y+3=0

41
Chapter review
1. A( 1,2,3) , B( 2,4,6) and C(-2,-1,-3) are three points in the space.
If ABCD is a parallelogram, find
(1)the coordinates of D= . (2)the area of the parallelogram ABCD=

2. Let a =1, b = 1 and a +2 b =2 . If the angle between a and b is  ,

find(1)cos  = . (2) 2 a − b = .

3.Let AB = 2 a − b , BC = a + b − 2 c , CD = − a + 2 b − c

and DA = x a + y b − z c . Find ( x, y, z ) =_______ .

4. (1) Given that a 2 + 4b2 = 8 ﹐find the minimum of a − 2b − 3 . Min= .

(2)Moreover , (a, b) =______ .

5. A(1,1), B(2,3) and C(4,2) are three points in the rectangular coordinates.

Projection of AC on AB = .

6. Let a = ( 3, 4 ) and b = ( 2,1) .Find the minimum value of a +t b for t  R .

Min=_____ .

7. A cone and a cylinder have equal volumes and equal heights. If the radius of the
base of the cone is 3 , then the area of the base of the cylinder= .

8. The figure shows the parallelogram ABCD , where D C

P
AE : EB = 3 : 2 and AF : FD = 2 :1 . F
If AP = x AB + y AD , then (x, y)=_____﹒
A E B

9. In △ABC﹐ AB = 4 ﹐ BC = 5 and CA = 6 . Find each value﹕

(1) AB  AC =_____ (2) AB  BC =_______

42
10.Let a = 1 ﹐ b = 1 and a +2 b =2 . If the angle between a and b is  ,

find (1)cos  = . (2) 2 a − b = .

1
11.(1) Given that a 2 + b 2 = 20 ﹐find the maximum of a − b + 1 . Max=
4
(2)Moreover , (a, b) =_____

12. If the angle  between a and b is 120 with a = 2 and b = 3,

then ( a − 2 b )  (2 a − b ) = .

13. Let a = (3,1) and b = (1, 2) ﹒

(1)If ( a + t b ) ⊥ b , then t =______.

(2) Find the minimum of a + k b =__________

14. Two prisms with square bases have equal volumes. The height of one prism is twice the
height of the other. If the measure of area of the base of the prism with the shorter height is 14
cm2, find the area of the base of the other prism.
Area=_______ cm2

43
15.
The figure shows △ OAB , where AP = 2 BP O

and OC = 2CA ﹒
C
If CP = r OA + s OB , then ( r ﹐ s )=_____ .
A P B

16. The figure shows a cube with center O and two vertices A and B. B
Find the value of cos AOB =__________ O

E H
17. The figure shows rectangular solid ABCD − EFGH , where G
F
AB = 2 , AD = 6 , and AE = 4 . If M and N are midpoints of N M
A D
DH and FG respectively. Find the value of AN  BM =_____ B C

18. If the volume of a regular tetrahedron with each side of length 3 is m 2 ,

then m = .

19. Find the distance between (1,3) and 5x-12y+5=0.

20. Find the equation of bisector of two lines L1 : 2 x − 3 y + 3 = 0 and

L2 : 3 x + 2 y − 1 = 0 .

1
1.(1) (-3,-3,-6) (2) 3 3 2. (1) − (2) 6 3. (-2,-2,-3) 4(1)- 7 (2) (-2,1)
4
1 13 21 5 1
5.(1,2) 6. 5 7. 3 8. ( , ) 9.(1) (2) − 10(1) − (2) 6
6 18 2 2 4
1 2 1
11. (1)11 (2) (2,-8) 12. 41 13. (1) -1 (2) 5 14. 7 15. (− , ) 16. −
3 3 3
9
17.22 18. 19. 2 20. x + 5 y − 4 = 0 and 5 x − y + 2 = 0
4

44