Physics 1004

Section B
Winter 2018

Dr. Ken Moats

Lecture 24

Course Review, Part 1

1
 PHYS 1004 Final Exam

• April 17, 2018, 7:00-10:00 pm

• Field House, Rows 48-64 for Section B

• Format of the Exam:

– 20 Multiple Choice Questions worth 50% of the exam mark
– Long Answer Problems worth 50% of the exam mark
• Given 5 problems, but you must choose 3 of them to solve
– Formula Sheet Provided

• What to Bring: Recommended problems

– Pencils for Scantron Sheet for Chapter 31, 32, 33
– Non-Programmable Calculator posted on cuLearn
– Student ID Card 2
 Section A: 20 Multiple Choice

• You must complete the scantron sheet in pencil (HB).

• You do not get time after time is called for the exam to
complete the scantron sheet. When time is called, you
must stop writing.

• Allocate 75 minutes to do these questions

• Never leave a multiple choice answer blank

• Always make a guess at the answer.
Preferably an informed guess, but a random one in an
emergency. There is no penalty for a wrong answer

3
 Section B: Long Answer Questions

Given 5 problems, choose 3 to solve

• You have to indicate the three answers you wish to be

marked on the front page of the exam

• We will only marked the three checked

• We will NOT mark the best three out of all those completed

• If you forget to check the boxes on the front, we will mark

the first three questions with answers which we encounter
4
 Einstein Albert 299792458

Do not write in
Check the long these boxes.
answer questions We put the
that you want to be marks here.
marked 5
 Section B: Long Answer Questions

• Answer the questions which you find easiest, first.

– Do not just proceed linearly through the exam. Start
with the easier ones, and leave the most difficult until
the end.

• Spend no more than 25 minutes on a question, then

move on

• Do not try to do 2 of the section B questions “perfectly”

and only make a poor attempt on the third one.
– This tactic rarely gives a good mark.
– Normally it is relatively simple to pick up a few marks
on every question 6
 Section B: Long Answer Questions

• Show ALL work

• Draw lots of diagrams

• Always check your work

• Final answer should have the correct number of

significant figures, if data has been supplied
• If an answer needs units, you must put them in

Vast numbers of marks are lost because of these two reasons

• If you make a mistake, lightly cross it out, and

carry on. DO NOT waste time erasing.
7
• Manipulate equations with algebra BEFORE substituting
numbers in (unless a quantity is zero or cancels, which
would simplify the algebra)
– It is easy for the marker to award marks for partially
correct algebra

• You are communicating your knowledge to the markers.

Try to do so in a logical format, and reasonably legibly.
– If we can’t read it, you won’t get many marks!

8
 Formula Sheet

• The formula sheet which will be in the exam is the one

you have used for the in-class tests. In addition, there
will be a list of common derivatives of functions

• Make sure you are familiar with the formula sheet.

– To use it effectively, you must be able to look at an
equation and know what each variable means, and
when you are allowed to use that equation.

9
• The Drop-In Centre is a great resource for
help with problems while studying

• If you need more help, email me to set up

an appointment:
[email protected]
10
 PHYS 1004B – Lecture 24 – Apr. 5, 2018

• Course Review, Part 1

– Ch. 21: Coulomb’s Law

– Ch. 22: Electric Fields
– Ch. 23: Gauss’ Law
– Ch. 24: Electric Potential

11
 Coulomb’s Law

• The electrostatic force 𝐹⃗ exerted on point charge q1

by point charge q2 is given by

q1
𝐹⃗
1 𝑞7 𝑞8
𝐹⃗ = 8
𝑟̂ q2 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟 𝑟

By convention, the 𝑟̂
unit vector points away
C2 from the point charge
𝜀) = 8.85 × 10678
N 1 m2

1 N 1 m 2
Formula sheet uses
𝑘= = 8.99 × 109
4𝜋𝜀) C2 Coulomb constant k
12
• The force 𝐹⃗ is a vector, directed
along the line between the two
point charges

1 𝑞7 𝑞8
𝐹⃗ = 8
𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟

• Force is attractive if signs on the

two charges are different

• Force is repulsive, if the two

charges have the same sign.

13
 Multiple Charge System

• If the system has several point charges, then each charge

exerts a force on all the others

• The net force is the vector sum of pairwise interactions

• i.e. The net force on charge 1 due to charges 2, 3, 4,… is

𝐹⃗7,=>? = 𝐹⃗78 + 𝐹⃗7A + 𝐹⃗7B + ⋯

14
• Force is a vector quantity, so for a two dimensional
problem, you must split the force vectors into
components along your principal axes.

Find the net force

exerted on the
charge at the origin

Approach the question

systematically. Draw a
free body diagram of
the forces. Show all
work! 15
• Force along the positive x-axis

1 𝑞7 𝑞8
𝐹⃗ = 8
𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟

𝑄×𝑄
𝐹⃗7 = G𝐢
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 8

𝑄8
𝐹⃗7 = G𝐢
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8
𝐹⃗7

16
• Find the force along the negative y-axis

1 𝑞7 𝑞8
𝐹⃗ = 8
𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟

𝑄×𝑄
𝐹⃗8 = (− G𝐣 )
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8

𝐹⃗8 𝑄8
𝐹⃗8 = − G𝐣
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8

17
• Find the force along the diagonal

𝐹A cos 45°

45o

𝐹⃗A 𝐹A sin 45° 𝐹⃗A

𝐹⃗A = 𝐹A cos 45° − G𝐢 + 𝐹A sin 45° (− G𝐣 )

1 1
𝐹⃗A = −𝐹A G𝐢 − 𝐹A G𝐣
2 2 18
 • Find the force along the diagonal

The distance along the diagonal is found

using Pythagoras 𝑟 8 = 𝑎8 + 𝑎8 = 2𝑎8
(please show this work in your solutions)

𝑄8 𝑄8 𝐹A cos 45°
𝐹A = =
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟 8 4𝜋𝜀) 2𝑎8
45o
𝑄8
𝐹A =
8𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 𝐹A sin 45° 𝐹⃗A
1 1
𝐹⃗A = −𝐹A G𝐢 − 𝐹A G𝐣
2 2
𝑄8 1 𝑄8 1
𝐹⃗A = − G𝐢 − G𝐣 19
8𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 2 8𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 2
• The net force acting on the charge at the origin is then

𝐹⃗=>? = 𝐹⃗7 + 𝐹⃗8 + 𝐹⃗A

𝑄8 𝑄8 𝑄8 1 𝑄8 1
𝐹⃗=>? = G
𝐢 − G
𝐣 − G
𝐢 − G𝐣
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 8𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 2 8𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 2

𝑄8 1 1
𝐹⃗=>? = 1− G𝐢 − 1 + G𝐣
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 2 2 2 2

20
 𝑄8 1 1
𝐹⃗=>? = 1− G𝐢 − 1 + G𝐣
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 2 2 2 2

• Draw a diagram!
𝑄8 1
8
1−
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 2 2

𝜃
𝑄8 1
− 8
1+
𝐹=>? 4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 2 2

21
 𝑄8 1
8
1−
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 2 2
𝜃
𝑄8 1
− 8
1+
• Pythagoras for the 𝐹=>? 4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 2 2
magnitude of the net force

8 8
𝑄8 1 1
𝐹=>? = 1− + 1+
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8 2 2 2 2

𝑄8 8 8
𝐹=>? = 0.646 + 1.35
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8

𝑄8 Plug in values at the very

𝐹=>? = 8
× 1.5 22
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 end if you’re given them.
• Use tangent for the angle 𝑄8 1
8
1−
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 2 2

𝜃
𝑄8 1
− 8
1+
1 𝐹=>? 4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 2 2
1+
𝑜𝑝𝑝 2 2
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 1
1−
2 2
𝜃 = 64.5°

Technically, as the angle is defined as CW with respect to

the positive axis, you could write this as -64.5o.
Drawing the vector triangle diagram shows exactly what the
angle signifies and prevents any misunderstandings.
23
 The Electric Field

• If a charge is in an electric field (generated by other

charges), then it experiences a force

𝐹⃗\ = 𝑞𝐸
– A positive charge experiences a force in the same
direction as the field.
– A negative charge experiences a force in the opposite
direction to the field
– A charge does NOT experience a force due to its own
electric field
E
+ 𝐹\
𝐹\ -
24
 Electric Field Due to a Point Charge

• A point charge q generates an electric field around it.

At a distance r, this is given by

1 𝑞
𝐸= 8
𝒓_
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟

Directed radially

By convention, the 𝒓_
unit vector points away
from the point charge
25
 Calculation of Electric Fields Due to
Collections of Point Charges

• The electric fields generated by each charge must be

added (using vector addition).

Enet
E1 E2

26
• What is the electric field at the centre of the square of
charges?

Draw a diagram

If electric fields are

equal and opposite,
clearly state this
“By symmetry,
these fields cancel”

In this example, the charges on the leading diagonal

cancel, and we have two electric fields in the same
direction from the other two
27
 Distance to centre of
square from the corners, r

8
𝑎 8 𝑎 8
𝑟 = +
2 2
8
𝑎
𝑟8 =
2

𝑄
Magnitude 𝐸=>? =2×
of field 4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟 8
2𝑄 𝑄
𝐸=>? =2× 8
=
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎 𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8
28
 𝑄
𝐸=>? =
𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8

If the question requires you

to express it in vector
notation

45o

Components in the + G𝐢 and − G𝐣 directions

` `
𝐸=>? = e cos 45° G𝐢 − e sin 45° G𝐣
abc d abc d

` `
𝐸=>? = G𝐢 − G𝐣
8abc de 8abc de 29
• If the charge is spread out over a surface, or in a volume,
then you will need to integrate or use Gauss’ Law

`ghgij
• Linear Charge Density 𝜆=
k>=l?m

`ghgij
• Surface Charge Density 𝜎=
op>d

`ghgij
• Volume Charge Density 𝜌=
rstuv>

30
• Suppose we have an infinite line of charge, linear charge
density λ. Find the electric field at a distance r.
By symmetry, the components parallel to
the charge will cancel, but the
dx dq perpendicular components will add up
𝑑𝐸=>? = 𝑑𝐸y = 𝑑𝐸 cos 𝜃
a
x

θ
• 𝑑𝐸y = 𝑑𝐸 cos 𝜃
r θ
P
𝑑𝐸

31
• Small charge dq, at height x along the line, produces an
electric field dE

𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 =
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑎8

dx dq
𝜆𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐸 = a
4𝜋𝜀) (𝑥 8 +𝑟 8 ) x
θ
•
𝑟 𝑟 r
cos 𝜃 = = P
𝑎 𝑥8 + 𝑟8

32
 𝑑𝐸=>? = 𝑑𝐸y = 𝑑𝐸 cos 𝜃

{|y p
𝑑𝐸=>? =
Babc (y e }p e ) y e }p e

𝜆𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐸=>? =
4𝜋𝜀) (𝑥 8 + 𝑟 8 )A/8

Integrate along the infinite line

€
𝜆𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝐸=>? =• 8 + 𝑟 8 )A/8
6€ 4𝜋𝜀) (𝑥
€
𝜆𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝐸=>? = 2• 8 + 𝑟 8 )A/8
) 4𝜋𝜀) (𝑥
33
 €
𝜆𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝐸=>? = •
2𝜋𝜀) ) (𝑥 8 + 𝑟 8 )A/8

• Look up the standard integral on the formula sheet

𝜆𝑟 𝑥 €
𝐸=>? =
2𝜋𝜀) 𝑟 8 𝑥 8 + 𝑟 8 )
If you have the
option, this proof
𝜆 ∞ 𝜆 is much simpler
𝐸=>? = −0 = with Gauss’ Law!
2𝜋𝜀) 𝑟 ∞ 2𝜋𝜀) 𝑟
34
 Gauss’s Law

• The total charge inside a closed surface is

proportional to the net flux through the surface

𝑞>=… = 𝜀) Φ

• The flux is defined by the integral

Φ = ƒ 𝐸 1 𝑑𝐴⃗

35
 𝐴⃗
• The area vector is normal to the surface,
points outwards, and its magnitude is
equal to the area of the surface A

• Flux flowing out of the surface 𝑞>=… > 0

counts as positive

• Flux flowing into the surface

counts as negative 𝑞>=… < 0

36
 𝜀) ƒ 𝐸 1 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝜀) Φ\ = 𝑞>=…

• Useful for highly symmetric cases

(spheres, lines of charge, charge enclosed in cubes)

• Try to choose a Gaussian surface where the electric field

must be constant (by symmetry) and the area is known

37
• Spherical symmetry

𝜀) ƒ 𝐸 1 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝑞>=…

𝜀) 𝐸 • 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑞>=…
Gaussian sphere
𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 8
𝜀) 𝐸 4𝜋𝑟 8 = 𝑞>=…

𝑞>=…
Back to the electric field 𝐸=
generated by a point charge 4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟 8 38
• For a line of charge
(which we already know from the long integration method)

Area of Gaussian surface is

Length L
from the sides of the cylinder.
Charge density λ
Neglect the area of the ends
of the cylinder

𝜀) ƒ 𝐸 1 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝑞>=…
𝐸

𝜀) 𝐸 • 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜆𝐿

𝜀) 𝐸 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 = 𝜆𝐿
𝑟 39
 𝜀) 𝐸 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 = 𝜆𝐿

Length L
Charge density λ 𝜀) 𝐸 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜆

𝜆
𝐸=
2𝜋𝜀) 𝑟
𝐸

Electric field at a distance r

from a long straight wire.
Much easier than the
integration method
𝑟 40
Electric Fields Generated by Planes of Charge

• An infinite plane of charge produces a uniform

electric field perpendicular to the plane.

• This electric field does not vary with distance.

• A solid plane of conducting material behaves slightly

differently than a non-conducting material

41
 Electric Fields Generated by Planes of Charge

𝜎
𝐸…s=|u…?sp =
𝜀)

Uniform field. Depends only on the surface charge density 𝜎

𝜎
𝐸=s=6…s=|u…?‰=l =
2𝜀)

42
 Electric Potential Energy

• The change in electric potential energy of a system

with charge is the negative of the work done by the
electric field (internal force) in moving the charge

∆𝑈 = 𝑈Œ − 𝑈‰ = −𝑊

• The electrostatic force is conservative

• The work done moving a charge is independent of
the path taken
43
• We define the potential energy of a system of charged
particles as zero if the particles are infinitely far apart.

𝑈 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑟 → ∞

• Electrical potential energy of a system is not the most

convenient variable to use, since it depends on:
– The magnitude of the charge which is moving
– The electric field it moves in

44
 Electric Potential

• A more convenient way to work with potential energy is

to define the electric potential, as the energy per unit
charge at a location in space

𝑈
𝑉=
𝑞

• SI unit: Volt = Joule/Coulomb

45
 Electrical Potential Difference

• The electrical potential difference between any two

points is then
∆𝑉 = 𝑉Œ − 𝑉‰

∆𝑈
∆𝑉 =
𝑞 This W here is the
work done by the
−𝑊 electric field
∆𝑉 =
𝑞

When we measure anything, we are always

measuring a potential difference, ΔV
46
• If we move a charge q between points which have a
potential difference ΔV, then the change in potential
energy is always

Δ𝑈 = 𝑞Δ𝑉

• For a conservative force, it does not matter what the path

taken is!

Δ𝑈 = 𝑞(V“ − V” )

𝑉‰
𝑉Œ 47
 Potential Due to Charges

• Charges generate a potential around them.

• This is a scalar field, so it has no direction

• It may be positive or negative.

– Positive charges generate a positive potential
– Negative charges generate a negative potential

48
 Potential of a Point Charge

• A point charge generates a potential

around it at distance r

𝑞
𝑉=
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟

• The net potential is the sum of all potentials

𝑉=>? = 𝑉7 + 𝑉8 + 𝑉A + ⋯

49
50
• Calculate the potential at point A. Distances are cm.

Q2 = -2.0 nC at(0,0)

• • • • A = (2.0,0)
B
Q1 = +2.0 nC at(1.0,0)

𝑄7 𝑄8
𝑉=>?,o = 𝑉7 + 𝑉8 = +
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟7 4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟8
(2.0×106• 𝐶) (−2.0×106• 𝐶)
𝑉=>?,o = +
4𝜋𝜀) (1.0×10 𝑚) 4𝜋𝜀) (2.0×1068 𝑚)
68

𝑉=>?,o = +899 𝑉 51
52
• Calculate the work done by an external force to move a
charge of -3.4 mC from A to B

• • A = (2.0,0)
B
𝑉=>?,˜ = −325 𝑉 𝑉=>?,o = +899 𝑉

Δ𝑈 = 𝑞Δ𝑉

Δ𝑈 = 𝑞 𝑉=>?,˜ − 𝑉=>?,o

Δ𝑈 = (−3.4×106A 𝐶) −325 𝑉 − (+899 𝑉)

Δ𝑈 = +4.15 𝐽 53
• The potential energy change is positive
• The system has MORE stored energy once the system
has moved
• That energy must come from an external force doing
work to move the charge
• Work done by applied force
𝑊dšš = Δ𝑈 = +4.15 𝐽

You are moving a negative charge away from a positive

potential (it is attracted to that potential) towards a
negative potential (it is repelled by that potential)

It requires energy to force it to move.

If the change in potential energy were negative, the charge
would move spontaneously 54
 Calculating Potential from the Electric Field

• We can relate the potential difference between two

points to the electric field along any path between them

Charge q moves from i to f in

a non-uniform electric field

Work done by E field:

Œ
𝑊 = • 𝐹⃗ 1 𝑑𝑠⃗
‰
Œ
𝑊 = 𝑞 • 𝐸 1 𝑑𝑠⃗
‰ 55
 Œ
𝑊 = 𝑞 • 𝐸 1 𝑑𝑠⃗
‰

• Evaluate any line integral between initial and final positions

• We evaluate the easiest one!
−𝑊
∆𝑉 =
𝑞
Œ
𝛥𝑉 = − • 𝐸 1 𝑑𝑠⃗
‰
• Differentiate if you know V and want to find the
component of E in a particular direction:

𝜕𝑉 ∆𝑉
𝐸œ = − Uniform field in 1-D: 𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑠 ∆𝑥 56
• If you have a function describing electric field as a
function of position (from Gauss’ Law or integration, you
can integrate it between known limits to find the
corresponding potential difference between the limits.

Suppose our electric field equation for some

charge system is
1 1
𝐸 𝑟 = A
𝒓_
2𝜋𝜀) 𝑟

Integrate over r to find the potential difference

between two points at r = a and r = b:
ž
𝛥𝑉 = 𝑉ž − 𝑉d = − • 𝐸 𝑑𝑟
d 57
 ž
1 1
𝛥𝑉 = 𝑉ž − 𝑉d = − • A
𝑑𝑟
d 2𝜋𝜀) 𝑟

• You need to know the limits you are integrating

between (from r = a to r = b, in this example)

ž
1
𝑉ž − 𝑉d = − • 𝑟 6A 𝑑𝑟
d 2𝜋𝜀)

ž
1 1 68
𝑉ž − 𝑉d = − 𝑟
2𝜋𝜀) −2 d

58
 ž
1 1 68
𝑉ž − 𝑉d = − 𝑟
2𝜋𝜀) −2 d

1 Be careful with
𝑉ž − 𝑉d = 𝑟 68 ž
d
4𝜋𝜀) negative signs.
It is easy to forget
1 1 1 one!
𝑉ž − 𝑉d = 8
− 8
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑏 𝑎

Differentiate to check
1 68
𝑉 𝑟 = 𝑟
4𝜋𝜀)
𝑑𝑉 1 6A 1 6A
= −2 𝑟 =− 𝑟 = −𝐸(𝑟)
𝑑𝑟 4𝜋𝜀) 2𝜋𝜀) 59
 Potential Energy of a Pair of Charges

1 𝑞7 𝑞8
𝑈78 =
4𝜋𝜀) 𝑟
is the pairwise potential energy required to bring two
charges q1 and q2 to a distance r from each other starting
from infinity

• To find the total potential energy of a system of charges,

add up the potential energy of each pair

i.e. for 3 charges: 𝑈?s?dt = 𝑈78 + 𝑈7A + 𝑈8A

60