Introduction to Computer

The word “computer “comes from the word “compute “which means to calculate.
So a computer is normally considered to be a calculating device that performs
arithmetic operations at enormous speed. A computer is an electronic device which
is used to perform operation on raw data as per instruction given by user. They are,

1) It accepts data or instructions through input,

2) It stores data,
3) It can process required data by the user,
4) It gives results as production, and
5) It controls all functions inside the computer

1
Various Components of Computer

Computer is an electronic device which performs tasks given by user with

extremely fast speed and accuracy. Like any other device or machine, a computer
system has also a number of parts. A computer system can be blocked into mainly
three parts:

1. Input Unit
2. Central Processing Unit
3. Output Unit

Input unit – Input unit is a unit that accepts any input device. The input device is
used to input data into the computer system.

Function of input unit:

1. It converts inputted data into binary codes.

2. It sends data to main memory of computer .

2
2. Central Processing Unit (CUP) – CPU is called the brain of a computer. An
electronic circuitry that carries out the instruction given by a computer program.
CPU can be sub classified into three parts.
i .Control unit (CU)
ii. Arithmetic & Logic unit (ALU)
iii.Memory Unit (MU)
i. Control unit (CU)- the control unit manages the various
components of the computer. It reads instructions from memory
and interpretation and changes in a series of signals to activate
other parts of the computer. It controls and co-ordinate is input
output memory and all other units.

ii. Arithmetic & Logic unit (ALU) – The arithmetic logic unit
(ALU), which performs simple arithmetic operation such as +,-,
*, / and logical operation such as >, <, =<, <= etc.

iii. Memory Unit (MU)- Memory is used to store data and

instructions before and after processing. Memory is also called
Primary memory or internal memory. It is used to store data
temporary or permanently.

Function of CPU-

1. It controls all the parts and software and data flow of computer.
2. It performs all operations.
3. It accepts data from input device.
4. It sends information to output device.
5. Executing programs stored in memory
6. It stores data either temporarily or permanent basis.
7. It performs arithmetical and logical operations.

3
3. Output Unit –Output unit is a unit that constituents a number of output device.
An output device is used to show the result of processing.
Function of Output unit:

1. it accepts data or information sends from main memory of computer

2. It converts binary coded information into HLL or inputted languages.

Input and Output Devices

An input/output device, often known as an IO device, is any hardware that allows

a human operator or other systems to interface with a computer. Input/output
devices, as the name implies, are capable of delivering data (output) to and
receiving data from a computer (input).

Comparison between input & Output Devices.

S.No Input Device Output Device

Data is accepted from the user of the It shows the data after
1.
device processing to the user

It accepts the user’s data and transmits It receives the data from the
2. it to the processor for saving in the processor and returns it to the
secondary memory or processing. user.

3. More complex designing Less complex designing

These devices are used to accept the These devices are used to
4.
data display or show the data

5. Example: Keyboard, mouse, etc. Example: Monitor, Printer,

4
There are many IO Devices available, some of them are:

Keyboard

The keyboard is the most frequent and widely used input device for entering data
into a computer. Although there are some additional keys for performing other
operations, the keyboard layout is similar to that of a typical typewriter.
Generally, keyboards come in two sizes: 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but currently
keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and the
Internet.

Types of Keys

• Numeric Keys: It is used to enter numeric data or move the cursor. It usually
consists of a set of 17 keys.

• Typing Keys: The letter keys (A-Z) and number keys (09) are among these
keys.

• Control Keys: These keys control the pointer and the screen. There are four
directional arrow keys on it. Home, End, Insert, Alternate(Alt), Delete,
Control(Ctrl), etc., and Escape are all control keys (Esc).

• Special Keys: Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, NumLk, Tab, etc., and Print Screen are
among the special function keys on the keyboard.

• Function Keys: The 12 keys from F1 to F12 on the topmost row of the
keyboard.

5
Mouse

The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse is used to move a
little cursor across the screen while clicking and dragging. The cursor will stop if
you let go of the mouse. The computer is dependent on you to move the mouse; it
won’t move by itself. As a result, it’s an input device.
The left mouse button can be used to select or move items, while the right mouse
button when clicked displays extra menus.

Joystick

A joystick is a pointing device that is used to move the cursor on a computer

screen. A spherical ball is attached to both the bottom and top ends of the stick.
In a socket, the lower spherical ball slides. You can move the joystick in all four
directions.

Light Pen
A light pen is a type of pointing device that looks like a pen. It can be used to
select a menu item or to draw on the monitor screen.

6
Scanner
A scanner is an input device that functions similarly to a photocopier.
Scanner collects images from the source and converts them to a digital format
that may be saved on a disc. Before they are printed, these images can be
modified.

Bar Code Reader

A bar code reader is a device that reads data that is bar-coded (data that is
represented by light and dark lines).
Bar-coded data is commonly used to mark things, number books, and so on. It
could be a handheld scanner or part of a stationary scanner.
A bar code reader scans a bar code image, converts it to an alphanumeric value,
and then sends it to the computer to which it is connected.

Web Camera
A webcam is a computer-connected tiny digital video camera.Because it records
a video image of the scene in front of it, a webcam is an input device. It is either
built inside the computer (for example, a laptop) or attached through a USB
connection.

7
 Output Devices

Monitor
Monitors, also known as Visual Display Units (VDUs), are a computer’s primary
output device. It creates images by arranging small dots, known as pixels, in a
rectangular pattern. The amount of pixels determines the image’s sharpness.
The two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors are:

(1) Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT): Pixels are visual elements

that make up a CRT display. The higher the image
quality or resolution, the smaller the pixels.

(2) Flat-Panel Display Cathode-Ray Tube Monitor: In

comparison to the CRT, a flat-panel display is a type of
video display with less volume, weight, and power
consumption. They can be hung on the wall or worn on
the wrist.
Flat-panel displays are currently used in calculators,
video games, monitors, laptop computers, and graphical
displays.

8
Printer
Printers are output devices that allow you to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers:

(a) Impact Printer:

Characters are printed on the ribbon, which is subsequently crushed against the
paper, in impact printers. The following are the characteristics of impact printers:
• Exceptionally low consumable cost.
• Quite noisy
• Because of its low cost, it is ideal for large-scale printing.
• To create an image, there is physical contact with the paper.

(b) Non-Impact Printers:

Characters are printed without the need for a ribbon in non-impact printers.
Because these printers print a full page at a time, they’re also known as Page
Printers. The following are the characteristics of non-impact printers:
• Faster
• They don’t make a lot of noise.
• Excellent quality
• Supports a variety of typefaces and character sizes

9
Windows Operating System

Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft. The operating system is

allows you to use a computer. Windows comes preloaded on most new personal
computers (PCs), which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the
world.

Microsoft released the first version of Windows in the mid-1980s. There have been
many versions of Windows since then, but the most recent ones include Windows
10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), Windows
Vista (2007), and Windows XP (2001).

Bootstrap

In computing, the term bootstrap means to boot or to load a program into a computer
using a much smaller initial program to load in the desired program, which is
usually an OS.
The Desktop

Once your computer has finished starting up, the first thing you'll see is
the desktop. You can think of the desktop as the main workspace for your
computer. From here, you can view and manage your files, open applications,
access the Internet, and much more.

Working with applications

An application—also known as a program—is a type of software that allows you

to complete tasks on your computer. Windows comes with many built-in
applications you can use.

To open an application
1. Using your mouse, click the Start button, then select the desired
application. If you don't see the one you want, click All Programs to
see a complete list of applications.
2. The application will appear in a new window.

10
Working with windows
Whenever you open a file, folder, or application, it will appear in a new window.
You can have multiple items open at the same time in different windows. You'll
use windows all the time, so it's important to know how to switch between open
windows, how to move and resize windows, and how to close windows when
you're done using them.

Parts of a window

You'll see the same three buttons in the upper-right corner of almost every
window. These buttons allow you to perform several functions, including these
below.

• Click the Minimize button to hide the window. The window will be
minimized to the taskbar. You can then click the icon for that window
on the taskbar to make it reappear.

• Click the Maximize button to make the window fill the entire
screen.

• If the screen is maximized, the Maximize button will be temporarily

replaced by the Restore button. Just click it to return the window to
its original size.

• Click the Close button to close the window.

11
Shutting down your computer

When you're done using your computer, it's important to shut it down properly.
The procedure will vary slightly depending on which version of Windows you're
using.

To shut down your computer:

• If you're using Windows 10, click the Start button, then
the Power icon, then click Shut down.

If you're using Windows 8, click the Start button to access the Start screen, click
the Power icon near the upper-right corner, and select Shut down.

If you're using Windows 7 or earlier, click the Start button, then select Shut
down.

Working with files

Understanding how to work with files and folders is an important part of using
your computer. Once you understand how files and folder work, you'll use them all
the time.

12
What is a file?

There are many different types of files you can use. For example, Microsoft Word
documents, digital photos, digital music, and digital videos are all types of files.
You might even think of a file as a digital version of a real-world thing you can
interact with on your computer. When you use different applications, you'll often
be viewing, creating, or editing files.

Files are usually represented by an icon. In the image below, you can see a few
different types of files below the Recycle Bin on the desktop.

What is a folder?

Windows uses folders to help you organize files. You can put files inside a folder,
just like you would put documents inside a real folder. In the image below, you can
see some folders on the desktop.

13
File Explorer

You can view and organize files and folders using a built-in application known
as File Explorer (called Windows Explorer in Windows 7 and earlier versions).

To open File Explorer, click the File Explorer icon on the taskbar, or double-click
any folder on your desktop. A new File Explorer window will appear. Now you're
ready to start working with your files and folders.

From File Explorer, double-click a folder to open it. You can then see all of the
files stored in that folder.

Notice that you can also see the location of a folder in the address bar near the
top of the window.

14
To open a file:

There are two main ways to open a file:

• Find the file on your computer and double-click it. This will open
the file in its default application.
• Open the application, and then use the application to open the file. Once
the application is open, you can go to the File menu at the top of the window
and select Open.

Moving and deleting files

As you begin using your computer, you will start to collect more and more files,
which can make it more difficult to find the files you need. Fortunately, Windows
allows you to move files to different folders and delete files you no longer use.

To move a file:

It's easy to move a file from one location to another. For example, you might have
a file on the desktop that you want to move to your Documents folder.

To create a new folder:

1. Within File Explorer, locate and select the New folder button. You
can also right-click where you want the folder to appear, then
select New > Folder.

15
To delete a file or folder:

If you no longer need to use a file, you can delete it. When you delete a file, it is
moved to the Recycle Bin. If you change your mind, you can move the file from
the Recycle Bin back to its original location. If you're sure you want to
permanently delete the file, you will need to empty the Recycle Bin.

1. Click and drag the file to the Recycle Bin icon on the desktop. You
can also click the file to select it and press the Delete key on your
keyboard.

Selecting multiple files

Now that you know the basics, here are a few tips to help you move your files even
faster.

Selecting more than one file

There are a few ways to select more than one file at a time:

• If you're viewing your files as icons, you can click and drag the
mouse to draw a box around the files you want to select. When
you're done, release the mouse; the files will be selected. You can
now move, copy, or delete all of these files at the same time.

16
To select specific files from a folder, press and hold the Control key on your
keyboard, then click the files you want to select.

To select a group of files from a folder, click the first file, press and hold
the Shift key on your keyboard, then click the last file. All of the files between the
first and last ones will be selected.

Selecting all files

If you want to select all files in a folder at the same time, open the folder in File
Explorer and press Ctrl+A (press and hold the Control key on your keyboard,
then press A). All of the files in the folder will be selected.

To create a shortcut:
1. Locate and right-click the desired folder, then select Send to Desktop
(create shortcut).

What is the purpose of Win Explorer?

WinExplorer is a utility that shows all system's windows in hierarchical display.

For every window in the hierarchy, you can view its properties. You can also
modify some properties.

How do you open Windows Explorer?

• Open the Start menu .

• Click the Windows logo in the bottom-left corner of the screen or press the
⊞ Win key.
• Type windows explorer into Start. You should see a folder icon appear at the
top of the Start window.
• Click Windows Explorer. It's the folder-shaped icon at the top of the Start
window. Doing so will open the Windows Explorer app.

17
Microsoft Word

To start the Microsoft Word application,

Click on the START button > Microsoft Office > Word or simply search for ‘Word’ in the
search box and then click on the result.

Once it is opened, select New document.

This is how the opened blank Microsoft Word document will look like.

Title and the Quick Access Toolbar

At the top, you have the Title of the document, the Quick Access Toolbar and a few
other functions such as Minimize, Restore Down / Maximize, Close and Ribbon Display
Options.

In the Quick Access Toolbar to the left of the Title Bar,

You will find the Save button (Ctrl+S), wherein you can save the document in the desired
folder;

18
The Undo Typing button (Ctrl+Z);

The Repeat Typing button (Ctrl+Y); and the Customize Quick Access Toolbar,

wherein you have the various commands as shown in the image below.

Below the Title Bar, you will see what is called the Ribbon which consists of various tabs
such as File, Home, Insert, Design, Layout, References, Mailings, Review, View, Help,
Search. Now let us go through every Tab and its commands.

Home

The Home tab is the default tab in Microsoft Word. This tab comprises of features
related to the clipboard, font, paragraph, styles, and editing.

In the Clipboard section, you will find commands such as copy, cut and paste.

19
Next, we have the Font section. Here you can change the font and the font size for your
text,

Change the case, apply bold or italic formatting, underline, change the font color and
highlight text and also add various text effects and typography

The Paragraph section includes the alignment options where you can choose to align
your text in the center, left, right or justify it (that is, evenly distribute the text between
the margins).

20
You can add or remove borders, increase or decrease indent, adjust the line and
paragraph spacing, and also add bullets and numbers from the bullets and numbering
libraries.

You can also create a multilevel list to organize items or create an outline.

21
From the Styles section, you can select any style of your choice to change the way your
document looks. In the Editing section, you can find text or any content in the document
and also replace a specific word or text with something else.

Insert

The next tab is the Insert tab.

You can add a stylish cover page from the numerous styles available to make your
document look more professional and also add a blank page from the Pages section.
Another important feature is inserting a table, a picture from your picture gallery, an
online picture from the web, shapes, 3D models, charts, SmartArt and screenshots from
the Tables and the Illustrations section. Refer to the images below for guidance.

You can insert Tables.

22
You can insert Shapes.

You can insert SmartArt – and more!

23
In the Header & Footer section, you can add a built-in header and a footer or from
online sources. You can also add page numbers to your document.

Design

The Design tab comprises of commands related to Document Formatting and Page
Background. To make your document look more consistent and classy, choose the right
theme of your liking from the various options available. Additional features include
colors, fonts, effects, and paragraph spacing.

If you wish to go for a splash of color for the document background, you can change
the page color as well, add Watermark and page borders.

24
Layout

In this tab, in the Page Setup section, you can adjust margins for the entire document or
for a particular section; and also customize it. You can change the Page Orientation to
Landscape or Portrait; choose the page size for your document, and add or remove
columns.

You can also decide the Size for the document.

25
Find the settings to increase or decrease the Indent and Spacing in the Paragraph
section.

Other features related to the placement of text and pictures, grouping multiple images
and rotation options will be found in the Arrange section.

Review

The Review tab includes various functions related to proofing, speech, accessibility,
language, comments, tracking, changes, compare, protect and ink. Out of all these, the
Spelling and Grammar function (F7) is of utmost importance. Do check for spelling and
grammatical errors after you are done writing your document.

View

In the View tab, you can change the views such as Read Mode, Print Layout, Web
Layout, etc. Feel free to explore the additional features from the immersive, page
movement, show, zoom, window, macros, and SharePoint sections.

26
Help

In the Help tab, you can contact an office support agent and give feedback.

Search

In the Search tab, you can type any feature that you are looking for and get help.

27
PowerPoint

Workspace
Once you have selected your template (or the blank presentation) you’ll be redirected to
PowerPoint main workspace.

PowerPoint’s main screen is divided into three big parts. The first one, and the bigger one, is
the Slide Editor. Here it is where you’ll make any changes to the slide you’re currently working
on. You can add text, images, graphics, videos, and so on.

The second part is the one on the left side of the screen: the Slide Thumbnail View. These small
images are a representation of all the slides you currently have in your presentation.

28
You can also add, delete, and duplicate slides in the Thumbnail View. If you right-click any of

your thumbnail slides, you’ll get a menu with these options.

Finally, the third part of the screen is the Tabs and Ribbons. You’ll find this in the upper part of

your screen, right on top of the Slide Editor and the Thumbnail View. Each of the tabs (Home,

Insert, Design, Transitions, Animations, Slide Show, Review, View and Help) opens its own

ribbon. And in the ribbon, you’ll find different options concerning its topic.

29
Home

The Home Tab has the most common and basic commands of PowerPoint. This is the tab you’ll
probably be using the most if you’re designing your own presentation from scratch. It allows you
to add new slides and change the text characteristics (font, size, boldness, etc., just like in
Microsoft Office Word).

In short, what you’ll find in this ribbon is all about how you want to show your written content.
How big do you want your text to be? What color? How do you wish it is arranged in the slide?

Insert

This tab is exactly what its name says it is. In this ribbon you’ll find all options concerning
adding a new element to your slide. It can be a picture you have store in your PC, or one you’ve
found online. Maybe you want to add geometric shapes to your presentation, or WordArt
lettering so your title stands out. If you have a lot of data, you might want to add a chart or
diagram to show it in a more visual way. You can also add videos or audio. There are many
options, so it all depends on how much time you spend tinkering with it.

One important footnote: To be able to write text to your slides, you need a text box. So if you’re
designing your presentation from scratch, remember to go first to this tab and add a text box to
start writing! Most pre-made slides layout that you can pick already have text boxes, but it’s
always good to know how to add more in case you need it.

30
Design

This is the tab you want to go to if you want to customize the look of your presentation. It offers
you a wide range of pre-made designs so you can give your presentation look more polished.
Even better, you can tune the color palette and overall style (fonts, effect, etc.) the design you
chose.

If you’re doing your own background, this one is also the tab for you. Just go to Design >
Variants > Background Styles > Format Background. With this, a background menu will appear
that will help you customize your background to make it exactly as you want it to be.
Making a background on your own can be very time consuming, though.

Transitions

Transitions refer to the way it looks when you go from one slide to another. By default, the next
slide will simply “appear”. But PowerPoint offers you so many options to change slides. Some
are really classic, like wiping the old slide to present the new one. Others are really over the top,
like the origami effect. If you click on any of the transitions, you’ll see a preview on how it
would look when presenting.

31
Animations

This ribbon controls the way the elements of your slide appear (or disappear). By default, all
elements will appear all together as soon as you change slides. But PowerPoint gives you many
options in case you want to highlight something, go point by point, or any other thing you want
to showcase.

Animations and transitions can seem exciting at first, but be careful with them! It can make a
presentation slow and unprofessional if there are too many on them.

Slide Show

As its name says, this tab is about presenting you PowerPoint. It gives you several options to
customize your presentation. As a beginner, however, you’re not very likely to use this tab much.

32
Review

This one is another tab that is not used very much by beginners. It has useful options, like
checking the slide’s spelling. It also gives you the option to add comments, in case you want to
set a note of some specific element.

View

This one is another pretty advanced tab for PowerPoint. It gives the option to change the view of
the slides and make handouts from them, among other things.

Help

Finally, there’s the “Help” tab. If you have any problem or question concerning how to use
PowerPoint, you may go to this tab to look for a solution.

33
Excel

Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program that is used for storing, organizing and
manipulating data. Data is stored in individual cells that are usually organized in a series
of columns and rows in a worksheet; this collection of columns and rows is referred to
as a table.

Tabs
The tabs on the ribbon are: File, Home, Insert, Page layout, Formulas, Data, Review, View
and Help. The Home tab contains the most frequently used commands in Excel.

Formula Bar

The formula bar in Excel displays the value or formula of the active cell. You can use the
formula bar to enter or edit formulas.

Where is the Formula Bar?

The formula bar is located below the ribbon and above the worksheet area. To enter a
formula, execute the following steps.

1. Select a cell.

2. To let Excel know that you want to enter a formula, type an equal sign (=).

3. For example, type the formula A1*A2 and press Enter.

34
Excel displays the result (50) in the cell and the formula in the formula bar.

Note: use the asterisk symbol (*) to multiply numbers in Excel.

Worksheets

When you open an Excel workbook, Excel automatically selects Sheet1 for you. The
name of the worksheet appears on its sheet tab at the bottom of the document window.

35
Insert a Worksheet

You can insert as many worksheets as you want. To quickly insert a new sheet, click the
plus sign at the bottom of the document window.

Result:

Rename a Worksheet

To give a worksheet a more specific name, execute the following steps.

1. Right click on the sheet tab of Sheet1.

2. Choose Rename.

36
Move a Worksheet

To move a worksheet, click on the sheet tab of the worksheet you want to move and
drag it into the new position.

1. For example, click on the sheet tab of Sheet2 and drag it before Sales 2016.

Result:

Delete a Worksheet

To delete a worksheet, right click on a sheet tab and choose Delete.

1. For example, delete Sheet2.

Result:

37
Workbook

A workbook is another word for your Excel file. When you start Excel, click Blank
workbook to create an Excel workbook from scratch.

Open an Existing Workbook

To open a workbook you've created in the past, execute the following steps.

1. On the File tab, click Open.

2. Recent shows you a list of your recently used workbooks. You can quickly open a
workbook from here.

3. Click Browse to open a workbook that is not on the list.

38
Close a Workbook

To close a workbook (and Excel), click the upper right X. If you have
multiple workbooks open, clicking the upper right X closes the active workbook.

Create a New Workbook

Sometimes you want to start all over again. To create a new workbook, execute the
following steps.

1. On the File tab, click New.

2. Click Blank workbook.

39
Entering Data Into Worksheet

Entering data into worksheet cells is always a three-step process; these steps are as
follows:

• Click on the cell where you want the data to go.

• Type the data into the cell.

• Press the Enter key on the keyboard or click on another cell

Widening Columns in Excel

• Place the mouse pointer on the line between columns A and B in the column
header.

• The pointer will change to a double-headed arrow.

40
 • Click and hold down the left mouse button and drag the double-headed arrow
to the right to widen column A until the entire entry is visible.

Format Cells

When we format cells in Excel, we change the appearance of a number without

changing the number itself. We can apply a number format (0.8, $0.80, 80%, etc) or
other formatting (alignment, font, border, etc).

1. Enter the value 0.8 into cell B2.

2. Select cell B2.

3. Right click, and then click Format Cells (or press CTRL + 1).

41
The 'Format Cells' dialog box appears.

4. For example, select Currency.

5. Click OK.

Cell B2 still contains the number 0.8. We only changed the appearance of this number.
The most frequently used formatting commands are available on the Home tab.

6. On the Home tab, in the Number group, click the percentage symbol to apply a
Percentage format.

7. On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, center the number.

42
8. On the Home tab, in the Font group, add outside borders and change the font color
to blue.

Result:

The AutoSum Tool

One of the best time-saving features in Excel is the AutoSum tool. It’s easy to use and
can help reduce calculation errors.

43
Count and Sum Functions

The most used functions in Excel are the functions that count and sum. You can count
and sum based on one criteria or multiple criteria.

Count

To count the number of cells that contain numbers, use the COUNT function.

Sum

To sum a range of cells, use the SUM function.

44
Count Blank/Nonblank Cells

This example shows you how to count blank and nonblank cells in Excel.

1. The COUNTBLANK function below counts the number of blank cells in the range
A1:A7.

Count Characters

Use the LEN function to count characters in Excel. Use LEN and SUBSTITUTE to count
specific characters in Excel.

1. The LEN function in Excel counts the number of characters in a cell.

Explanation: the LEN function counts 2 numbers, 1 space and 6 letters.

45
Running Total

This example teaches you how to create a running total (cumulative sum) in Excel. A
running total changes each time new data is added to a list.

1. Select cell B9 and enter a simple SUM function.

Cell references in Excel are very important. Understand the difference between relative,
absolute and mixed reference, and you are on your way to success.

Multiply Numbers

Enter the equal sign ( = ).

46
Type a number.

Enter the asterisk ( * ) to signify multiplication.

Type the second number.

Press Enter to see the result.

Date & Time Functions

To enter a date in Excel, use the "/" or "-" characters. To enter a time, use the ":" (colon).
You can also enter a date and a time in one cell.

Year, Month, Day

To get the year of a date, use the YEAR function.

Note: use the MONTH and DAY function to get the month and day of a date.

Date Function

1. To add a number of days to a date, use the following simple formula.

Hour, Minute, Second

47
To return the hour, use the HOUR function.

2. Enter the TODAY function into cell B2 to return today's date.

Join Strings
To join strings, use the & operator.

Left

To extract the leftmost characters from a string, use the LEFT function.

48
Right

To extract the rightmost characters from a string, use the RIGHT function.

Mid

To extract a substring, starting in the middle of a string, use the MID function.

Note: started at position 5 (p) with length 3.

Len

To get the length of a string, use the LEN function.

Note: space (position 8) included!

Insert Function
If you're new to functions in Excel, you can use the Insert Function button on the
formula bar to search for a function.

1. First, select cell A3 and press Delete (on your keyboard) to delete the formula in cell
A3.

2. Click the Insert Function button.

49
Excel opens the Insert Function dialog box.

3. You can search for a function or browse functions by category.

4. Select a function and click OK.

Excel opens the Functions Arguments dialog box.

5. Excel automatically adds the range A1:A2 (the arguments or input passed to the
function).

6. Click OK.

50
Result.

Note: the formula =(A1+A2)/2 gives the exact same result. Functions are predefined
formulas and are already available in Excel. Visit our popular section about functions to
learn more about this important Excel topic.

Statistical Functions

Average

To calculate the average of a group of numbers, use the AVERAGE function.

51
Median

To find the median (or middle number), use the MEDIAN function.

Mode

To find the most frequently occurring number, use the MODE function.

Min

To find the minimum value, use the MIN function.

52
Max

To find the maximum value, use the MAX function.

Large

To find the third largest number, use the following LARGE function.

Round

The ROUND function in Excel rounds a number to a specified number of digits. The
ROUND function rounds up or down. 1, 2, 3 and 4 get rounded down. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
get rounded up.

1. For example, round a number to three decimal places.

Note: 114.7261, 114.7262, 114.7263 and 114.7264 get rounded down to 114.726 and
114.7265, 114.7266, 114.7267, 114.7268 and 114.7269 get rounded up to 114.727.

53
2. Round a number to two decimal places.

Print

Print a Worksheet

To print a worksheet in Excel, execute the following steps.

1. On the File tab, click Print.

2. To preview the other pages that will be printed, click 'Next Page' or 'Previous Page' at
the bottom of the window.

To print the worksheet, click the big Print button.

54
What to Print

Instead of printing the entire worksheet, you can also print the current selection.

1. First, select the range of cells you want to print.

2. Next, under Settings, select Print Selection.

3. To print the selection, click the big Print button.

55
Multiple Copies

To print multiple copies, execute the following steps.

1. Use the arrows next to the Copies box.

2. If one copy contains multiple pages, you can switch between Collated and Uncollated.
For example, if you print 6 copies, Collated prints the entire first copy, then the entire
second copy, etc. Uncollected prints 6 copies of page 1, 6 copies of page 2, etc.

56
Orientation

You can switch between Portrait Orientation (more rows but fewer columns) and
Landscape Orientation (more columns but fewer rows).

Page Margins

To adjust the page margins, execute the following steps.

1. Select one of the predefined margins (Normal, Wide or Narrow) from the Margins
drop-down list.

2. Or click the 'Show Margins' icon at the bottom right of the window. Now you can
drag the lines to manually change the page margins.

57
Scaling

If you want to fit more data on one page, you can fit the sheet on one page. To achieve
this, execute the following steps.

1. Select 'Fit Sheet on One Page' from the Scaling drop-down list.

58
Note: you can also shrink the printout to one page wide or one page high. Click Custom
Scaling Options to manually enter a scaling percentage or to fit the printout to a specific
number of pages wide and tall. Be careful, Excel doesn't warn you when your printout
becomes unreadable.

2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Print Area.

3. Click Set Print Area.

4. Save, close and reopen the Excel file.

59
5. On the File tab, click Print.

Result. See the print preview below. Only the print area will be printed.

Note: use the Name Manager to edit and delete print areas. On the Formulas tab, in the
Defined Names group, click Name Manager.

Print Area

If you set a print area in Excel, only that area will be printed. The print area is saved
when you save the workbook.

To set a print area, execute the following steps.

1. Select a range of cells.

60
2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Print Area.

3. Click Set Print Area.

4. Save, close and reopen the Excel file.

5. On the File tab, click Print.

Result. See the print preview below. Only the print area will be printed.

61
 Graphics and Image

How do I scan a document/ picture in Windows 10?

o Step 1: First, ensure that your scanner is connected to your PC (wired, wireless, or network
connection).
o Step 2: Open the Microsoft Store and search for the Windows Scan app. Install it (it’s free).
o Step 3: Launch the Windows Scan app.
o Step 4: Click the “Scans” link, and File Explorer will appear. Here, you can create a new folder
or select an existing location where you want to save the scanned document.
o Step 5: When you’re ready to scan, either insert your document into the feeder or lift the
scanner’s lid. If you choose the latter, place the document face-down on the glass and close the
lid.
o Step 6: Click the “Preview” button to see a preview of the scanned document.
o Step 7: Adjust any settings (like resolution or color) if needed.
o Step 8: Click the “Scan” button to start the scanning process.
o Step 9: Once the scan is complete, you can save the scanned document as a JPEG, bitmap,
or PNG file.

62
 Video

How do I open and close video software in windows10?

Opening Video Software:

• Use the Start Menu:

o Click on the Start button (usually located at the bottom-left corner of your screen).
o Type the name of the video software you want to open (e.g., VLC, Windows Media Player,)
o Select the app from the search results to open it.

Closing Video Software:

o Click the “X” button:

▪ When the video software window is active, look for the “X” button in the top-right corner of the
window.
▪ Click it to close the app.

63
Internet

The internet is defined as a global network of linked computers, servers, phones, and smart
appliances that communicate with each other using the transmission control protocol (TCP)
standard to enable the fast exchange of information and files, along with other types of services.

Uses of Internet

Social Networking
People use these platforms to connect with their family and friends and even make new
connections over the internet. As such, many people use different social media platforms for
various uses and purposes. For instance, Face book is mostly used for connecting with family
and friends, while Twitter is used for news and updates.

Online Shopping
Another one of the uses of the internet is online shopping. People use the internet connection to
purchase goods and services from e-commerce websites like Amazon, and more.

Online Banking

The Internet has also made banking much easier and more convenient for people. Online banking
has made it easier for people to transfer money, pay bills, and manage their finances

Education and Up skilling

The internet has made getting education much more accessible for people. There are a number of
educational websites, tutorials, and online courses that can help people learn new skills. People
can also take online courses from top universities and institutions around the world without
having to be physically present there.

Gaming
The world in particular, has seen a sharp rise in internet connection users. This has brought about
a surge in the gaming industry as well. People use the internet to play single-player and
multiplayer video games.

Many of these games are available on the internet for free or at a low cost. There are also many
gaming consoles like the PlayStation and Xbox that are connected to the internet. This has made
gaming more accessible and popular among people of all ages.

64
Email Communication
The internet has made it possible for people to communicate with each other from anywhere in
the world. People can send emails to each other and also set up group conversations.

Email is a convenient way of sending messages and documents across the world in an instant.

E-Newspapers
The internet has made it easier for people to stay updated on world news at the click of a button.

Nowadays, most newspapers have their own websites and apps where people can easily access
news from around the world. This makes it easier for people to stay informed and up-to-date on
current events.

Research
The internet has revolutionized the way people conduct research. It has given them access to vast
amounts of information from all over the world.

People can now easily search for articles, books, and reports on any topic they are interested in.
This makes it much easier for them to find reliable and up-to-date sources of information.

65
 Search Engine:
A search engine is a software system designed to search for information on the web and return
results based on a user's query.

A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to locate information on the World Wide
Web. Popular examples of search engines are Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search.

World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web -- also known as the web, WWW or W3 -- refers to all the public websites
or pages that users can access on their local computers and other devices through the internet.
These pages and documents are interconnected by means of hyperlinks that users click on for
information.

The World Wide Web is a collection of all the web pages, and web documents that you can see
on the Internet by searching their URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) on the Internet.
“The Internet is a global network of computers that is accessed by the World Wide Web.”

Surfing the WWW

"Surfing the World Wide Web" is a common expression for browsing the internet,
meaning exploring different websites and online content using a web browser.

• Origin of the term: The term "surfing" came into use in the 1990s, inspired by the idea of
moving from one webpage to another through hyperlinks, similar to channel surfing.
• How it works: To start web surfing, you need a device with an internet connection and a web
browser like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Microsoft Edge.

Opening and Closing Internet Browser

Opening a Browser:
• Locate the Icon: Find the browser's icon (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, and Safari) on your computer's
desktop or in the application menu.
• Click to Launch: Click the icon to open the browser.

Closing a Browser:

• Click the "X":

Look for the "X" (or close) button in the top-right corner of the browser window and click it.

66
E-Mail

Email, or electronic mail, is a method of transmitting and receiving digital messages over a
computer network, and it typically consists of a header, body, and signature.

Here's a breakdown of the key parts of an email:

1. Header:
• Sender's Email Address: The email address of the person or entity sending the message.
• Recipient's Email Address: The email address of the intended receiver(s).
• Subject Line: A brief summary of the email's content, helping the recipient quickly understand
the message's purpose.
• Date and Time: Indicates when the email was sent or received.
• CC (Carbon Copy) and BCC (Blind Carbon Copy): Fields for including additional recipients,
with BCC hiding their addresses from other recipients.

2. Body:
• Salutation: A greeting used to address the recipient, such as "Dear [Name]" or "Hi [Name]".
• Main Message: The core content of the email, conveying the intended information.
• Call to Action (CTA): A request for a specific action from the recipient, such as "Please reply"
or "Click here".

3. Signature:
• Sender's Name: The name of the person sending the email.
• Contact Information: Additional details, such as phone number, job title, or company
information.
• Optional Information: May include a disclaimer, social media links, or other relevant details.

67