Assignment

1. In a hydro-electric scheme a number of Pelton wheels are to be used under the following
conditions: total output required 30 MW; gross head 245 m; speed 39.27 rad s-1 (6.25 rev/s);
2 jets per wheel; Cv of nozzles 0.97; maximum overall efficiency (based on conditions
immediately before the nozzles) 81.5 %; power specific speed for one jet not to exceed
0.138 rad (0.022 rev); head lost to friction in pipe-line not to exceed 12 m. Calculate (a)
the number of wheels required, (b) the diameters of the jets and wheels, (c) the hydraulic
efficiency, if the blades deflect the water through 165 and reduce its relative velocity by
15 %, (d) the percentage of the input power that remains as kinetic energy of the water at
discharge.
2. The blading of a single-jet Pelton wheel runs at its optimum speed, 0.46 times the jet speed,
with an overall efficiency of 0.85. Show that the power specific speed is 1.21 d/D rad,
where d represents the jet diameter and D the wheel diameter. For the nozzle Cv = 0.97.
3. In a vertical-shaft inward-flow reaction turbine the sum of the pressure and kinetic heads
at entrance to the spiral casing is 120 m and vertical distance between this section and the
tail-race level is 3 m. The peripheral velocity of the runner at entry is 30 m s-1, the radial
velocity of the water is constant at 9 m s-1 and the discharge from the runner is without
whirl. The estimated hydraulic losses are: (1) between turbine entrance and exit from the
guide vanes, 4.8 m, (2) in the runner, 8.8 m, (3) in the draft tube, 790 mm, (4) kinetic head
rejected to the tail race, 460 mm. Calculate the guide vane angle and the runner blade angle
at inlet and the pressure heads at entry to and exit from the runner.
4. A vertical-shaft Francis turbine, with an overall efficiency of 90 %, run at 44.86 rad s-1
(7.14 rev/s) with a water discharge of 15.5 m3 s-1. The velocity at the inlet of spiral casing
is 8.5 m s-1 and the pressure head at this point is 240 m, the centre-line of the casing inlet
being 3 m above the tail-water level. The diameter of the runner at inlet is 2.23 m and the
width at inlet is 300 mm. The hydraulic efficiency is 93 %. Determine (a) the output power,
(b) the power specific speed, (c) the guide vane angle, (d) the runner blade angle at inlet,
(e) the percentage of the net head which is kinetic at entry to the runner. Assume that there
is no whirl at outlet from the runner and neglect the thickness of the blades.
5. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an outer diameter of 250 mm and runs at 157 rad s-
1
(25 rev/s). It has 10 blades each 5 mm thick; they are backward-facing at 30 to the
tangent and the breadth of the flow passages at outlet is 12.5 mm. Pressure gauges are fitted
close to the pump casing on the suction and discharge pipes and both are 2.5 m above the
water level in the supply sump. The suction pipe is 120 mm diameter. When the discharge
is 0.026 m3 s-1 the gauge readings are respectively 4 m vacuum and 16.5 m. Assuming that
there is no whirl at inlet and no whirl slip, estimate the manometric efficiency of the pump
and the losses in the impeller if 50 % of the velocity head at outlet from the impeller is
recovered as static head in the volute.
6. A single-stage centrifugal pump is to be used to pump water through a vertical distance of
30 m at the rate of 45 L s-1. Suction and delivery pipes will have a combined length of 36
m and a frictional factor f of 0.006. Both will be 150 mm diameter. Losses at valves, etc.
are estimated to total 2.4 times the velocity head in the pipes. The basic design of pump
has a specific speed of 0.465 rad (0.074 rev), forward-curved impeller blades with an outlet
 angle of 125 to the tangent and a width of impeller passages at outlet equal to one-tenth
of the diameter. The blades themselves occupy 5% of the circumference. If a manometric
efficiency (neglecting whirl slip) of 75 % may be expected, determine a suitable impeller
diameter.
7. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an outer diameter of 250 mm and an effective outlet
area of 17000 mm2. The outlet blade angle is 32 . The diameters of suction and discharge
openings are 150 mm and 125 mm respectively. At 152 rad s-1 (24.2 rev/s) and discharge
0.03 m3 s-1 the pressure heads at suction and discharge openings were respectively 4.5 m
below and 13.3 m above atmospheric pressure, the measurement points being at the same
level. The shaft power was 7.76 kW. Water enters the impeller without shock or whirl.
Assuming that the true outlet whirl component is 70 % of the ideal, determine the overall
efficiency and the manometric efficiency based on the true whirl component.
8. A pump is required to deliver 0.17 m3/s of water with a head increase of 104 m when
operating at maximum efficiency at 2000 rpm. Determine the type of pump best suited for
this duty.
9. If the 220 mm diameter pump whose characteristics are shown in Figure 1 is operating at
3300 rpm, what will be the head and the NPSH when the discharge is 200 m3/h?

Figure 1
10. An axial-flow pump has a stator blade positioned upstream of the impeller, and it provides
an angle 1 = 60 to the flow. The radius of the impeller tip is 285 mm, and the hub radius
is 135 mm. Determine the required average blade angle at the exit of the impeller if the
pump is to deliver 0.57 m3/s of water with a theoretical head rise of 2.85 m. The rotational
speed is 1500 rpm.
11. A pump is running at 400 rpm discharges water at a rate of 0.085 m3/s. The total head rise
across the pump is 7.6 m, and the efficiency is 0.7. A second pump whose linear dimensions
are two-thirds of the former, runs at 400 rpm under dynamically similar conditions; it is to
be placed on a space satellite where simulated gravity produces a gravitational field which
is 50 % that of Earth’s. What are the discharge, head rise, and power requirements for the
second pump?
12. A pump is designed to operate under optimum conditions at 600 rpm when delivering water
at 22.7 m3/min against a head of 19.5 m. What type of pump is recommended?
13. A Francis turbine has the following dimensions: r1 = 4.5 m, r2 = 2.5 m, b1 =b2 = 0.85 m,
1 = 75 , 2 = 100 . The angular speed is 120 rpm, and the discharge is 150m3/s. for no
separation at the entrance to the runner, determine the guide vane angle, theoretical torque,
head, and power.