STRUCTURE

AND
BONDING
S. Wint-Turner
 Objectives

Explain the formation of ionic and

covalent bonds;
Predict the likelihood of an atom
forming an ionic or a covalent bond
based on atomic structure;
Explain metallic bonding;
Describe ionic crystals, simple
molecular crystals and giant molecular
crystals;
Distinguish between ionic and
molecular solids;
Explain the term allotropy
Let’s Recall!
 Structure and Bonding
Recall:
✓ Group 0 elements have full over shell of
electrons.
✓ They are stable and unreactive.
✓ Exist in nature as individual atoms.
✓ All other elements do not have complete
outer shell, therefore unstable.
 Structure and Bonding
Unstable elements (Group I-VII) attempt to
gain full outer shells and become stable by:
1. losing electrons from their outer shell, or
2. gaining electrons into their outer shell, or
3. sharing electrons in their outer shell with
other atoms.
➢ Atoms therefore form bonds with each other.
➢ Ionic bonding
➢ Covalent bonding
➢ Metallic bonding
 Important Definition
➢ Chemical bond – the force of attraction between
combining atoms.
➢ Valence electron – electrons in the outer electron shell
of an atom.
➢ Ions – charged particles formed when atoms gain or
lose electrons.
➢ Molecules – particles formed when atoms combine by
sharing electrons.
➢ Noble gases – stable elements found in Group 0
of the Periodic Table.
 Losing, Gaining and Sharing of Electrons
Metal atoms containing 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons tend to lose their
electrons.
The larger the atomic radius of the atom, the more easily it will lose
electrons. Why?
➢ Some non-metal atoms with 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons may gain a
number of electrons to fill their valence shell.
▪ The smaller the atomic radius of the non-metal the more readily it
will accepts electrons. Why?
➢ Non-metal atoms with 4 to 7 valence electrons may also share
electrons when combining with other non-metals.
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic Bonding
Definition: attractive forces that hold
oppositely charged ions together in
electrovalent compounds.
➢ They are formed when a metal reacts chemically with a non-metal.

Eg. NaCl
 Ionic Bonding
Other example:
✓ Aluminum oxide
✓ Magnesium fluoride
✓ Potassium nitride
Covalent
Bonding
 Covalent Bonding
Formed when atoms of non-metals combine with one another.
➢ The non metal atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
➢ This happens so that each atom appears to have the EC of the nearest noble
gas in the PT.
➢ Each shared electron will constitute a covalent bond.
➢ The terms single, double and triple bond is used to describe the sharing of 1, 2
or 3 pairs of electrons, respectively.
➢ When non-metals share electrons, the particle formed is called molecules.
➢ The attraction between the nuclei of the atoms and the shared pairs of
electrons provide the binding force which holds the atoms together.
 Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same
element
Fluorine Molecule:
➢ Each fluorine atom contains unpaired electrons
➢ These isolated electrons form a pair of shared electrons in the fluorine
molecule.
➢ The shared electron pair represents a single covalent bond.
➢ Each fluorine atom in a fluorine molecule contains 3 lone pairs.

Lone pairs (non-bonding pairs) are pairs of electrons found in molecule

that are not involved in the formation of simple covalent bonds.
 Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same
element
Oxygen Molecule:

➢ Each isolated oxygen atom contain 2 unpaired electrons.

➢ These isolated electrons form 2 pairs of shared electron in the oxygen

molecule.

➢ The 2 shared electron pairs represent 2 covalent bonds (double bond).

➢ Each oxygen atom in an oxygen molecule contains 2 lone pairs

 Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same
Nitrogen molecule:
element

➢ Each isolated nitrogen atom contains 3 unpaired electrons.

➢ These isolated electrons for 3 pairs of shared electrons in the nitrogen
molecule.
➢ The 3 shared electron pairs represent 3 covalent bonds (triple bond).
➢ Each nitrogen atom in a nitrogen molecule contains one pair.
 Covalent Bonds between atoms of the
different element
Some covalent molecules formed between
different atoms:
➢ Water, H₂O
➢ Ammonia, NH₃
➢ Methane, CH₄
➢ Carbon dioxide, CO₂
➢ Hydrogen cyanide, HCN
Coordinate Covalent
Bonding
 Coordinate Covalent Bonding
Both electrons in the bond can be donated by
one of the combining atoms.

➢ The first atom uses a lone pair to bond to the second

atom; the second atom contributes no electrons.

➢ The bond formed is describe as a co-ordinate or

dative covalent bond.
 Metallic Bonding
➢ These are formed within metal atoms.

➢ The valence electrons leave the atoms, which then form

positive ions (cations).

➢ These electrons are mobile; they flow through spaces

between the positive ions.
 Metallic Bonding
➢ Metals can be
viewed as orderly
arrangements of
positive ions held
together in a ‘sea’
of freely moving
electrons.
STRUCTURE
 Structure and Properties
➢ The properties of elements and compounds depends on:
1. the type of particles formed in bonding, and
2. the force of attraction between the particles.

➢ The structure of a solid specifies the arrangement of the particles and the type
of bonds between the particles in fixed positions.

➢ We can use our understanding of chemical bonding in chemical compounds to

explain their properties:
✓ Graphite, a form of the element carbon, is slippery;
✓ Copper(II) sulphate crystals are brittle;
✓ Copper conducts electricity well;
✓ Sodium chloride dissolve well in water but not in oil.
 Forces of Attraction
➢ Intermolecular forces are forces between individual
molecules (such as van der Waals forces). They are
weak.
➢ Intramolecular forces are forces within the
molecule (covalent bonds). They hold the atoms
together in the molecule . These are strong forces.
Forces of Attraction
 Intermolecular Forces
➢ Two types:
1. Van der Waal forces
2. Hydrogen bonds

1. Van der Waal forces

They are weak attraction between oppositely
charge ends of the molecule with.
 Intermolecular Forces
2. Hydrogen bonds

➢ Weak attraction between an electron deficient

hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electron rich
electronegative atom in another molecule.

➢ This is a weak attraction.

METALS
Structure and Properties of Metals
 IONIC
COMPOUNDS
 Structure of Ionic Compounds
➢ Ionic compounds/crystals are formed from
ionic bonding.

An ionic crystal is composed of an ionic

lattice in which the cations and anions are
held together in a regular, repeating, three-
dimensional arrangement by strong ionic
bonds.
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
➢ Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. Their properties include:

✓ are hard, brittle crystalline solid;

✓ have high melting point and heat of fusion;
✓ Conduct electricity well when molten or dissolve
in water;
✓ do not conduct electricity in the solid state;
✓ (most) dissolve readily in water;
✓ react readily with each other in water.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
 Structure of Ionic Compounds
➢Each sodium ion is surrounded by 6 chloride
ions.

Must know to draw!

 COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
 Simple Covalent Compounds
➢Simple covalent compound/crystals are solid composed of
small molecules.

➢Each molecule is composed of only a few atoms bonded

together by strong covalent bonds. These molecules are then
arranged in a regular, three dimensional way to create simple
molecular lattice.

➢The molecules within the lattice have weak forces of

attraction between them known as intermolecular forces. These
intermolecular forces hold the small molecule together.
 Structure of Simple Covalent Compounds
➢ Solid of discrete covalent molecules generally
have lower melting and boiling point.
➢ These are referred to as simple covalent solids
➢ Eg: sulphur (S₈), phosphorus (P) iodine (I₂),
carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O).
Simple Covalent Compounds
 Structure of Simple Covalent Compounds

➢ Some particles can have the same element but

different in their arrangements.
➢ This result in different forms.
➢ Eg: Sulphur and Phosphorus
➢ Elements are said to exhibit allotropy when they
can exist in more than one form in the same
physical state.
Structure of Simple Covalent Compounds
Allotropes are different structural forms of the
same elements existing in the same physical
state.
 Giant Covalent Compounds
➢ Giant Covalent compounds are composed of non
metal atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds in a
regular, three dimensional arrangement to form a
giant molecular lattice.

➢ The covalent bonds exist between these atoms

throughout the lattice such that a giant molecular
crystal is also known as a macromolecule i.e it is a
molecule composed of millions of atoms.
 Giant Covalent Compounds

Must
know how
to draw
these