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Physics Class 10 CH 1

The document covers fundamental concepts of light, including its properties, reflection, refraction, and image formation by mirrors and lenses. It details the laws of reflection and refraction, types of mirrors and lenses, and their respective image characteristics, along with practical applications. Additionally, it provides preparation tips for board exams and IIT foundation, emphasizing the importance of ray diagrams and understanding sign conventions.

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shrey gupta
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33 views6 pages

Physics Class 10 CH 1

The document covers fundamental concepts of light, including its properties, reflection, refraction, and image formation by mirrors and lenses. It details the laws of reflection and refraction, types of mirrors and lenses, and their respective image characteristics, along with practical applications. Additionally, it provides preparation tips for board exams and IIT foundation, emphasizing the importance of ray diagrams and understanding sign conventions.

Uploaded by

shrey gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PART A – BASIC CONCEPTS (Board Focused)

1. Light:
 Light is a form of energy that enables us to see objects.
 It travels in a straight line in a homogeneous medium (Rectilinear
propagation).

2. Reflection of Light:
 Reflection: Bouncing back of light from a polished surface.
 Laws of Reflection:
1. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.
2. Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane.

3. Types of Reflection:
 Regular Reflection: From a smooth surface (mirror).
 Diffuse Reflection: From a rough surface.

4. Mirror:
 Plane Mirror:
o Image is virtual, erect, same size, laterally inverted, same distance
behind the mirror.
 Spherical Mirror: Concave (converging), Convex (diverging).

5. Key Terms (for Spherical Mirrors):


 Pole (P), Center of Curvature (C), Radius of Curvature (R), Principal
Axis, Focus (F), Focal Length (f)

6. Image Formation by Concave Mirror:


Position of Object Nature of Image
At infinity Real, inverted, point image at F
Beyond C Real, inverted, diminished between F and C
At C Real, inverted, same size at C
Between C and F Real, inverted, enlarged beyond C
At F Image at infinity
Between F and P Virtual, erect, enlarged behind mirror

7. Uses of Concave Mirrors:


 Shaving mirror, solar concentrators, reflectors in torches, dentists' mirror

8. Convex Mirror:
 Always forms virtual, erect, diminished image.
 Used in: rear-view mirrors in vehicles.

9. Mirror Formula:

Sign convention: All distances are measured from the pole.

� PART B – DEEP CONCEPTS (Board + Foundation for


IIT)
10. Refraction of Light:
 Refraction: Bending of light when it passes from one medium to another.
 Caused by change in speed of light.

11. Laws of Refraction:


1. Incident ray, refracted ray, and normal lie in the same plane.
2. Snell’s Law:

12. Refractive Index (n):

Where c = speed of light in vacuum, v = speed in medium.


 n > 1 ⇒ Light slows down
 n < 1 ⇒ Light speeds up

13. Refraction by Glass Slab:


 Emergent ray is parallel to incident ray but laterally displaced.

14. Lenses:
 Transparent optical device bounded by two spherical surfaces.
 Convex (Converging) and Concave (Diverging)

15. Image Formation by Convex Lens:

Position of Object Nature of Image


At infinity Real, inverted, point image at F
Beyond 2F Real, inverted, diminished between F and 2F
At 2F Real, inverted, same size at 2F
Between F and 2F Real, inverted, enlarged beyond 2F
At F Image at infinity
Between F and O Virtual, erect, enlarged on same side

16. Concave Lens Image:


 Always virtual, erect, and diminished on the same side of the object.

17. Lens Formula:

18. Magnification (m):


� PART C – ADVANCED CONCEPTS (IIT Foundation
Level)
19. Sign Convention Recap (for Mirrors and Lenses):
 Object is always left of the mirror (u is negative).
 Real image: v is positive (lens), negative (mirror).
 Virtual image: v is negative (lens), positive (mirror).
 f is positive for convex lens/mirror, negative for concave.

20. Power of a Lens:

 Unit: Dioptre (D), 1 D = focal length of 1 m


 Convex Lens: Positive Power
 Concave Lens: Negative Power

21. Lens Combination:

22. Derivation Concepts (Useful for Olympiads/IIT Foundation):


 Derive lens/mirror formula using geometry and similar triangles.
 Understand path of rays in:
o Prism
o Multiple lens systems
o Combination of mirror and lens

23. Common Ray Diagrams Practice (For Accuracy in Boards):


 Practice all positions for concave mirror, convex lens, concave lens.

24. Common Errors & Concept Traps:


 Don’t confuse sign conventions.
 Refraction happens towards normal in denser medium, away in rarer.
 Don't forget that real images are inverted.
� Preparation Tips:
 Board Exam: Master ray diagrams, formulae, definitions, numericals.
 IIT Foundation: Practice conceptual MCQs, derivations, advanced problems
involving combinations.

� LIST OF IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS (with Explanation)

1. Ray Diagrams for Concave Mirror

a) Object at Infinity

 Rays parallel to principal axis → converge at focus.


 Image: Point-sized, real, inverted at F.

b) Object Beyond C

 Image: Between F and C, real, inverted, diminished.

c) Object at C

 Image: At C, real, inverted, same size.

d) Object Between C and F

 Image: Beyond C, real, inverted, magnified.

e) Object at F

 Rays reflect parallel → Image at infinity.

f) Object Between F and P

 Rays diverge → Virtual, erect, magnified image behind mirror.

2. Ray Diagrams for Convex Mirror

a) Any Object Position

 Image: Virtual, erect, diminished, behind mirror.

3. Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab


 Incident ray bends towards normal.
 Emergent ray is parallel to incident ray, but laterally displaced.

4. Refraction of Light Through a Convex Lens

a) Object at Infinity

 Image: At F₂, real, inverted, highly diminished (point image).

b) Object Beyond 2F₁

 Image: Between F₂ and 2F₂, real, inverted, diminished.

c) Object at 2F₁

 Image: At 2F₂, real, inverted, same size.

d) Object Between F₁ and 2F₁

 Image: Beyond 2F₂, real, inverted, magnified.

e) Object at F₁

 Rays emerge parallel ⇒ Image at infinity.

f) Object Between F₁ and Optical Center

 Image: Virtual, erect, magnified, same side as object.

5. Refraction of Light Through a Concave Lens

a) Any Object Position

 Diverges rays.
 Image: Virtual, erect, diminished, same side as object.

6. Sign Convention Diagram (Mirror & Lens)

 Shows orientation of object, image, principal axis, pole/optical center, etc.


 Important to determine sign of u, v, f, h.

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