DATABASE MANAGEMENT

IN CONSTRUCTION
(CEM 305)
 INTRODUCTION
TO
INFORMATION SYSTEM
(Module 1)
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Define information system and its components

• Enumerate the functions of information system
• Specify the information system being used in civil
engineering
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY INFORMATION
SYSTEM?

VIDEO LINK
WHAT IS INFORMATION SYSTEM?

Information systems, often abbreviated as IS, are the

collection of hardware, software, and
telecommunications networks that people build
and use to collect, process, create, and distribute
useful data.
COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

• Hardware
• Software
• Data
• People
• Process
HARDWARE

• The hardware aspect of an information system is the

technology you can touch. These are the physical aspects of
technology. Computers, tablets, mobile phones, disk drives,
and more are all examples of information system hardware.
• Hardware is often considered the most visible aspect of an
information system.
SOFTWARE

• Software builds directly upon the hardware of an information

system.
• Is a set of instructions that tells hardware what to do. Unlike
hardware, software is not tangible. You can’t touch it.
• Is being programmed what is really happening is instructions
are being made to tell hardware what to do.
DATA

• You can think of data as a collection of facts and

information. For example, your street address, the city you
live in, your name, and your phone.
• Like software, data is also intangible. Also, by themselves
data is not particularly useful. However, aggregated, indexed
and organized data is a powerful tool for your organization.
PEOPLE

• When thinking about information systems it is easy to focus on

the technology components: hardware, software, and data.
• But all people involved with the information system are an
essential element that must not be overlooked because they
make the technology useful in a practical sense.
PROCESS

• A process is defined as a “series of steps undertaken to achieve a

desired outcome or goal.”
• It consists of input, data process, data storage, output and control.
During input stage data instructions are fed to the systems which
during process stage are worked upon by software programs and
other queries. During output stage, data is presented in structured
format and reports.
FUNCTIONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

• Organizational Functions
• Personal/Individual Functions
EXAMPLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTION

• Process financial accounts

EXAMPLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTION

• Manage their human resources

EXAMPLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTION

• Reach their potential customers with online promotions

EXAMPLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTION

• Provide services cost-effectively to citizens (government

function)
EXAMPLE OF PERSONAL FUNCTION

• Socializing
EXAMPLE OF PERSONAL FUNCTION

• Study
EXAMPLE OF PERSONAL FUNCTION

• Shopping
EXAMPLE OF PERSONAL FUNCTION

• Banking
EXAMPLE OF PERSONAL FUNCTION

• Entertainment
INTER-DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE IN
INFORMATION SYSTEM
INFORMATION SYSTEM
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING INFORMATION SYSTEM

• In Building and Construction projects, tasks typically tend to

become more routine at the clerical and supervisory levels, but
more challenging and demanding at the senior levels.
However, computers also permit solutions to problems they
cannot be attacked manually, with a consequent increase in
job satisfaction at the relevant level.
CIVIL ENGINEERING INFORMATION SYSTEM

The utilization of on-site Engineering Information Systems (EIS) is

becoming more and more common because:
• derives to a series of key outcomes: improved operational
process, and increased productivity
• provides superior project strategy through improved project
productivity
OUTCOMES OF ON-SITE ENGINEERING
INFORMATION SYSTEM (EIS)

• Complete Project Information

• Detailed Project Outline
• Other Relevant Building and Construction Information
• Stock Control
• Payroll
• Correspondence
• Miscellaneous Information
COMPLETE PROJECT INFORMATION

• database that will include all the client's contact numbers,

personal information, and histories. All of the negotiations and
documents will also be integrated within the EIS.
DETAILED PROJECT OUTLINE

• which includes information such as costing agreements;

drawings of related plans including underground sewerage,
electricity, storm runoffs, easements, caveats, and other factors
which can influence the satisfactory completion of the project.
OTHER RELEVANT BUILDING AND
CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION

• including a list of companies that are taking part in the

project, need to be incorporated.
STOCK CONTROL

• which includes all transactions that have taken place, receipts

letters from suppliers, and letters to suppliers/contractors, are
necessary for accurate budgeting.
PAYROLL

• including all the payroll documentation, including payslips and

payroll queries, job application forms are also integrated
within the EIS.
CORRESPONDENCE

• including all the information which is unable to be stored as

hard copies are stored in digital formats. This information
includes drawings and photographs of scanned images or
databases of significant information.
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

• which is not part of the other outcomes is incorporated here.

INFORMATION SYSTEM IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
INFORMATION SYSTEM IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY

Materials and labor are the two most important inputs of any
construction project. That’s why the pricing of these two
ingredients plays a significant role in the overall construction
cost. Every contractor aims to stay within the boundaries of their
construction budget. Yet, without information systems, it is nearly
impossible to achieve this goal.
INFORMATION SYSTEM IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY

Although information systems have always played an integral

role in the construction world, the industry still lags in crucial
aspects. This is likely to change soon as the industry is now
embracing big data analytics. The construction industry is now
moving to areas such as real-time analytics.
HERE’S HOW BUSINESSES CAN USE
CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
SYSTEMS TO GROW
BETTER PLANNING AND BUDGETING

For commercial companies, there is a need to access the correct

data at the right time. This will help assess sub-contractors
working on a project. The accurate data and analysis help
determine the reliability of a potential partner.
IMPROVED TRACKING AND ORGANIZATION OF
PROJECTS

You need data on business, weather, traffic, and community

around your project. This data helps to determine the phasing
of the project. As you work on the first phase, decide if you
need more equipment for the second phase.
RISK MITIGATION

Analytics play a significant role in improving the safety of site

workers. Construction sites have started to use smart clothing
equipped with wearable devices and electronic sensors. They
transmit images and information to primary databases. Some
smart clothing is equipped with automatic time logging functions.
This encourages efficiency. Some new inventions in this sector
include ‘smart, hard hat.’ These helmets measure the body
temperature and heart rate of site workers.
TRACKING ASSETS AND INVENTORIES

Information systems play a role in tracking assets and inventory.

You can connect over 10,000 construction machines to your
system. This way, you can remotely supervise the real-time
performance of these machines on the site. This prevents misuse
of these machines and helps you generate predictive capability
data that will help you maximize the value of your assets.
COST ANALYSIS

Even with the industry boom, few construction companies can

make profits. This is because businesses cannot evaluate their
project expenditure due to difficulty collecting accurate
historical data on every aspect of a project. This information is
not only crucial in reducing costs but also for bidding on new
jobs.
CE 165 - Database Management in Construction

INFORMATION
ENGINEERING AND
ARCHITECTURE
ENGR. SHARYH BAC-A BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING -
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INFORMATION
ENGINEERING
Information engineering (IE) is the application of
science and technology in developing quality
information systems.
IE enables the design, construction, and operation of
efficient and economic information systems for
modern business practices.
IE has also become the methodology of choice for
developing management information systems.

Examples: image processing, machine vision, pattern

recognition and computer graphics
GOALS of Information Engineering

1. To develop systems that comply closely with user specifications;

2. To reduce overall systems development time;

3. To promote longer system life;

4. To reduce cost of maintenance over the system’s useful life.

IE also includes requirements for a database (data engineering), for insuring
controlled access (security engineering), and for binding all application
components into a single system (software engineering).

Data Software Security

Engineering Engineering Engineering

It refers to the access of
It focuses on the required It refers to the organized
information, both by the
information for a given process of producing a software engineers and the
software application, from end user, clearly defining
application, to meet the
the original idea to the final what each individual can
needs of software engineers
deliverable product. It utilize do with what information
(who ‘build’ the system) and the data engineering results at which times. IE must
users (who utilize the and apply methodologies in span the entire business
system). process, and not be limited
the design and construction
to the design and
of an application. development of an
application.
IMPORTANT PERSONS IH THE HISTORY OF IE
Clive James Charles
Finkelstein Martin M. Richter
Father of information Co-authored "Information
Revamped the IE
engineering Engineering" in Nov 1981
methodology
Bridged strategic business Improved IE into a database
Helped in the design of the
planning to information design-driven which focused
overall current IE software
systems in 1976 to 1980 on possibility of automating
product
Wrote the first publication on developments.
Opened the generation of
information engineering in Incorporated rapid
Information Architecture
May - June 1981 application development
Co-authored "Information (RAD) and business process
Engineering" in Nov 1981 reengineering (BPR) in 1990s
STAGES of Information Engineering
STAGE 1: Information Strategy Planning
Concerned with how technology can be used to create new opportunities
or competitive advantages.
STAGE 2: Business Area Analysis
Concerned with what processes are needed to run a selected business
area, how these processes interrelate, and what data is needed.
STAGE 3: System Design
Concerned with how selected processes in the business area are
implemented in procedures and how these procedures work

STAGE 4: Construction.
Implementation of the procedures using, where practical, code generators,
fourth generation languages, and end user tools.
Applications of Information Engineering (IE)
in the Construction Industry

1. Building Information Modelling (BIM)

2. Project Management Systems

3. Supply Chain and Data Integration

4. Risk Management system

INFORMATION
ARCHITECTURE
Information architecture (IA) is the discipline of making
information findable and understandable.

It includes searching, browsing, categorizing and

presenting relevant and contextual information to help
people understand their surroundings and find what
they’re looking for online and in the real world.

The term, ‘‘information architecture’’ (IA), was coined

by Richard Wurman in 1975
IMPORTANCE of Information Architecture

1. Easier navigation.

2. Improved findability.

3. Better content management.

4. Supports business goals:

COMPONENTS of Information Architecture
In Information Architecture for the World Wide Web, authors Louis Rosenfeld and Peter
Morville note that effective information architecture starts with four building blocks:

Organization systems: Present the site’s information to us in a variety of ways,

such as content categories
Labeling systems: This includes categorization, contextual links, navigational terms,
keywords, and taxonomy.
Navigation systems: Users figure out how to get from the homepage or screen to
their end goal with global, local, and contextual navigation systems.
Search systems: To help users search your site or product, you must decide how
to index content—for example, by topic, audience segment, or content type.
COMPONENTS of Information Architecture cont’d
Applications of Information Architecture (IA)
in the Construction Industry

1. Project Documentation and Information Structuring

2. Website and Intranet Design for Construction Companies

3. Collaboration Tools and Platforms

4. Mobile Applications for Construction Workers

INFORMATION
STRATEGY PLANNING
Is an organizational management activity that is used to set
priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen
operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders
are working toward common goals, establish agreement
around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust
the organization's direction in response to a changing
environment.
IMPORTANCE of IS Planning
1. Strategic planning provides clarity, direction, and focus for your organization.
The primary purpose of strategic planning is to connect the organization’s
mission and vision.

2. A strategic plan drives organizational alignment

3. A plan communicates your message. Even if you have a strong mission

and vision statements, most leaders walk around with a virtual strategy
locked in their heads.
Approaches to IS Planning

Top-down Planning Bottom-up Planning

Focuses on organizational Focuses on the needs of
goals first, then on the business units first, then on
needs of business units. organizational goals.

Top-down, or goal-driven, In bottom-up planning, the

planning considers the process starts with
organization as a whole. consideration of individual
concerns.
STEPS in IS Planning
STEP 1: Current Situation Analysis
This analysis prepares the organization to tackle the work of completing a useful
and valuable strategic plan that provides a competitive advantage.

STEP 2: Segmentation Analysis

The purpose of this process is to match the company’s current or prospective
products and services with the market’s potential

STEP 3: Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat Analysis

SWOT analysis is a valuable, proven, effective tool to use in the discovery
and evaluation stage of strategic planning.
STEPS in IS Planning cont’d
STEP 4: Core Competencies Analysis
Core competencies are a set of unique internal skills processes and systems that
provide competitive advantage in the market.

STEP 5: Key Success Factors

Key Success Factors are those functions, activities or business practices, defined
by the market and as viewed by the customer, that are critical to the
vendor/customer relationship.

STEP 6: Business Unit Strategy / Business Plan

Those elements of the business include the overall business, each
operating division of the business and each key functional area of the
business.
STEPS in IS Planning cont’d
STEP 7: Balanced Score Card
In business “score” is kept to report results, to effect behavior, to reward and to
recognize performance.

STEP 8: Evaluation
The evaluation process provides a clinical check-up on the progress of the
business compared to both the near-term Business Plan and the long-term
Strategic Plan.
FOR MORE INFORMATION
BENEFITS of IS Planning
Clearly define the purpose of the organization and to establish realistic goals and
objectives consistent with that mission in a defined time frame within the
organization’s capacity for implementation.
Communicate those goals and objectives to the organization’s constituents.
Develop a sense of ownership of the plan.
Ensure the most effective use is made of the organization’s resources by focusing
the resourceson the key priorities.
Provide a base from which progress can be measured and establish a mechanism
for informed change when needed.
Listen to everyone’s opinions in order to build consensus about where the
organization is going.
Provide clearer focus for the organization, thereby producing more efficiency and
effectiveness.
BENEFITS of IS Planning cont’d
Bridge staff/employees and the board of directors (in the case of corporations).
Build strong teams in the board and in the staff/employees (in the case of
corporations).
Provide the glue that keeps the board members together (in the case of
corporations).
Produce great satisfaction and meaning among planners, especially around a
common vision.
Increase productivity from increased efficiency and effectiveness.
Solve major problems in the organization.
CHALLENGES to IS Planning
1. Lack of leadership

2. Lack of consensus

3. Too ambitious

4. Failure to integrate the plan into the culture, operations, and budget

5. Lack of momentum in the short term

REFERENCES:
Arango, L. R. P. M. J. (2016, July 27). The anatomy of an information architecture. O’Reilly Media.
https://www.oreilly.com/content/the-anatomy-of-an-information-
architecture/#:~:text=You%20can%20visualize%20information%20architecture,navigation%20systems%2C%20
and%20searching%20systems.
Date, An Introduction to Database Systems, Addison Wasley, 1990 • Martin, Information Engineering, Books II
and III, Prentice Hall, 1990
Elmasri&Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, 6th Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2011
Sadiku, M. N. O., Shadare, A. E., & Musa, S. M. (2017). Information Engineering. International Journal of
Engineering Research, 6(10), 448. https://doi.org/10.5958/2319-6890.2017.00060.5
SME Strategy. (2017, March 24). The steps of the strategic planning process in under 15 minutes [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQ6348u6o08
What is Information Architecture (IA)? (2024, November 26). The Interaction Design Foundation.
https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/information-architecture?
srsltid=AfmBOoqWv77j4fgJW_Jd9qWWCC-L1GLfzMZP8Gil0R4If07vZlqhg-L5
What is information architecture? | FigMa. (n.d.). Figma. https://www.figma.com/resource-library/what-is-
information-architecture/
DATA-DRIVEN CONSTRUCTION

By: Engr. Sharyh Anne D. Bac-a

WHAT IS
CONSTRUCTION
DATA?
Construction data is a powerful
resource for contractors,
equipping them with critical
insights to plan, manage, and
optimize projects from start to
finish.
 How Construction Data
is Collected and
Managed
1. Job site reports provide critical, real-time
information, including details on labor hours,
weather conditions, materials, and overall project
progress.
2. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is another
essential source, offering detailed 3D project
models that combine design and planning data,
helping teams visualize the project and identify
potential issues before they escalate.
 How Construction Data
is Collected and
Managed
3. Estimating software supports accurate
budgeting and financial planning, allowing teams
to compare cost estimates with actual project
expenses and improve the accuracy of future
projections.
4. GPS devices capture data on machinery
performance, location, and usage, helping project
managers optimize asset utilization and avoid
costly downtime.
Types of
Construction Building
Estimating Information
Data Data Modeling Data

According to
Leshchenko (ProNovos
Construction
Analytics)
Financial Operational
Project Project
Data Data
 1. ESTIMATING DATA

Analyze trends in bid wins,

historical cost estimates,
and actual project expenses,
helping them refine their
approach to bidding and
pricing.
2. BUILDING INFORMATION
MODELING DATA
1.
Empowers construction
professionals to optimize
workflows, enhance
decision-making, and
deliver projects that meet or
exceed client expectations
while also supporting
sustainability and long-term
maintenance strategies.
3. OPERATIONAL PROJECT
DATA
1.
Encompasses all
construction data related to
the execution of a project,
serving as a crucial resource
for effective construction
project management.
 4. FINANCIAL PROJECT
DATA
1.
Encompasses all monetary
aspects of a construction
project, including the costs
associated with labor,
materials, equipment, and
overhead.
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION
DATA

CONSTRUCTION
DATA

POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND ENGINEERING DATA

DATA
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) DATA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DATA
CONSTRUCTION SITE DATA
DATA
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL DATA
SCHEDULE DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT DATA
Budget and Financial Data
Analyzing this data can help project managers
identify cost overruns, assess the project's
financial health, and ensure that adequate funding
is available.

Examples:
Project Estimated Cost
Actual Expenses
Funding sources
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND ENGINEERING DATA

DATA
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) DATA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DATA
CONSTRUCTION SITE DATA
DATA
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL DATA
SCHEDULE DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT DATA
Stakeholder Engagement Data
Analyzing this data can help manage expectations,
and enhance project outcomes. These data can be
particularly important for contractors working with
the same clients or types of projects

Examples:
Client Feedback
Community Feedback
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND ENGINEERING DATA

DATA
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) DATA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DATA
CONSTRUCTION SITE DATA
DATA
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL DATA
SCHEDULE DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT DATA
 Schedule Data
Analyzing this data can help identify potential
delays, optimize resource allocation, and adjust
the project timeline to meet deadlines.

Examples:
Project milestones
Task durations
Resource allocation
Activity Sequencing
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND ENGINEERING DATA

DATA
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) DATA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DATA
CONSTRUCTION SITE DATA
DATA
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL DATA
SCHEDULE DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT DATA
Environmental Impact Data
Analyzing this data can help project managers
minimize the project's ecological footprint, meet
sustainability goals, and comply with
environmental regulations.

Examples:
Emissions
Waste generation
Resource consumption
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND ENGINEERING DATA

DATA
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) DATA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DATA
CONSTRUCTION SITE DATA
DATA
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL DATA
SCHEDULE DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT DATA
 Site Data
Analyzing this data can help identify potential
issues, optimize construction logistics, and ensure
the location is safe and suitable for construction.

Examples:
Site surveys
Soil tests
Weather and climate conditions
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND ENGINEERING DATA

DATA
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) DATA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DATA
CONSTRUCTION SITE DATA
DATA
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL DATA
SCHEDULE DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT DATA
Design and Engineering Data
Analyzing this data can help identify potential
design flaws, optimize material usage, and ensure
compliance with building codes.

Examples:
Engineering Drawings
3D models
Material specifications
Load-bearing calculations
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN AND ENGINEERING DATA

DATA
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) DATA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DATA
CONSTRUCTION SITE DATA
DATA
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL DATA
SCHEDULE DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT DATA
Building Information Modeling
Data
Analyzing this data can help optimize design and
construction processes, improve clash detection,
and enhance building performance

Examples:
Associated metadata about the construction
project's elements
Virtual 3D models
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
 Procurement Data

Analyzing this data can help optimize strategies,

reduce costs and ensure timely acquisition.

Provides information about materials, equipment and

services procurement for the construction project.
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
 Quality Control Data

Analyzing this data can help ensure that the

project meets code standards, identify potential
site issues, and ensure compliance with regulatory
requirements

Includes information about inspections, tests, and

quality assessments conducted on the construction
site
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
 Geospatial Data

Analyzing this data can help optimize site layout,

plan construction logistics, and monitor site
progress.

Provides information about the geographic site and

the construction elements' spatial relationships
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
Internet of Things (IoT) Data

Analyzing this data can provide insights into

equipment usage, environmental conditions, and
worker productivity

With the advent of the IoT, construction projects can

generate real-time data from sensors and devices
deployed on the construction site
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
 Change Order Data

Analyzing this data can help identify trends in

variations, assess the impact of changes on the
project timeline and budget, and optimize additive
and deductive cost management.

A contractor must identify change orders, determine

how they comport with the contract specifications
and whether and how they impact the project
schedule, then put them through an approval process
and ultimately negotiate the cost
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
 Subcontractor Data

Analyzing this data can help assess the

performance of specialized contractors, optimize
their selection, and improve relationships.

Subcontractor data tracks the performance of

subcontractors working on the construction project
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
Temporary Materials, Supplies and
Construction Equipment Data
Analyzing this data can help optimize material
procurement, reduce equipment downtime, and
prevent material and equipment theft and
attrition.

Material and equipment data track the quantity, type,

and location of materials and equipment used on the
construction site
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
 Safety Data
Analyzing this data can help identify potential
hazards, improve S&H protocols, and ensure
compliance with S&H regulations.

Safety data includes information about safety

inspections, incidents, and near-misses on the
construction site
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
 Reality Capture Data
Analyzing this data help provide insights into job
progress, equipment usage and environmental
conditions, helping to identify potential issues and
create a visual documentation of the project

Data collection can be through drones, laser

scanners and IoT (Internet of Things) sensors
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
 RFIs and Issues Data
Analyzing this data can help project managers
resolve problems more efficiently, improve
communication, and prevent recurring issues

Provide insights into the questions, clarifications, and

problems arising during construction
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
Workforce and Productivity
Data
Analyzing this data can help optimize labor
allocation, improve worker productivity, and
reduce the risk of labor shortages

Tracks the construction workforce's performance,

productivity, and availability
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin
GEOSPATIAL DATA
PRE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
DATA PROCUREMENT DATA
TEMPORARY MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT DATA
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL DATA
DATA
SAFETY DATA
REALITY CAPTURE DATA
SUBCONTRACTOR DATA
POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
IOT DATA
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT DATA
RFIS AND ISSUES DATA
CHANGE ORDER DATA
Document Management Data

Analyzing this can help optimize workflows, ensure

compliance with report requirements, and reduce
the risk of lost or misplaced papers.

Construction projects generate vast documentation,

including contracts, permits, drawings, and manuals
Types of Construction Data
According to Paul Levin

PRE CONSTRUCTION
DATA WARRANTY AND POST-CONSTRUCTION DATA
PROJECT TURN-OVER / FACILITIES MAINTENANCE AND

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION CONSIDERATIONS

DATA LESSONS LEARNED
DISPUTE RESOLUTION

POST CONSTRUCTION
DATA
 Warranty and Post-
Construction Data

Analyzing this data can help identify potential

performance issues, manage warranty claims, and
improve the design and construction of future
projects.

Warranty and post-construction data track the

performance and issues of the constructed facility
during the warranty period and beyond
Project Turn-Over / Facilities
Maintenance and Operation
Considerations
If information has been adequately maintained and
the data quality is trusted, there is not much
needed to do for data collection at this point.
Analysis might be conducted to compare the final
product to the original to uncover possible areas of
interest.

BIM models represent a rich data set for the owner's

use once the project is complete
 Lessons Learned
An often overlooked aspect of a construction
project is capturing and documenting lessons
learned and making this information available for
future projects.
 Dispute Resolution
Data collected at various phases of the project can
be gathered, collated and analyzed to help resolve
these disputes. The more data collected, the more
likely it is to resolve any factual issues that might
hinder dispute resolution

The better and more complete the data is, the less
future expenses of hiring claims consultants to
collect or recreate the data
Data-driven construction
This is a methodology that uses data and
analytics to improve the efficiency,
productivity, and quality of construction
projects. It involves the collection, analysis,
and application of data throughout the
construction process, from planning and
design to construction and operations.
 Data-driven construction
Some of the benefits of data-driven construction include:

1. Improved productivity

2. Increased safety

3. Better quality

4. Reduced costs

By leveraging the power of data and analytics,

data-driven construction has the potential to
transform the way construction projects are
planned, designed, and executed.
 Data-Driven Construction
Work Off a Single Source
of Truth Measure Their
Decision Making and
Risk Management
Effectiveness

Utilize Advanced Extensively Collect

Analysis Data

Create Uniformity Across

Teams and Phases Implement a
Continuous
Improvement Mindset

8 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
Remove Paper and Other Focus on Accessibility
Manual Processes DATA DRIVEN
CONTRACTOR
 References
Leshchenko, X. (n.d.). What is Construction Data? - ProNovos
Construction Analytics. ProNovos. https://pronovos.com/what-is-
construction-data/

Ellis, G. (2022, March 14). Data-Driven Construction: Your Ultimate 12-

Step guide. Digital Builder.

Datumate. (2023, November 13). What is Data-driven construction |

Datumate. https://www.datumate.com/glossary/data-driven-
construction/

Ai, C. I. (2023, August 24). Analyzing construction data – identifying data

types is the first step. www.constructionindustryai.com.
https://www.constructionindustryai.com/articles/analyzing-
construction-data-identifying-data-types-the
RESEARCH WORK 2:

Create a group of three members.

Identify a key technology used in data-driven construction. No two

groups should have the same technology.

Submit your names on a 1/8 sheet of short bond paper along with
your chosen technology.
RESEARCH WORK 2:

TOTAL SCORE: 80 points

DUE DATE: FEBRUARY 19, 2025 (First Hour)

INSTRUCTIONS:
Please read the following carefully and adhere to the provided guidelines.

- Use A4-sized bond paper ONLY for your submission. It may be either printed
or handwritten.
- The choice of font style and size is at your discretion.
- Ensure that your submission includes your name, class code, and subject
code.
- Failure to follow instructions will result in deductions.

If you have any further questions, feel free to consult me directly or post a
comment in our Google Classroom. Kindly exercise due diligence and adhere to
academic standards. The scoring guideline is also provided for your reference.
RESEARCH WORK 2:
Try this background
for online class.
*Please delete this section before
downloading.
Computer Aided Software Engineering
(CASE TOOLS)

WHAT ARE CASE TOOLS?

• Use of software tools in the development and

maintenance of software
• Sets of software application programs that are
used to automate SDLC (Software
Development Life Cycle), activities
• Provide automated support
• A software to develop another software
Matrix Diagram or Chart Tools
WHO USES CASE TOOLS?
Matrix diagrams offer a visual aid for project managers
• Software Project Managers
to comprehend these relationships between various
• Analysts
processes, programs, and personnel within a project
• Engineers
more clearly. By utilizing matrix diagrams, project
WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS TYPES OF CASE TOOLS? managers can make more informed decisions and
effectively navigate their projects towards successful
• Analysis Tools completion.
• Design Toos
• Project Management Tools What is Matrix Diagram or Chart?
• Database Management Tools
• defined as a new management planning tool
• Documentation Tools
used to analyze and visually represent the
WHY DO WE USE CASE TOOLS? relationships between different sets of data.
• enable the comparison of two or more groups
• Accelerates development of projects of elements, or elements within a single group.
• Helps in many different development stages • serve as a powerful tool for visualizing complex
• Prepare a good end-product relationships, especially those involving many-
• Fulfill requirements to-many connections.
• Analyze a problem
What are the types of information you can analyze in a
HOW DO ORGANIZATIONS USE CASE TOOLS? matrix diagram?

• Standardize the development process DATA: Matrix diagram can analyze numerical or
• RAD: Rapid Application Development Testing categorical data, such as sales figures, survey
• Documentation responses, or demographic information.
• Project Management
• Reduce maintenance cost FUNCTIONS: Useful for examining the Relationships
• Increase productivity between different functions or processes within a
system or organization.
COMPONENTS OF CASE TOOLS
CONCEPTS: Help you explore the connections between
CASE tool parts based on their use at a particular SDLC abstract concepts or ideas.
stage:
PEOPLE: Matrix diagram can analyze relationships
1. Central Repository: Source of common, between individuals or groups within a social network,
integrated and consistent information organization, or community.
2. Upper Case Tools: For planning, analyzing and
designing of SDLC MATERIALS: In fields such as manufacturing or
3. Lower Case Tools: Implementation, testing and engineering, matrix diagrams can be used to analyze
maintenance the relationships between different materials,
4. Integrated Case Tools: Gathering and components, or parts.
documentation testing
EQUIPMENT: Matrix diagrams are also valuable for
analyzing relationships between various pieces of
MATRICES
equipment or machinery within a system or process.
In the context of database management, matrices
ACTIONS: Matrix diagram to analyze the relationships
typically refer to two-dimensional arrays or tables that
between different actions, tasks, or activities within a
organize data in rows and columns. These matrices are
project or workflow. This could involve identifying
also known as tables in the database world.
dependencies, sequencing tasks, or optimizing
resource allocation.
FIVE BASIC TYPES OF MATRIX CHARTS T-shaped matrix diagram

L-shaped matrix diagram - This matrix lets you compare one list (the center
“pole” of the T) to two other groups.
- simplest and most common matrix diagram, it
- Use the T-shaped matrix when you need to
compares two sets of data in a two-
compare two groups that are related to one
dimensional table.
primary list (but not to each other).
- Use the L-shaped diagram when you need to
compare two groups of items or one group to
itself.

X-shaped matrix diagram

Y-shaped matrix diagram
- The X-shaped matrix is useful for comparing two
- The Y-shaped diagram relates three groups of pairs of complementary lists.
items that are all related to each other in a - Use the X-shaped diagram when you need to
circular flow (i.e., A ←→B←→C←→A). compare four groups of items.
- Use the Y-shaped matrix when you need to
compare three tightly related groups.

PROCESS MODELING
❖ is a graphical representation of business
processes or workflow.
C-shaped matrix diagram ❖ allows visualization of business processes
❖ a vital component of process automation, as a
- The C shaped matrix relates the three groups process model needs to be created first to
simultaneously in a three-dimensional cube define tasks and optimize the workflow before
diagram it is automated
- Use the C-shaped matrix when you need to BENEFITS OF USING PROCESS MODELING
compare three groups simultaneously.
• Improve efficiency
• Gain transparency
• Create understanding
• Ensure best practice
• Business orchestration

EXAMPLES of using process modeling in

ORGANIZATIONS

HSA Bank – HSA Bank used process modeling to

capture the current state of business processes.

Cofco International – They used process modeling to

visualize the process, which created an instant
overview of the process. This gave them end-to-end
traceability and the ability to easily update processes
to ensure compliance.
EXAMPLES of how process modeling is applied IN APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Hierarchical databases can be utilized to represent the
Project Planning and Scheduling: Critical Path Method organizational structure of a construction project, with
(CPM) or Program Evaluation and Review Technique each department, team, and individual linked in a
(PERT) hierarchical manner.

Building Information Modeling (BIM): a process Procore: Project management software like Procore
modeling technique that involves creating digital often employs hierarchical database structures for
representations of buildings and infrastructure organizing project tasks, documents, and
communication.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE PROCESS MODELING
SOFTWARE?

Using software means you can take advantage of RELATIONSHIP FRAMEWORK / RELATIONAL
intuitive features like drag and drop when building your
MODEL
process models and collaborate with your colleagues
when improving the processes. ❖ Also known as SQL databases, RDBMS, and
business intelligence platforms.
- Visualization
❖ Built for handling large amounts of data.
- Analysis
❖ Commonly used in business scenarios.
- Collaboration
- Simulation Users
- Continuous Improvement
• Database Administrators
• Software Developers/Programmers
• End-Users
HIERARCHIES
BASIC TERMS
❖ A hierarchical database is organized in a tree-
like structure, with records linked in a parent- o Data: Raw values in the database
child relationship. o Information: Processed data with meaning.
❖ Often used to represent data relationships like o Tables: Collections of entities
organizational charts or family trees. o Records: Unique horizontal rows (tuples).
o Fields: Vertical columns (attributes)
ORGANIZATION: Data structured in a hierarchy with a representing facts.
topmost record as the root. Each record has one or o Domain (Field Specification): Range of allowed
more child records linked to the parent. values for a field
o Null Values: Fields with no values can
PURPOSE: Efficient representation of data relationships.
complicate calculations
LIMITATION: Not as flexible for handling complex data o Keys: Access specific records
relationships or structural changes. o Indexes: Improve database performance.
o Views: Virtual tables for data subset.
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
- Fast Data Retrieval
- Easy Information Management - Simplicity Of Model
- Efficient Data Storage - Data Integrity
- Predictable Structure - Ease Of Use
- Good Performance - Normalization
- Security
DISADVANTAGES - Accuracy
- Limited Flexibility - Collaboration
- Maintenance Challenges DISADVANTAGES
- Interoperability Issues
- Data Manipulation Constraints - Maintenance Problem
- Standardization Challenges - Lack Of Scalability
- Cost
- Physical Storage
- Complex Structure
- Decrease In Performance Over Time
DESIGN PHASE

REFERENCES:

Akhtar, Z. (n.d.). Hierarchical Database (Model,

Advantages, Disadvantages) - DatabaseTown.
DatabaseTown.
https://databasetown.com/hierarchical-database/

Akhtar, Z. (2021, August 2). Relational Database Benefits

and Limitations (Advantages & Disadvantages)
DatabaseTown. https://databasetown.com/relational-
database-benefits-
andlimitations/#:~:text=The%20main%20benefits%20of%
20using,issue%20of%20speed%20can%20arise

Case tools. (n.d.).

https://www.careerride.com/page/case-
tools663.aspx#:~:text=Central%20Repository,documents
%2C%20related%20reports%20and%20diagrams.

Software case tools Overview. (n.d.).

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/software_engineering/c
ase_tools_overview.html

Vanner, C. (2022, January 17). What is Process

Modeling? 6 Essential Questions Answered. Bizagi Site.
https://www.bizagi.com/en/blog/process-modeling-
and-mapping/what-is-process-modeling-6-essential-
questionsanswered

What is a Matrix Diagram: What They Are and How to

Use Them. (2019, June 26). Lucidchart.
https://www.lucidchart.com/blog/what-is-a-matrix-
chara