2024-2025 Spring
MATH 2203 (STATISTICS I)
Week - 1
Instructors : Dr. Elanur Türküz
Class hours : Thursday - 8:30 am up to 11:20 am
Email: [email protected]
What is Statistics?
STATISTICS is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions.
Who uses statistics?
If you look through different working fields, you will find that statistics is required for
almost all areas
Accountants
Sports people
Economists
Marketers
Politicians Investors Consumers
Hospitals Quality Controllers Statisticians
Educators Physicians
A Study Example:
A study was undertaken to estimate the average height of penguins in
Antarctica.
Let’s review the steps they would take to
prepare the estimate.
First of all, what we need to do is to
determine the group of individuals
or objects that are the subject of
the research.
So what is a population?
A population is a collection of all
possible individuals, objects,
or measurements of interest.
What to do after determining the
population?
Reaching all penguins in the population will
be very difficult, costly, and perhaps
impossible.
Then we can try to reach a subgroup that is
thought to be representative of the
population.
This subgroup is a sample with fewer units
than the population.
We determined the population framework
and took a sample as a subgroup from this
population. What do we need now?
We determined the population framework
and took a sample as a subgroup from this
population.
What do we need now?
• We need raw data.
• Data representing the population.
• We need to make a measurement for
each one in the sample.
Thus, a raw data is created.
We have made a lot of progress, but the
row data is still not enough to achieve the
goal.
Now we need to put the data into a
readable and understandable format!
Two methods that can be used to
‘see’
what the data conveys are Tables and
Graphs/Charts
Tables
… are an efficient method of displaying data and depicting data accurately
We did not have any information on
the general structure of the data
based on the raw data.
However, a summary table created
after a simple arrangement can give
us some ideas about the general
character of the data.
Charts and Graphs
Scatter
Line Plot
Pie
Histogram Bar
Population vs. Sample
Why take a sample instead of studying every member
of the population?
Costs of surveying the entire population
may be too large or prohibitive
Destruction of elements during investigation
Accuracy of results
Types of Statistics
Methods of organizing, summarizing, and Science of making inferences about a
presenting data in an informative way population, based on sample information
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics mostly focus on the central tendency, variability, and distribution of
sample data.
Central tendency means the estimate of the
characteristics, a typical element of a sample or
population, and includes descriptive statistics such as
mean, median, and mode.
Variability refers to a set of statistics that show how
much difference there is among the elements of a
sample or population along the characteristics
measured, and includes metrics such as range,
variance, and standard deviation.
The distribution refers to the overall "shape"
of the data, which can be depicted on a
chart such as a histogram or dot plot, and
includes properties such as the probability
distribution function, skewness, and
kurtosis.
Descriptive statistics can also describe
differences between observed
characteristics of the elements of a data set.
Descriptive statistics help us understand the
collective properties of the elements of a
data sample and form the basis for testing
hypotheses and making predictions using
inferential statistics.
Types of Data
Variable: a characteristic of a population or sample that is of interest to us.
Qualitative Quantitative
Categorical Numerical
Observations Observations
Qualitative Variables
Gender Country of Birth Eye Colour
Male U.K. Blue
Female Germany Brown
Taiwan Hazel
China Green
India Red
Japan
Russia
Quantitative Variables
Minutes to end Number of Number of
of Class Children in Two-Door
55
45
a Family Garages
30 1
2
in a Street
5 3 10
0 4 20
… 30
40
...
Quantitative Variables
… can be classified as either
Discrete or
Continuous
Discrete Variable e.g. - Number of bedrooms in a
house
… can only assume certain values - Number of goals scored
and (1,2,3,…etc)
there are usually “gaps” between - Oscars won by actors
values - Number of students in a class
Quantitative Variables
… can be classified as either
Discrete or
Continuous
Continuous Variable
e.g. - Pressure in a tire
… can assume any value
- Annual income
within a specified range! - Amount of rainfall last month
- Height of students in a class
Summary
Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal Level
Data can only be classified into categories or counted
and cannot be arranged in any particular order.
Example
M & Ms
Category: Candy
Classification: By Colour only
(No natural order)
Ordinal Level
…involves data arranged in some order,
but the differences between data values
cannot be determined or are meaningless!
Example
During a taste test of 4 soft drinks:
Mello Yello was ranked number……..…. 1.
Sprite number……………………………. 2.
Seven Up number..…………………..…... 3.
Orange Crush number ….……………….4.
Interval Level
…similar to the Ordinal Level, with the additional
property that meaningful amounts of differences
between data values can be determined.
There is no natural zero point.
• Temperature on the Celsius scale.
• Time is another example of interval data measured on an interval
scale because its value is constant, known, and measurable.
Ratio Level
…the Interval Level with an inherent zero starting point.
Differences and ratios are meaningful
for this level of measurement.
Ratio data can include variables like;
• Income,
• Height,
• Weight,
• Annual sales,
• Market share,
• Unemployment rate, and crime rate.
Grading: The weights of exams are as follows
,
Exams Percent (%) Date
First Midterm 25 % will be determined, Thursday, @17:15
Second Midterm 30 % will be determined, Thursday, @17:15
Final 45 % To be announced later by the Student Office
End of Week 1
