1

1 Some surfaces are better at emitting radiation than others.

(a) Describe an experiment to show whether a black surface or a white surface is the better emitter
of radiation. You may draw a diagram.

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........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) To ensure that the conclusion reached in the experiment in (a) is correct, several details of
the experiment must be identical when testing the two different surfaces.

State two quantities in the experiment that you described that must be identical during the
test.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

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2. .......................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]
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2 A quantity of gas is trapped by a piston in a cylinder with thin metal walls. The piston is free to move
without friction within the cylinder.

The diagram shows the cylinder and piston.

gas

cylinder

piston

The cylinder is placed inside a freezer.

The initial temperature of the cylinder and the gas is 21 °C and, in the freezer, the temperature of
the cylinder decreases to −18 °C.

The thermal capacity of the cylinder is 89 J / °C.

Calculate the change in the internal energy of the cylinder.

change in internal energy = ............................................ [2]

[Total: 2]
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3 The diagram shows apparatus used to observe the motion of smoke particles (Brownian motion).

microscope

glass cover

smoke glass cell

The glass cell has light shining on it from the side.

The smoke particles are seen as bright specks of light when looking through the microscope.

Explain, in terms of forces and the motion of air molecules, the cause of the motion of the smoke
particles.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

4 The diagram shows a kitchen tap that supplies instant boiling water.

Cold water passes over an electric immersion heater inside the tap.

The boiling point of water is 100 °C.

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(a) The immersion heater is powered by the mains at a voltage of 230 V. When the tap is opened,
the heater switches on and the current in the heater is 13 A.

Calculate the thermal energy produced by the heater in 60 s.

thermal energy = .............................................. [2]

(b) The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The cold water that enters the tap is at
22 °C.

Calculate the rate at which water at its boiling point emerges from the tap.

rate = .............................................. [4]

[Total: 6]
3
5 A bowl contains 500 cm of water at a temperature of 5.0 °C. The bowl of water is placed in a freezer
for several hours. When the bowl is removed from the freezer, it contains ice at a temperature of
3
–18.0 °C. The density of water is 1000 kg / m .

(a) Calculate the mass of water in the bowl when it is placed in the freezer.

mass = .............................................. [2]

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(b) The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The specific heat capacity of ice is
5
2100 J / (kg °C). The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 3.3 × 10 J / kg.

Calculate the energy given out as the water cools from 5.0 °C to ice at –18.0 °C.

energy = .............................................. [5]

[Total: 7]

6 An electrical heater is used to heat a liquid to its boiling point. The diagram shows the apparatus.

When the liquid is boiling, the heater supplies 1.26 MJ of thermal energy. The mass reading shown
on the balance decreases from 3800 g to 2300 g.

(a) Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of the liquid.

specific latent heat = .............................................. [3]

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(b) State and explain a precaution to improve the accuracy of the value of specific latent heat
calculated in (a).

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

7 A beaker contains water at room temperature. The diagram shows the beaker placed on a tripod
above a Bunsen burner.

The Bunsen burner is lit and the temperature of the water begins to increase.

(a) The water is evaporating.

(i) Describe one difference between evaporation and boiling.

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) State and explain what happens to the rate at which the water evaporates as its
temperature increases.

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(b) After a few minutes, the water reaches its boiling point temperature. The water continues to
gain energy from the Bunsen burner.

(i) State what happens to the temperature of the water in the beaker.

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................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(ii) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.3 x 10 J / kg. After the water reaches
its boiling point, it takes 12 minutes for 0.095 kg of water to boil away.

Calculate the average rate at which energy is being supplied to the water by heating.

rate of energy supplied = ................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]
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8 A student designs a container to keep a hot liquid at a high temperature.

The container is shown in the diagram.

liquid

container
made of
cardboard

He finds that the liquid cools too quickly.

Suggest two improvements to the design of the container which reduce the transfer of thermal
energy from the hot liquid to its surroundings.
For each suggestion, state the thermal transfer process that it reduces.

suggestion 1 .............................................................................................................................

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thermal transfer process ..........................................................................................................

suggestion 2 .............................................................................................................................

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thermal transfer process .......................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 4]